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Protective Application of Morus and Its Extracts in Animal Production. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243541. [PMID: 36552461 PMCID: PMC9774465 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different components of the mulberry tree (fruits, leaves, twigs, and roots) are rich in active compounds, and have been reported to possess potent beneficial properties, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-allergenic, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective. The mulberry and its extracts can effectively improve the growth performance and fitness of animals. They not only possess the properties of being safe and purely natural, but also they are not prone to drug resistance. According to the literature, the supplemental level of the mulberry and its extracts in animal diets varies with different species, physiological status, age, and the purpose of the addition. It has been observed that the mulberry and its extracts enhanced the growth performance, the quality of animal products (meat, egg, and milk), the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory responses of animals. Furthermore, the mulberry and its extracts have antibacterial properties and can effectively moderate the relative abundance of the microbial populations in the rumen and intestines, thus improving the immunity function of animals and reducing the enteric methane (CH4) production in ruminants. Furthermore, the mulberry and its extracts have the potential to depurate tissues of heavy metals. Collectively, this review summarizes the nutrients, active compounds, and biological functions of mulberry tree products, as well as the application in livestock production with an aim to provide a reference for the utilization of the mulberry and its extracts in animal production.
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Cui X, Yang Y, Zhang M, Jiao F, Gan T, Lin Z, Huang Y, Wang H, Liu S, Bao L, Su C, Qian Y. Optimized Ensiling Conditions and Microbial Community in Mulberry Leaves Silage With Inoculants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:813363. [PMID: 35722340 PMCID: PMC9201477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.813363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mulberry leaves (ML) are a promising alternative fodder source due to their high protein content and the abundance of active components. A test of three inoculants in various combinations revealed that high-quality ML silage was produced at an inoculum ratio of 1:1:0 (50% Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 50% Lactobacillus plantarum, and 0% Bacillus subtilis). Using dry matter (DM) loss, pH, ammonia-N and amino acid contents, total antioxidant activity, and total flavonoids content to evaluate silage quality, this inoculant mixture was shown to produce high-quality silage within a range of inoculum size (5–15%), moisture contents (50–67%), ensiling temperatures (27–30°C), and ensiling duration (14–30 days). A third trial comparing silages produced after 30 days at 28°C and 50% moisture content revealed that silage E, prepared using an L. plantarum inoculant alone, displayed the lowest DM loss and pH, and low bacterial diversity, and it was dominated by Lactobacillus (88.6%), with low abundance of Enterobacter (6.17%). In contrast, silage B5, prepared with equal ratios of L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae, was dominated by Enterococcus (67.16%) and Lactobacillus (26.94%), with less marked yeast persistence, and reducing the DM content from 50 to 40% altered these relative abundances to 5.47 and 60.61, respectively. Control silages produced without an inoculant had the highest pH and ammonia-N content (indicative of poor quality), had the lowest antioxidant activity, had higher bacterial diversity, and were dominated by Carnobacterium (74.28%) and Enterococcus (17.3%). In summary, ensiling of ML conditions with proper inoculants yielded high-quality silage with a favorable microbial community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Minjuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Feng Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tiantian Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ziwei Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanzhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hexin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lijun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chao Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yonghua Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Li P, You M, Du Z, Lu Y, Zuo C, Zhao M, Wang H, Yan X, Chen C. Effects of N Fertilization During Cultivation and Lactobacillus plantarum Inoculation at Ensiling on Chemical Composition and Bacterial Community of Mulberry Silage. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:735767. [PMID: 34690975 PMCID: PMC8529118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.735767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As unconventional forage source, mulberry (Morus alba L.) has been cultivated to alleviate animal feed shortages. This study aimed to investigate the effects of N fertilization during cultivation and Lactobacillus plantarum inoculation at ensiling on the chemical composition and bacterial community of mulberry silage. Mulberry was separately cultivated under two N fertilization rates (N1, 390 kg/ha/year; N2, 485 kg/ha/year) in 2016-2019, harvested on 30 April (the first-cut) and 15 June (the second-cut) in 2019, and then chopped for producing small bag silage. The silage was treated without (control) or with L. plantarum (LP, a recommended application rate of 105 cfu/g on fresh matter basis). After storage of 60 days in dark room at ambient temperature, silage was sampled for analysis of chemical and microbial compositions. Higher (P < 0.05) final pH value and acetic acid content and lower (P < 0.05) lactic acid content were found in silage of mulberry under N2 fertilization, resulting in more dry matter loss than that under N1 fertilization. Compared with control, inoculation of LP at ensiling increased (P < 0.05) lactic acid content and decreased (P < 0.05) final pH value, acetic acid and propionic acid contents of silage, by advancing the dominance of Lactobacillus and reducing the abundance of Enterococcus and Enterobacter. In particular, inoculation of LP at ensiling decreased (P < 0.05) dry matter loss and butyric acid content of first-cut silage. In conclusion, inoculation of LP at ensiling could reduce the undesirable effects from high N fertilization rate during cultivation on silage quality of mulberry harvested at different growing seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Grass and Forage Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghong You
