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Iglesias Pastrana C, Navas González FJ, Ciani E, Marín Navas C, Delgado Bermejo JV. Determination of breeding criteria for gait proficiency in leisure riding and racing dromedary camels: a stepwise multivariate analysis of factors predicting overall biomechanical performance. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1297430. [PMID: 38292133 PMCID: PMC10826703 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1297430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, the biomechanical dynamics in camelids have not been addressed, although it might be a factor that can affect selection and breeding in this species. Therefore, the aim of this article is to conduct curve fitting and discriminant canonical analysis to identify the mathematical function that best captures the dynamics of camel locomotion and to study the impact of kinematic, morphometric, physiological, and phaneroptic variables on gait performance in leisure riding and racing activities in dromedaries, respectively. The cubic function emerged as the most suitable mathematical model to represent the locomotive behavior of camels. Various factors were found to play a pivotal role in the athletic performance of leisure riding and racing dromedary camels. Concretely, angular measurements at the distal fore and rear extremity areas, pelvis inclination, relative volume of the hump, impact forces of the front limbs, post-neutering effects, and the kinematic behavior of the scapula, shoulder, carpus, hip, and foot are the factors that greatly impact gait performance in leisure riding and racing camels. The biomechanical performance at these specific body regions has a profound impact on weight absorption and minimization of mechanic impact during camel locomotion, static/dynamic balance, force distribution, energy of propulsion, movement direction and amplitude, and storage of elastic strain in leisure riding and racing dromedaries. In contrast, other animal- and environment-dependent factors do not exert significant influence on camel gait performance, which can be attributed to species-specific, inherited adaptations developed in response to desert conditions, including the pacing gait, broad foot pads, and energy-efficient movements. The outcomes of our functional data analysis can provide valuable insights for making informed breeding decisions aimed at enhancing animal functional performance in camel riding and racing activities. Furthermore, these findings can open avenues for exploring alternative applications, such as camel-assisted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Ciani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Carmen Marín Navas
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Bastos MS, Solar Diaz IDP, Alves JS, de Oliveira LSM, de Araújo de Oliveira CA, de Godói FN, de Camargo GMF, Costa RB. Genomic association using principal components of morphometric traits in horses: identification of genes related to bone growth. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4921-4926. [PMID: 37184429 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2209795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of morphometric traits in horses is important for determining breed qualification and is one of the main selection criteria for the species. The development of an index (HPC) that consists of principal components weighted by additive genetic values allows to explore the most relevant relationships using a reduced number of variables that explain the greatest amount of variation in the data. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using HPC are a relatively new approach that permits to identify regions related to a set of traits. The aim of this study was to perform GWAS using HPC for 15 linear measurements as the explanatory variable in order to identify associated genomic regions and to elucidate the biological mechanisms linked to this index in Campolina horses. For GWAS, weighted single-step GBLUP was applied to HPC. The eight genomic windows that explained the highest proportion of additive genetic variance were identified. The sum of the additive variance explained by the eight windows was 95.89%. Genes involved in bone and cartilage development were identified (SPRY2, COL9A2, MIR30C, HEYL, BMP8B, LTBP1, FAM98A, and CRIM1). They represent potential positional candidates for the HPC of the linear measurements evaluated. The HPC is an efficient alternative to reduce the 15 usually measured traits in Campolina horses. Moreover, candidate genes inserted in region that explained high additive variance of the HPC were identified and might be fine-mapped for searching putative mutation/markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Silva Bastos
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Jackeline Santos Alves
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Raphael Bermal Costa
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
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Genetic relationship between free movement and under rider gaits in young Pura Raza Española horses. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Oliveira Bussiman F, Carvalho RSB, Ventura RV, Mattos EC, Ferraz JBS, Eler JP, Fonseca e Silva F, Balieiro JCDC. Founder analysis and family identification in the current Campolina horse population. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models to dissect the relationship between gait and morphology in Campolina horses. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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de Oliveira Bussiman F, Carvalho RSB, E Silva FF, Ventura RV, Ferraz JBS, Mattos EC, Eler JP, Balieiro JCDC. Reduced rank analysis of morphometric and functional traits in Campolina horses. J Anim Breed Genet 2021; 139:231-246. [PMID: 34841593 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multitrait models can increase the accuracy of breeding value prediction and reduce bias due to selection by using traits measured before and after it has occurred. However, as the number of traits grows, a similar trend is expected for the number of parameters to be estimated, which directly affects the computing power and the amount of data required. The aim of the present study was to apply reduced rank (principal components model-PCM) and factor analytical models (FAM), to estimate (co)variance components for nineteen traits, jointly evaluated in a single analysis in Campolina horses. A total of 18 morphometric traits (MT) and one gait visual score (GtS), along with genealogical records of 48,806 horses, were analysed under a restricted maximum likelihood framework. Nine PCM, nine FAM and one standard multitrait model (MTM) were fitted to the data and compared to find the best suitable model. Based on Bayesian information criterion, the best model was the FAM option, considering five common factors (FAM5). After performing an intraclass analysis, none of MT were genetically negatively correlated, whereas GtS was negatively related to all MT, except for the genetic correlations among GtS and BLL, and between GtS and BLLBL (0.01 and 0.10 respectively). From all MT, two traits were derived computing ratios involving other traits, those had negative correlations with others MT, but all favourable for selection. Similar patterns were observed between the genetic parameters obtained from MTM and FAM5 respectively. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.09 (head width) to 0.47 (height at withers). Our results indicated that FAM was efficient to reduce the multitrait analysis dimensionality, and therefore, traits can be combined based on the first three eigenvectors from the additive genetic (co)variance matrix. In addition, there was sufficient genetic variation for selection, benefiting its potential implementation in a breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Oliveira Bussiman
- Bioinformatic and Animal Breeding Lab., Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (BIOMA-VNP/FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Rachel Santos Bueno Carvalho
