Characterization of growth performance, meat quality and serum biochemical parameters in chickens suffering from tibial dyschondroplasia

Effects of high α-linolenic acid transgenic rapeseed oil diet on growth performance, fat deposition, flesh quality, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) increases in aquatic products contributes to improving meat quality, thereby positively impacting human health. Different from marine fish which primarily obtain n-3 LC-PUFAs directly from zooplankton and algae, freshwater fish mainly utilize dietary linolenic acid (ALA) as a substrate to synthesize n-3 LC-PUFAs. Our team has successfully created a transgenic rapeseed oil (TRO) with high ALA content. Therefore, we here assessed the impacts of four different diets (LR, low-fat rapeseed oil (RO) diet; HR, high-fat RO diet; LTR, low-fat TRO diet; HTR, high-fat TRO diet) on growth performance, lipid accumulation, fatty acid composition, antioxidant capacity, immunity and serum biochemical indexes of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), an economically valuable freshwater fish. The results showed no significant difference in survival rate among the four dietary groups. No significant differences in body weight gain and final weight were found between the LR and LTR groups, as well as between HR and HTR groups. No matter if it was a high-fat or low-fat diet, compared with the RO diet, TRO diets significantly increased the content of n-3 LC-PUFA, improved meat quality, effectively alleviated lipid accumulation in livers and muscles of juvenile largemouth bass. In addition, using high-fat diets, TRO diet improved the antioxidant capacity and immune ability of juvenile largemouth bass, thereby promoting the overall health of fish. This study provides novel insights for fish feed formulation optimization from the perspective of genetically modified feed ingredients, and high-quality aquatic products for human consumption.

Dietary supplementation with Neolamarckia cadamba leaf extract improves broiler meat quality by enhancing antioxidant capacity and regulating metabolites

This study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing the diet of broilers with Neolamarckia cadamba leaf extract (NCLE) on meat quality by evaluating antioxidant parameters and the expression of genes in the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant responsive element (p38 MAPK/Nrf2/ARE) signaling pathway, coupled with LC-MS-based metabolomic analysis. A total of 480 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to four treatment groups-a control (CON) group, which was fed a basal diet, and three NCLE treatment groups, which were fed the basal diet supplemented with 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg NCLE (N1, N2, and N3 groups, respectively) for 42 d. Compared with the CON group, meat quality was improved in the N2 and N3 groups, as evidenced by the higher pH45min (P < 0.05) and lower shear force (P < 0.05) in breast muscle (BM) and lower drip loss at 48 h (P < 0.05) in leg muscle (LM). Moreover, BM antioxidant capacity was significantly enhanced in the N3 group, characterized by an increase in the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), the concentrations of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), and the relative mRNA expression of p38 MAPK, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Nrf2, CAT, and GSH-Px (P < 0.05). Similarly, LM in the N3 group displayed higher T-AOC, increased GSH-Px and CAT concentrations, reduced malonaldehyde contents (P < 0.05), and upregulation of the relative mRNA levels of JNK, Nrf2, heme oxygenase, CAT, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P < 0.05). Metabolomics analysis revealed that D-arabinono-1,4-lactone and lyso-PAF C-16-d4 were negatively correlated with shear force and cooking loss (P < 0.05) and displayed increased abundance in BM of the N3 group. L-Serine levels were upregulated while D-fructose 1,6-diphosphate contents were downregulated in the three NCLE groups. Finally, the differential metabolites in both BM and LM were involved in amino acid metabolism pathways. Our results indicated that NCLE supplementation improved meat quality by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, promoting the expression of genes in the p38 MAPK/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, and regulating amino acid metabolism. The optimal NCLE concentration was found to be 400 mg/kg.

