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Ebeid TA, Al-Homidan IH, Saleh AA, Barakat HA. Physiological and immunological aspects of feed restriction and its beneficial impacts in fattening rabbits' productivity-an updated review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:33. [PMID: 38183493 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Two feed restriction (FR) regimens are utilized with weaned rabbits including a quantitative FR (amount-limited feed or time-restricted admission to feed) and a qualitative FR (modulation of diet content especially protein and energy). The use of post-weaning FR may help in preventing post-weaning digestive disorders, stimulating compensating growth, improving feed efficiency, and decreasing carcass fat content. Interestingly, FR may contribute to changing meat's chemical composition and its physical quality attributes by regulating the morphological and biochemical characteristics of muscle fibers. Also, FR could enhance the gastrointestinal tract development, its histomorphology, and improve feed digestibility and absorption. Furthermore, FR regimens are involved in establishing gut microbial balance and enhancing the host immunological response. It might be concluded that post-weaning FR is involved in influencing the physiological and immunological aspects of growing rabbits. It might be documented that light to mild FR (i.e., 80-90% AL), early (i.e., at the first 2 weeks post-weaning), and relatively short in duration (i.e., for 2-3 weeks) had no negative effects on live body weight, while severing FR reduced live body weight in comparison with ad libitum rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Amin Ebeid
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim Hamad Al-Homidan
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ali Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Hassan Ahmed Barakat
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Egypt
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Chen D, Sun S, Chen Y, Wang J, Sang L, Gao C, Xie X. Effects of feeding methods on growth and slaughter performance, blood biochemical indices, and intestinal morphology in Minxinan black rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:51. [PMID: 36708435 PMCID: PMC9884254 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Feed restriction after weaning is a common strategy used in commercial rabbit farms to improve feed efficiency, promote health, and reduce mortality. However, few studies have investigated the feed restrictions of Minxinan black rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Thus, the effects of feed restriction on growth and slaughter performance, intestinal morphology, and blood biochemical indices of Minxinan black rabbits were evaluated in this study. Rabbits in group A (control group) had ad libitum intake, while those in feed restriction groups (groups B, C, and D) were restricted to 80% of the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of group A the day before. The rabbits in group B were fed once per day at 8:00 am. Rabbits in groups C and D were fed twice per day at 8:00 am (50%) and 4:00 pm (50%) and 8:00 am (30%) and 4:00 pm (70%), respectively. The experimental period lasted for 8 weeks. Compared to that in group A, the diarrhea rate of group C was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the ADFI, feed conversion ratio, abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat rate, total protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), low-density lipoprotein, and intestinal crypt depth of all feed restriction groups were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Feed conversion ratio in group D was significantly better than that in groups B and C (P < 0.05). The efficiency index (EI) of groups C and D was higher than that of groups A and B (P < 0.01). Triglyceride levels in groups C and D were significantly lower than those in group A. The villus length to crypt depth of the duodenum and jejunum in group D was significantly higher than that in group A (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the following parameters can be improved by feed restriction: feed conversion ratio, diarrhea rate, abdominal fat rate, serum ALT, lipid indices and intestinal health of Minxinan black rabbits, and the EI of the farm. Feeding twice per day, 30% at 8:00 am and 70% at 4:00 pm, had the best comprehensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongJin Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - ShiKun Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - YanFeng Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - JinXiang Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Lei Sang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - ChengFang Gao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - XiPing Xie
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
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Sánchez JP, Ragab M, Mínguez C, Piles M. Genotype by feeding regimen interactions for slaughter traits in rabbit and expected responses under restricted and full feeding. J Anim Breed Genet 2022; 139:530-539. [PMID: 35557470 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the genotype and feeding regimen (G×FR) for slaughter traits was estimated from data corresponding to 2557 animals under full (FF) and 2424 with restricted feeding (RF). Expected responses to selection under different scenario regarding feeding regimen were also calculated. Body weight at slaughter (SW), carcass weight (CW) and dressing out percentage (DoP) were analysed by using linear animal models in which records obtained under different feeding regimes were treated as different traits. Animals belonged to Caldes line, selected for average daily gain (G) under ad libitum feeding. The selection process information was included in the analyses. Marginal posterior mean of heritabilities were 0.102 for G, and 0.364, 0.257 and 0.167 for SW, CW and DoP under FF feeding. The corresponding values for animals fed on RF were 0.243, 0.203 and 0.379 for SW, CW and DoP, respectively. Genetic correlations between G and CW were positive and moderate, and those between G and DoP were low. The estimated genetic correlation between SW, CW and DoP under different feeding regimens were: 0.73, 0.69 and 0.87, respectively. These correlations cannot be said to be far enough from one to generate relevant G×FR interaction variance, which were estimated to be only 11.1%, 8.6% and 5.3% of the mean of the phenotypic variance for SW, CW and DoP, respectively. This lack of G×FR interaction variance, jointly with the higher heritability of DoP under RF, explains that the genetic improvement of DoP can be done more efficiently recording traits on animals under RF, even if the interest is on the performances under FF, i.e. by indirect selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Sánchez
