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Radiotherapy/Chemotherapy-Immunotherapy for Cancer Management: From Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:7530794. [PMID: 36778203 PMCID: PMC9911251 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7530794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has drawn much attention because it can restart the recognition and killing function of the immune system to normalize the antitumor immune response. However, the role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment cannot be ignored. Due to cancer heterogeneity, combined therapy has become a new trend, and its efficacy has been confirmed in many studies. This review discussed the clinical implications and the underlying mechanisms of cancer immunotherapy in combination with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, offering an outline for clinicians as well as inspiration for future research.
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2
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Truong CS, Yoo SY. Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus in Lung Cancer Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:240. [PMID: 35214699 PMCID: PMC8875327 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines represent a promising therapeutic modality via the induction of long-term immune response and reduction in adverse effects by specifically targeting tumor-associated antigens. Oncolytic virus, especially vaccinia virus (VV) is a promising cancer treatment option for effective cancer immunotherapy and thus can also be utilized in cancer vaccines. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is likely to respond to immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors or cancer vaccines, since it has a high tumor mutational burden. In this review, we will summarize recent applications of VV in lung cancer treatment and discuss the potential and direction of VV-based therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - So Young Yoo
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
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3
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Myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cell combined vaccines loaded with heat-treated tumor cell lysates enhance antitumor activity in murine lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:90. [PMID: 33376523 PMCID: PMC7751334 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a myeloid dendritic cell (mDCs) and plasmacytoid (p)DC combined vaccine loaded with heat-treated cancer cell lysates against lung cancer cells. The mDCs and pDCs were selected using magnetic bead sorting. Antigen loading was performed by adding heat-treated Lewis lung cancer cell lysates to mDC, pDC or mDC+pDC (1:1). Surface expression of CD80, CD86, CD40 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II molecules were determined using flow cytometry, and the secretion of cytokines IL-12, IL-6 and TNF-α were assessed using ELISA assays. The effect of the mDC and pDC vaccine on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against tumor cells was investigated. Tumor-bearing nude mice were intravenously injected with the mDC and pDC combined vaccine. Tumor tissues were collected for hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining. Loading with tumor cell lysate significantly upregulated the surface expression of costimulatory molecules MHC-II on DCs and enhanced secretions of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α by DCs. In addition, the tumor cell lysate-loaded mDC and pDC combined vaccine significantly promoted lymphocyte proliferation and enhanced CTL-mediated cytotoxicity against Lewis lung cancer cells compared with mDC or pDC treatment alone. Furthermore, intravenous injection of the mDC and pDC combined vaccine into tumor-bearing nude mice significantly inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth and induced necrosis and apoptosis within the tumor tissue. Overall, the pDC and mDC combination vaccine loaded with heat-treated Lewis lung cancer cell lysate had a synergistic effect on the induction of T lymphocyte proliferation and antitumor efficacy, which may be associated with the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine secretions.
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4
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Leduc C, Quoix E. [Vaccines for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 36:415-425. [PMID: 30902445 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy also known as cancer vaccination offers a novel approach for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients. It relies on specific priming of the immune system in order to provoke or increase adaptive antitumor immune response against the vaccine component. Several molecules have been developed in lung cancer, based on whole-tumor cells, dendritic cells, peptides, recombinant proteins, or viral vectors. The aim of this review is to describe the mechanism of action of these vaccines and the results of the main clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leduc
- Service de pneumologie, CHRU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Quoix
- Service de pneumologie, CHRU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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5
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Mulders PFA, Martínez-Piñeiro L, Heidenreich A, Babjuk M, Colombel M, Colombo R, Radziszewski P, Korneyev I, Surcel C, Yakovlev P, Witjes JA, Caris C, Schipper R, Witjes WPJ. Adjuvant recMAGE-A3 Immunotherapy After Cystectomy for Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Lessons Learned from the Phase 2 MAGNOLIA Clinical Trial. Eur Urol Focus 2018; 5:849-852. [PMID: 29477797 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The MAGNOLIA study, investigating the concept of perioperative immunotherapy in muscle- invasive bladder cancer, was prematurely terminated. The lessons learned that should be considered before initiating and conducting future clinical trials in this field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marko Babjuk
- Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Renzo Colombo
- University Vita Salute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Igor Korneyev
- Saint Petersburg State Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Cristian Surcel
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - J Alfred Witjes
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Jung CY, Antonia SJ. Tumor Immunology and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2018; 81:29-41. [PMID: 29332322 PMCID: PMC5771744 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2017.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although progress in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been made over the past decade, the 5-year survival rate in patients with lung cancer remains only 10%–20%. Obviously, new therapeutic options are required for patients with advanced NSCLC and unmet medical needs. Cancer immunotherapy is an evolving treatment modality that uses a patient's own immune systems to fight cancer. Theoretically, cancer immunotherapy can result in long-term cancer remission and may not cause the same side effects as chemotherapy and radiation. Immuno-oncology has become an important focus of basic research as well as clinical trials for the treatment of NSCLC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the most promising approach for cancer immunotherapy and they have become the standard of care for patients with advanced NSCLC. This review summarizes basic tumor immunology and the relevant clinical data on immunotherapeutic approaches, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Jung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Scott J Antonia
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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7
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Jia H, Truica CI, Wang B, Wang Y, Ren X, Harvey HA, Song J, Yang JM. Immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer: Existing challenges and exciting prospects. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 32:1-15. [PMID: 29145974 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with breast tumors that do not express the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, nor Her-2/neu are hence termed "triple negatives", and generally have a poor prognosis, with high rates of systemic recurrence and refractoriness to conventional therapy regardless of the choice of adjuvant treatment. Thus, more effective therapeutic options are sorely needed for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which occurs in approximately 20% of diagnosed breast cancers. In recent years, exploiting intrinsic mechanisms of the host immune system to eradicate cancer cells has achieved impressive success, and the advances in immunotherapy have yielded potential new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of this devastating subtype of breast cancer. It is anticipated that the responses initiated by immunotherapeutic interventions will explicitly target and annihilate tumor cells, while at the same time spare normal cells. Various immunotherapeutic approaches have been already developed and tested, which include the blockade of immune checkpoints using neutralizing or blocking antibodies, induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), adoptive cell transfer-based therapy, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment to enhance the activity of CTLs. One of the most important areas of breast cancer research today is understanding the immune features and profiles of TNBC and devising novel immune-modulatory strategies to tackling TNBC, a subtype of breast cancer notorious for its poor prognosis and its imperviousness to conventional treatments. On the optimal side, one can anticipate that novel, effective, and personalized immunotherapy for TNBC will soon achieve more success and impact clinical treatment of this disease which afflicts approximately 20% of patients with breast cancer. In the present review, we highlight the current progress and encouraging developments in cancer immunotherapy, with a goal to discuss the challenges and to provide future perspectives on how to exploit a variety of new immunotherapeutic approaches including checkpoint inhibitors and neoadjuvant immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Jia
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 03001, China.