Thiram exposure induces tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers via the regulation effect of circ_003084/miR-130c-5p/BMPR1A crosstalk on chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation

Thiram, an agricultural insecticide, has been demonstrated to induce tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in avian species. Circular RNA (circRNAs), a novel class of functional biological macromolecules characterized by their distinct circular structure, play crucial roles in various biological processes and diseases. Nevertheless, the precise regulatory mechanism underlying non-coding RNA involvement in thiram-induced broiler tibial chondrodysplasia remains elusive. In this study, we established a broiler model of thiram exposure for 10 days to assess TD and obtain a ceRNA network by RNA sequencing. By analyzing the differentially expressed circRNAs network, we id entify that circ_003084 was significantly upregulated in TD cartilage. Elevated circ_003084 inhibited TD chondrocytes proliferation and differentiation in vitro but promote apoptosis. Mechanistically, circ_003084 competitively binds to miR-130c-5p and prevents miR-130c-5p to decrease the level of BMPR1A, which upregulates the expression of apoptosis genes Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Bax and Bcl2, and finally facilitates cell apoptosis. Taken together, these findings imply that circ_003084/miR-130c-5p/BMPR1A interaction regulated TD chicken chondrocyte proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. This is the first work to reveal the mechanism of regulation of circRNA-related ceRNA on thiram-induced TD, offering a key reference for environmental toxicology.

Effects of dietary incorporation of Radix rehmanniae praeparata polysaccharide on growth performance, digestive physiology, blood metabolites, meat quality, and tibia characteristics in broiler chickens

Radix rehmanniae preparata polysaccharide (RRPP) is recognized as the primary bioactive compound in Radix rehmanniae preparata and has been extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and functional food due to its diverse biological activities. However, this study has yet to explore the application of RRPP as a feed additive in broilers. This study investigated the effects of dietary RRPP on growth performance, meat quality, and physiological responses of broiler chickens. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day-old Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly assigned to the 4 experimental groups with 6 replications and 12 birds/replicate. The 4 groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 4 concentrations of RRPP (0, 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg, respectively). All RRPP levels did not affect the growth performance of broilers during the starter period (1-21 d), while during the grower (22-35 d) and overall (1-35 d) periods, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and European production efficiency index were linearly improved (P < 0.05) by incorporating RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg. Carcass characteristics, relative weight and length of intestinal segments, and meat quality and tibia criteria were not affected by dietary incorporation of RRPP. Dietary RRPP led to a linear increase (P < 0.05) in serum alkaline phosphatase, potassium, calcium and sulfhydryl levels, while reducing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, LDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The addition of RRPP decreased (P < 0.05) the pH of the ileum and cecum at 21 and 35 d of age while not changing in the remaining intestinal segments. Dietary RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05) increased the tibia ash content in chicken at 21 and 35 d of age. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of RRPP improved broiler chicken's growth, gut physiology, and tibia ash content, particularly at 600 and 900 mg/kg.

Gut microbiota as a target in the bone health of livestock and poultry: roles of short-chain fatty acids

The regulation and maintenance of bone metabolic homeostasis are crucial for animal skeletal health. It has been established that structural alterations in the gut microbiota and ecological dysbiosis are closely associated with bone metabolic homeostasis. The gut microbiota and its metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), affect almost all organs, including the bone. In this process, SCFAs positively affect bone healing by acting directly on cells involved in bone repair after or by shaping appropriate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory responses. Additionally, SCFAs have the potential to maintain bone health in livestock and poultry because of their various biological functions in regulating bone metabolism, including immune function, calcium absorption, osteogenesis and osteolysis. This review primarily focuses on the role of SCFAs in the regulation of bone metabolism by gut microbiota and provides insight into studies related to bone health in livestock and poultry.

Carcass composition, meat quality, leg muscle status, and its mRNA expression profile in broilers affected by valgus-varus deformity

Valgus-varus deformity (VVD) is a common leg disease in commercial broilers, which seriously affects animal welfare and causes economic losses. Up to now, most of the studies on VVD have been on skeleton, whereas there are fewer studies on VVD muscle. In this study, carcass composition and meat quality of 35-day-old normal and VVD Cobb broilers assess the effect of VVD on broiler growth. Molecular biology, morphology, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were used to study the difference between normal and VVD gastrocnemius muscle. In comparison with the normal broilers, the breast muscle and leg muscle of the VVD broilers had lower shear force, notably lower crude protein, lower water content, cooking loss, and deeper meat color (P < 0.05). The morphological results showed that the weight of skeletal muscle was significantly higher in the normal broilers than that in the VVD broilers (P < 0.01), the diameter and area of myofibrils in the affected VVD were smaller than in the normal broilers (P < 0.01). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of gastrocnemius muscle revealed that the expression of myasthenic marker genes, fast myofiber marker genes, and apoptosis-related factors were significantly higher in the VVD broilers than in the normal broilers (P < 0.01). In total, 736 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified firstly in the normal and VVD leg muscle by RNA-seq. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in the multicellular organismal process and anatomical structure development. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that DEGs are significantly enriched in proteasome. Protein interaction analysis obtained that DEGs with high interaction were proteasome-related coding genes and ubiquitin-related genes, these DEGs were closely associated with muscle atrophy. These show that VVD has an adverse effect on growth characteristics, slaughter characteristics, and meat quality in broilers, which may cause leg muscle atrophy. This study provides some reference values and basis for studying the pathogenesis of VVD in broilers.