- Grass and Forage Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhouhe Du
- Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, China
| | - Yongxiang Lu
- Grass and Forage Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyan Zuo
- Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Grass and Forage Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Honglin Wang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Hassan FU, Arshad MA, Li M, Rehman MSU, Loor JJ, Huang J. Potential of Mulberry Leaf Biomass and Its Flavonoids to Improve Production and Health in Ruminants: Mechanistic Insights and Prospects. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2076. [PMID: 33182363 PMCID: PMC7695318 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf biomass from the mulberry plant (genus Morus and family Moraceae) is considered a potential resource for livestock feeding. Mulberry leaves (MLs) contain high protein (14.0-34.2%) and metabolizable energy (1130-2240 kcal/kg) with high dry matter (DM) digestibility (75-85%) and palatability. Flavonoid contents of MLs confer unique antioxidant properties and can potentially help alleviate oxidative stress in animals during stressful periods, such as neonatal, weaning, and periparturient periods. In addition, mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLFs) possess antimicrobial properties and can effectively decrease the population of ruminal methanogens and protozoa to reduce enteric methane (CH4) production. Owing to its rich flavonoid content, feeding MLs increases fiber digestion and utilization leading to enhanced milk production in ruminants. Dietary supplementation with MLFs alters ruminal fermentation kinetics by increasing total volatile fatty acids, propionate, and ammonia concentrations. Furthermore, they can substantially increase the population of specific cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. Owing to their structural homology with steroid hormones, the MLFs can potentially modulate different metabolic pathways particularly those linked with energy homeostasis. This review aims to highlight the potential of ML and its flavonoids to modulate the ruminal microbiome, fermentation, and metabolic status to enhance productive performance and health in ruminants while reducing CH4 emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz-ul Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.A.A.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Muhammad Adeel Arshad
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.A.A.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Mengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Muhammad Saif-ur Rehman
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.A.A.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jiaxiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
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The Effect of Replacing Wildrye Hay with Mulberry Leaves on the Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites, and Carcass Characteristics of Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112018. [PMID: 33147878 PMCID: PMC7693338 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of partially substituting for conventional forage, Chinese wildrye (CW), with mulberry leaves (ML) on the growth, digestion, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and meat quality of sheep in a 65-day feedlot study. Thirty-two four-month-old male small-tailed Han sheep (25.15 ± 1.03 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments. The dietary treatments consisted of four proportions of ML (0, 8, 24, and 32%) as a substitute for CW (designated as ML0, ML8, ML24, and ML32, respectively). Rumen digesta and blood samples were collected at day 63 of the trial. Carcass traits were assessed after slaughter at the end of performance period. The results from this study revealed no differences in average daily bodyweight gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and final body weight (FBW) among treatments. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was higher in the sheep fed with ML than in those fed CW. The ML24 treatment had a higher digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE). There were no differences (p = 0.13) in ruminal pH values among the treatments. However, there was more microbial protein (p < 0.01) in ML24 and ML32 treatments than the ML0 treatment. Ruminal concentrations of acetate and butyrate were significantly different among treatments, although no difference in concentrations of total volatile fatty acid were found. Additionally, no differences were detected for serum parameters except blood urea nitrogen (BUN). No differences were observed for carcass weight (p = 0.62), dressing percentage (p = 0.31) or longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) area (p = 0.94) among treatments. However, intramuscular fat was higher in the ML24 treatment than in the ML0 treatment. (p < 0.01). There were higher pH values of the 24-h longissimus dorsi in the ML24 treatment than in the ML0 treatment. In addition, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was lower (p < 0.01) and the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content higher (p < 0.01) in the ML24 treatment than in the ML0 treatment. In conclusion, the partially substitution of mulberry leaves for Chinese wildrye in the diet of sheep had a beneficial influence on the growth performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics. The inclusion of 24% (air dry basis) mulberry leaf hay in the ration of sheep is recommended based on these findings.