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (ZAB/FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Vieira Ventura
- Bioinformatic and Animal Breeding Lab., Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (BIOMA-VNP/FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - José Bento Sterman Ferraz
- Group of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (GMAB-ZMV/FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Elisângela Chicaroni Mattos
- Group of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (GMAB-ZMV/FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Joanir Pereira Eler
- Group of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (GMAB-ZMV/FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro
- Bioinformatic and Animal Breeding Lab., Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (BIOMA-VNP/FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
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Gómez MD, Molina A, Sánchez-Guerrero MJ, Valera M. Prediction of adult conformation traits from shape characteristics of Pura Raza Español foals. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Teixeira GL, Fernandes TJ, Muniz JA, de Souza FAC, de Moura RS, Melo RMPDS. Growth curves of campolina horses using nonlinear models. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh N. A meta-analysis of genetic parameter estimates for conformation traits in horses. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Influence of coat color on genetic parameter estimates in horses. J Appl Genet 2021; 62:297-306. [PMID: 33606160 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-021-00616-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the inclusion of coat color on the genetic parameter estimation for linear measurements in Campolina horses. Two models (1 and 2) were applied. For model 1, coat color effect was not included as variable of the contemporary group formation; in model 2, it was included. Model 2 presented the best fitting with a Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) of -979,459.020 compared with -1,818,458.572 DIC from model 1. The average of heritability estimates ranged from low to high magnitude (0.15 to 0.53) for model 1 and from moderate to high magnitude for model 2 (0.21 to 0.47). The estimated values varied according to the analyses (models 1 and 2). The highest heritability was found for withers height (0.52), croup height (0.53), and back height (0.51). The genetic correlations ranged from values of moderate to high magnitude for models 1 (0.23 to 0.98) and 2 (0.29 to 0.99), respectively. The finding that genetic variance differed among models 1 and 2 may indicate that genotypes react differently to different coat colors, a fact implying the existence of interaction between these traits and the effect under study. The coat color influence might be explained as a pleiotropic effect of the genes that cause this phenotypic variation and also influence morphometric measures. The inclusion of the coat color effect better estimated the additive genetic variance of morphometric traits in horses. As a consequence, the genetic parameters were also more accurately estimated when it is included in the evaluation model.
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Solar Diaz IDP, Strauss Borges Junqueira G, Aparecida Rocha Cruz V, Albano Araújo de Oliveira C, Nunes de Oliveira H, Miguel Ferreira de Camargo G, Bermal Costa R. Principal components for morphometric traits in Campolina horses. J Anim Breed Genet 2020; 138:179-187. [PMID: 33137219 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to evaluate the genetic variability and relationship between 15 morphometric traits in 91,483 Campolina horses, as well as to propose an index based on an aggregate genotype that promotes a particular selection objective. PCA was applied to the genetic (co)variance matrix among variables. After calculation of the principal components, the breeding values were estimated to obtain an index related to the component that explained most of the variation. The first principal component (PC1) accounted for 97.8% of the total additive genetic variance of the traits. PC1 contrasted animals in terms of body size (wither, back and croup heights, body length, and thoracic girth). PC1 traits showed higher heritabilities and positive and high genetic correlations. An index was obtained (HPC1) with the combination of the breeding values of different traits from PC1 which permitted the use of this index as an aggregate genotype to identify the best animals for selection. The second principal component (PC2) was much smaller and grouped traits related to head and neck morphometry, among others. These traits are commonly used for breed qualification, a fact explaining the small variation in this component. An evaluation of the effect of HPC1 on withers height in two-trait analysis was also made which provided positive genetic correlations of moderate to high magnitude (0.73-0.86), indicating that selection for this trait (important in Campolina horses) is accounted for in the index. The use of HCP1 could be considered as an important alternative to selection since it does not consider a single trait but rather a set of variables that capture body proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Henrique Nunes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias, UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Bermal Costa
- Escola de Medicina e Veterinária e Zootecnia, UFBA Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Folla F, Sartori C, Mancin E, Pigozzi G, Mantovani R. Genetic Parameters of Linear Type Traits Scored at 30 Months in Italian Heavy Draught Horse. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1099. [PMID: 32630510 PMCID: PMC7341255 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Italian Heavy Draught Horse (IHDH) breed is selected based on linear type traits (LTT) evaluated at young age on six-month-old foals. However, animals retained for reproduction are scored also at adults age (about 30 months), and the evaluation is mandatory for the final official admission to the stud book of candidate mares and stallions. This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters of LTT scored at 30 months to consider if they are feasible for selection instead of using foal data and to reduce costs of selection plan. Data included 19 years of evaluation for 14 LTT and an overall score. Analyses were performed on 5835 females and 856 males via animal model. The heritability ranged from 0.03 (upper line length) to 0.40 (frame size). Traits of selection interest (head size and expression; temperament/movement; fleshiness; fore diameter; rear diameter) reported heritability between 0.21 and 0.31. High genetic correlations were obtained among traits related to muscular development, 0.73 on average. Positive genetic trends were found in traits of selection interest, already selected from foal type trait data. Accounting for genetic parameters estimated in adult animals instead in foals is feasible in IHDH selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Folla
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment—DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (F.F.); (E.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Cristina Sartori
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment—DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (F.F.); (E.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Enrico Mancin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment—DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (F.F.); (E.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Pigozzi
- Italian Heavy Draught Horse Breeders Association (ANACAITPR), 37068 Vigasio (VR), Italy;
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment—DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (F.F.); (E.M.); (R.M.)
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