Thiram-induced hyperglycemia causes tibial dyschondroplasia by triggering aberrant ECM remodeling via the gut-pancreas axis in broiler chickens

Pesticide thiram is widely used in agriculture and has been demonstrated to cause tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in birds. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This work used multi-omics analysis to evaluate the molecular pathways of TD in broilers that were exposed to low level of thiram. Integrative analysis of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic revealed thiram activity in enhancing pathological ECM remodeling via attenuating the glycolysis pathway and activating the hexosamine and glucuronic acid pathways. Intriguingly, we found hyperglycemia as a crucial factor for ECM overproduction, which resulted in the development of TD. We further demonstrated that high glucose levels are caused by islet secretion dysfunction in thiram-treated broilers. A combination of factors, including lipid disorder, low-grade inflammation, and gut flora disturbance, might contribute to the dysregulation of insulin secretion. The current work revealed the underlying toxicological mechanisms of thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia through blood glucose disorder via the gut-pancreas axis in chickens for the first time, which makes it easier to figure out the health risks of pesticides for worldwide policy decisions.

Gut microbiome dysregulation drives bone damage in broiler tibial dyschondroplasia by disrupting glucose homeostasis

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) with multiple incentives is a metabolic skeletal disease that occurs in fast-growing broilers. Perturbations in the gut microbiota (GM) have been shown to affect bone homoeostasis, but the mechanisms by which GM modulates bone metabolism in TD broilers remain unknown. Here, using a broiler model of TD, we noted elevated blood glucose (GLU) levels in TD broilers, accompanied by alterations in the pancreatic structure and secretory function and damaged intestinal barrier function. Importantly, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) of gut microbes from normal donors rehabilitated the GM and decreased the elevated GLU levels in TD broilers. A high GLU level is a predisposing factor to bone disease, suggesting that GM dysbiosis-mediated hyperglycaemia might be involved in bone regulation. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and short-chain fatty acid analysis revealed that the significantly increased level of the metabolite butyric acid derived from the genera Blautia and Coprococcus regulated GLU levels in TD broilers by binding to GPR109A in the pancreas. Tibial studies showed reduced expression of vascular regulatory factors (including PI3K, AKT and VEFGA) based on transcriptomics analysis and reduced vascular distribution, contributing to nonvascularization of cartilage in the proximal tibial growth plate of TD broilers with elevated GLU levels. Additionally, treatment with the total flavonoids from Rhizoma drynariae further validated the improvement in bone homoeostasis in TD broilers by regulating GLU levels through the regulation of GM to subsequently improve intestinal and pancreatic function. These findings clarify the critical role of GM-mediated changes in GLU levels via the gut-pancreas axis in bone homoeostasis in TD chickens.

Novel Insights into Total Flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae against Meat Quality Deterioration Caused by Dietary Aflatoxin B1 Exposure in Chickens

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a group of highly toxic mycotoxins that are commonly found in human and animal foods and threaten animal and human food safety. Total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynaria (TFRD), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, exert multiple biological activities such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidation effects. Here, a total of 160 healthy 21-day-old male broilers were randomly divided into four groups: the CON group, the TFRD group, the AFB1 group, and the AFB1 + TFRD group. The study found that AFB1 exposure altered the breast meat quality-related indicators, including meat sensory and physical indicators. Metabolomics analysis further showed that the change in meat quality was closely associated with significantly differential metabolites of breast muscle. Furthermore, spotlighted amino acid content contributes to changes in the secondary structure of the myofibrillar protein by Raman spectroscopy analysis, which was associated with the oxidative stress and inflammatory response in AFB1-exposed breast meat. Meanwhile, dietary 125 mg/kg TFRD supplementation could effectively restore the changes in breast meat quality. Taken together, these results by multi-technical analysis revealed that AFB1 exposure causes deterioration of chicken meat quality and that TFRD may be a potential herbal extract to antagonize mycotoxicity.