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Ouyang J, Wang M, Hou Q, Feng D, Pi Y, Zhao W. Effects of Dietary Mulberry Leaf Powder in Concentrate on the Rumen Fermentation and Ruminal Epithelium in Fattening Hu Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9050218. [PMID: 31064075 PMCID: PMC6562721 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rumen is the center of nutrient digestion, absorption and metabolism of ruminants. Ruminal microbes such as cellulolytic bacteria degrade the feed nutrients into smaller molecules, which are absorbed into the body mainly through rumen epithelium. Our study found that mulberry leaf powder supplementation improved the development of rumen epithelium, especially stratum basale, the most important layer of rumen epithelium for the energy metabolism. Our study suggests that supplementing ruminants with mulberry leaf powder may be one of the nutritional strategies that can improve the digestion and absorption performance of ruminants. Abstract Mulberry leaves have been used as a protein source in replacing concentrates of domestic animals, however, little is known about the relationship between supplementation level and the development of rumen epithelium. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different proportions of mulberry leaf powder (MLP) in dietary concentrate on rumen fermentation and rumen epithelium morphology in fattening Hu sheep. Forty three-month-old male Hu sheep with an initial body weight of 16.5 ± 0.6 kg (BW ± SD) were chosen and randomly divided into five treatments: 0% (control), 15% (T15), 30% (T30), 45% (T45) and 60% (T60) of MLP in concentrate, respectively. The results showed that the dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) in treatments T15 and T30 have no significant difference with respect to the control treatment, but DMI and ADG in treatments T45 and T60 were lower than the control treatment (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased linearly and quadraticly as MLP supplementation increased (p < 0.05). The concentration of ammonia (NH3-N) trended to decrease linearly with the increase of MLP supplementation (p < 0.1), whereas the microbial protein (MCP) concentration increased linearly as MLP supplementation increased (p < 0.05). In the results of rumen epithelium morphology, the width of stratum corneum was reduced, whereas the width of ruminal papillae increased (p < 0.05), and the width of stratum granulosum and stratum basale also increased as MLP increased. In summary, MLP supplementation could improve nutrient digestibility, the development of rumen papillae and stratum basale. However, high content MLP (45%–60%) supplementation decreased the growth and food intake performance of fattening Hu sheep. Therefore, 30% MLP is recommended to supplement in concentrate for fattening Hu sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Qirui Hou
- The Seri-Cultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yu Pi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- The Seri-Cultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
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Yu Y, Li H, Zhang B, Wang J, Shi X, Huang J, Yang J, Zhang Y, Deng Z. Nutritional and functional components of mulberry leaves from different varieties: Evaluation of their potential as food materials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1489833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Research and Development Department, Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junwen Wang
- Research and Development Department, Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuping Shi
- Research and Development Department, Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinzhi Huang
- Research and Development Department, Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Sun C, Wu W, Ma Y, Min T, Lai F, Wu H. Physicochemical, functional properties, and antioxidant activities of protein fractions obtained from mulberry (morus atropurpurea roxb.) leaf. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1238389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhen Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjia Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yurong Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian Min
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Furao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Wang D, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Guo K, Guo P, Zhao P, Xia Q. Proteomics Provides Insight into the Interaction between Mulberry and Silkworm. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2472-2480. [PMID: 28503925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry leaves have been selected as a food source for the silkworm (Bombyx mori) for over 5000 years. However, the interaction mechanisms of mulberry-silkworm remain largely unknown. We explore the interaction between mulberry and silkworm at the protein level. Total proteins were extracted from mulberry leaves and silkworm feces on day 5 of the fifth larval instar and analyzed on shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. In total, 2076 and 210 foliar proteins were identified from mulberry leaves and silkworm feces, respectively. These proteins were classified into four categories according to their subcellular location: chloroplast proteins, mitochondrial proteins, secretory-pathway proteins, and proteins of other locations. Chloroplast proteins accounted for 68.3% in mulberry leaves but only 23.2% in the feces. In contrast, secretory-pathway proteins had low abundance in mulberry leaves (7.3%) but were greatly enriched to the largest component in the feces (60.1%). Most of the foliar secretory-pathway proteins in the feces were found to be resistant to silkworm feeding by becoming involved in primary metabolite, proteinase inhibition, cell-wall remodeling, redox regulation, and pathogen-resistant processes. On the contrary, only six defensive proteins were identified in the fecal chloroplast proteins including two key proteins responsible for synthesizing jasmonic acid, although chloroplast proteins were the second largest component in the feces. Collectively, the comparative proteomics analyses indicate that mulberry leaves not only provide amino acids to the silkworm but also display defense against silkworm feeding, although the silkworm grows very well by feeding on mulberry leaves, which provides new insights into the interactions between host-plant and insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Kaiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
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Ji T, Li J, Su SL, Zhu ZH, Guo S, Qian DW, Duan JA. Identification and Determination of the Polyhydroxylated Alkaloids Compounds with α-Glucosidase Inhibitor Activity in Mulberry Leaves of Different Origins. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21020206. [PMID: 26867190 PMCID: PMC6274138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberry leaves have commonly been utilized in China as a herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes for thousands of years. To evaluate the quality, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) method was developed for identification of polyhydroxylated alkaloids with α-glucosidase inhibitor activity in mulberry leaf. As a result, five alkaloid compounds were identified or tentatively characterized. Among them, the compound 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) was selected as the most typical and active chemical marker and quantified using an improved high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) normal phase coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) method. The developed method was fully validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision and repeatability, as well as recovery, and subsequently applied to evaluate twenty-nine batches of mulberry leaves from different collections. From the analytical data it was discovered that the average content of DNJ is 1.53 mg/g, while the total contents of DNJ in the 29 mulberry leaf sample ranged from 0.20 to 3.88 mg/g, which suggested remarkable differences, although it reached the highest levels in early August. These data may provide an important reference for the quality of mulberry leaves used as herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes or as a material to obtain the DNJ of α-glucosidase inhibitor or as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ji
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shu-Lan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Da-Wei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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