- Genetica i Millora Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed Ragab
- Genetica i Millora Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Barcelona, Spain.,Poultry Production Department, Kafer El-Sheikh Univ., Kafer El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Carlos Mínguez
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud Publica, Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Martir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miriam Piles
- Genetica i Millora Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Barcelona, Spain
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The Multi-Omics Analysis Revealed a Metabolic Regulatory System of Cecum in Rabbit with Diarrhea. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091194. [PMID: 35565618 PMCID: PMC9099945 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the comprehensive prohibition of antibiotics in the feed industry in China, the incidence of diarrhea in rabbits increased, such as loss of appetite, vomiting, and excretion of atheromatous feces. In order to explore the pathological and the molecular mechanisms of the diarrhea in the rabbitry fed with antibiotic-free diet, we used microbial metagenomics, transcriptome, and non-targeted metabolomics sequencing. The results showed that the Firmicutes level was significantly decreased (p < 0.001) and the Proteobacteria level was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The functional enrichment of cecum revealed that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were expressed in immune, inflammatory, and metabolic processes. The enrichment of the cecal fecal metabolites focused on the bile secretion, antifolate resistance, and tryptophan metabolism pathways, which are mainly associated with inflammation. The results of correlation analysis showed that Fournierella was positively correlated with myricetin, ursolic acid, and furtherly might cause bile secretion and tryptophan metabolism disorder, aggravate intestinal inflammation, change intestinal permeability, and reduce host immunity, leading to diarrhea in rabbits. This study provides a theoretical basis for illustrating the reason for diarrhea and developing new feeds for the health of rabbits.
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Alabiso M, Maniaci G, Bonanno A, Grigoli A. A 3-week post-weaning restricted feeding as alternative to an ad libitum antibiotic-medicated feed: effects on growth, carcass and meat of rabbits differing in genotype and slaughter age. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ebeid TA, Tůmová E, Al-Homidan IH, Ketta M, Chodová D. The potential role of feed restriction on productivity, carcass composition, meat quality, and muscle fibre properties of growing rabbits: A review. Meat Sci 2022; 191:108845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Time-based restriction and refeeding programmes in growing rabbits: Effects on feeding behaviour, feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, and caecal fermentative activity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Effect of Type and Dietary Fat Content on Rabbit Growing Performance and Nutrient Retention from 34 to 63 Days Old. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123389. [PMID: 34944166 PMCID: PMC8697906 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was carried out on individually and collectively housed growing rabbits from 34 to 63 days of age. Two experiments were conducted using three fat sources: Soybean oil (SBO), Soya Lecithin Oil (SLO), and Lard (L; Exp. 1), and SBO, Fish Oil (FO), and Palm kernel Oil (PKO; Exp. 2), added at two inclusion levels (1.5 and 4.0%). In both trials, 180 rabbits were housed in individual cages and additional 600 rabbits in collective cages from day 34 to 63. Animals fed with 4% dietary fat showed lower Daily Feed Intake (DFI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) than those fed with 1.5%, except in the individually housed animals in Exp. 1. In the collective housed group in Exp. 1, DFI was a 4.8% higher in animals fed with diets containing lard than those fed with SBO (p = 0.036). Lard inclusion also tended to reduce mortality (p = 0.067) by 60% and 25% compared with SBO and SLO diets, respectively. Mortality was the highest with the higher level of soya lecithin (14% vs. 1%, p < 0.01). A similar mortality rate was observed in the lowest level of SBO. In the grouped-housed animals in Exp. 2, a decrease of DFI (-12.4%), Bodyweight (BW) at 63 d (-4.8%), and Daily Weight Gain (DWG) (-7.8%) were observed with the inclusion of fish oil (p < 0.01) compared to other fat sources. Fish oil also tended to increase (p = 0.078) mortality (13.2%) compared with palm kernel oil (6.45%); similar results were found when animals were individually housed. The overall efficiency of N retention (NRE) increased with the highest level of fat in Exp. 1 (34.9 vs. 37.8%; p < 0.0001). It can be concluded that lard and palm kernel oil are alternative sources of fat due to the reduction of mortality. The inclusion of fish oil impaired animal productivity and increased mortality. An increment of the dietary fat level improved FCR and overall protein retention efficiency.
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