Morinda officinalis Polysaccharides Ameliorates Bone Growth by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Regulating the Gut Microbiota in Thiram-Induced Tibial Dyschondroplasia Chickens

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) occurs in chickens and other fast-growing birds, affecting their cartilage growth and leading to reduced meat quality in broilers. Morinda officinalis polysaccharide (MOP) is one of the chief active components of Morinda officinalis, which promotes bone formation, inhibiting bone loss and having anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. A total of 120 AA chickens were randomly divided into the CON group (basal diet), TD group (100 mg/kg thiram + basal diet), and MOP group (100 mg/kg thiram + basal diet + water with 500 mg/kg MOP). The experiment lasted 21 days. The results showed that MOP could alleviates broiler lameness caused by TD, restore the morphological structure of tibial growth plate (TGP), increase tibial weight (p < 0.05), balance the disorder of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and promote bone formation by increasing the expression of BMP-2, Smad4, and Runx2 genes In addition, MOP supplementation stimulated the secretion of plasma antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD and GSH-Px) by regulating the expression of SOD and GPX-1 genes, thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of TD broilers. Interestingly, we observed MOP can also improve gut microbiota by increasing the beneficial bacteria count and decreasing the harmful bacteria count. These findings indicated that MOP can regulate bone formation through the BMP/Smads signaling pathway, attenuating oxidative stress and regulating the gut microbiota of TD broilers, so as to achieve the effect of treating TD. This suggests that MOP might be a potential novel drug in the treatment of TD in chickens.

The fungicide thiram perturbs gut microbiota community and causes lipid metabolism disorder in chickens

Fungicide thiram, a representative dithiocarbamate pesticide can cause potential health hazards to humans and animal health due to the residues in various agricultural products. However, the effects of thiram on lipid metabolism by perturbing gut microbiota of chickens are not clear. Our study was aimed to explore the protective of polysaccharide extracted from Morinda officinalis (MOP) on acute thiram-exposed chickens, and to analyze the association between alteration of gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Three hundred chicks are fed with a normal diet, thiram-treated diet (100 mg/kg), and a thiram-treated diet supplemented with 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg MOP was used in this study, respectively. The results showed that thiram exposure prominently elevated liver index, changed liver function by histopathological examination and serum biochemistry diagnoses, and increased blood lipid parameters. Meanwhile, the expression level of some key genes in hepatic lipid metabolism dysregulated significantly in the thiram-exposed chickens. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that thiram exposure can significantly alter the richness, diversity, and composition of the broiler fecal microbiota, and the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria was also affected at the phylum level. In addition, some microbial populations including Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Oscillospira, Blautia, and Butyricicoccus significantly decreased at the genus level, whereas the Klebsiella was opposite. Correlation analysis further revealed a significant association between microorganisms and lipid metabolism-related parameters. Optimistically, 500 mg/kg MOP can alleviate the damage of thiram in the gut and liver. Together, these data suggest that thiram exposure causes the imbalance of the gut microbiota and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder in chickens.

Morinda officinalis polysaccharides improve meat quality by reducing oxidative damage in chickens suffering from tibial dyschondroplasia

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is the common leg disease in commercial broilers. However, the effects of TD on meat quality and the protective of Morinda officinalis polysaccharide (MOP) are largely unknown. Three hundred broiler chicks (one-day-old) were equally allocated into control (CON), TD and MOP-treated groups for 15 days. The results indicated that TD influenced morphology and meat quality-related parameters of the breast muscle, and changed the activity and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes in plasma and breast muscles. Moreover, metabolomics profiling of breast muscle revealed that the main altered metabolites 4-guanidinobutyric acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, which are related to meat quality and oxidative stress. Additionally, 500 mg/L MOP effectively restored the content of meat metabolites and oxidative damage. These findings suggest that oxidative damage caused by TD may affect meat quality in broilers by changing the content of breast muscle metabolites and that MOP supplementation has a restorative effect.