| | - Cristina I Truica
- Department of Medicine, The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 03001, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 03001, China
| | - Xingcong Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Harold A Harvey
- Department of Medicine, The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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8
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Jin D, Yu X, Chen B, Li Z, Ding J, Zhao X, Qi G. Combined immunotherapy of breast cancer with EGF and VEGF vaccines from DNA shuffling in a mouse model. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:537-553. [PMID: 28509606 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Development of EGF and VEGF vaccines with high antigenicity for combined immunotherapy of EGF-EGFR signaling-dependent epithelial tumors such as breast cancer. METHOD EGF genes from mouse, human and chicken were randomly assembled to chimeric genes by DNA shuffling, then a chimeric EGF was selected out by PCR, SDS-PAGE and immunization for combined immunotherapy of breast cancer with a previously constructed chimeric VEGF vaccine from shuffling. RESULTS Combined vaccination with chimeric EGF and VEGF from shuffling could induce high titer of antibodies against EGF and VEGF to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis, and improve the survival rate of mice with breast cancer. CONCLUSION Combined vaccination with EGF and VEGF from shuffling showed better immunotherapy on EGF-EGFR signaling-dependent epithelial tumors such as breast cancer than the single-agent EGF vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin
- College of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bing Chen
- College of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- College of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jia Ding
- College of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- College of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gaofu Qi
- College of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Biomedical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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9
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Hradilova N, Sadilkova L, Palata O, Mysikova D, Mrazkova H, Lischke R, Spisek R, Adkins I. Generation of dendritic cell-based vaccine using high hydrostatic pressure for non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171539. [PMID: 28187172 PMCID: PMC5302789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) induces immunogenic death of tumor cells which confer protective anti-tumor immunity in vivo. Moreover, DC pulsed with HHP-treated tumor cells induced therapeutic effect in mouse cancer model. In this study, we tested the immunogenicity, stability and T cell stimulatory activity of human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC)-based HHP lung cancer vaccine generated in GMP compliant serum free medium using HHP 250 MPa. DC pulsed with HHP-killed lung cancer cells and poly(I:C) enhanced DC maturation, chemotactic migration and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines after 24h. Moreover, DC-based HHP lung cancer vaccine showed functional plasticity after transfer into serum-containing media and stimulation with LPS or CD40L after additional 24h. LPS and CD40L stimulation further differentially enhanced the expression of costimulatory molecules and production of IL-12p70. DC-based HHP lung cancer vaccine decreased the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells and stimulated IFN-γ-producing tumor antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Tumor antigen specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses were detected in NSCLC patient's against a selected tumor antigens expressed by lung cancer cell lines used for the vaccine generation. We also showed for the first time that protein antigen from HHP-killed lung cancer cells is processed and presented by DC to CD8+ T cells. Our results represent important preclinical data for ongoing NSCLC Phase I/II clinical trial using DC-based active cellular immunotherapy (DCVAC/LuCa) in combination with chemotherapy and immune enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Hradilova
- SOTIO, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ondrej Palata
- SOTIO, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Mysikova
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Mrazkova
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Lischke
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- SOTIO, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Adkins
- SOTIO, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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10
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High expression levels of MAGE-A9 are correlated with unfavorable survival in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4871-81. [PMID: 26717042 PMCID: PMC4826249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of melanoma-associated antigen-A (MAGE-A) protein are commonly detected in lung cancers. Their biological function is not well characterized but may involve cell cycle progression and the regulation of apoptosis. We hypothesized that MAGE-A9 is involved in the regulation of apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated MAGE-A9 protein expression by immunohistochemical staining and we assessed the relationship between the expression of MAGE-A9 and clinical pathological parameters. In addition, we investigated the effect of MAGE-A9 down-regulation in lung adenocarcinoma. The results showed that a high expression level of MAGE-A9 protein in lung adenocarcinoma tumor cells was related to larger tumor diameter (P = 0.013) and poor differentiation (P = 0.029). Cox regression analysis revealed that the expression of MAGE-A9 in lung adenocarcinoma tumor cells (P < 0.001) is an independent prognostic factor in five-year survival rates. NSCLC cells with silenced MAGE-A9 had decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion in cell culture compared to corresponding control cells. The NSCLC cells showing down-regulated MAGE-A9 induced the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. In addition, MAGE-A9 was associated with resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Our findings provide evidence that MAGE-A9 could be a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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11
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Mayor M, Yang N, Sterman D, Jones DR, Adusumilli PS. Immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: current concepts and clinical trials. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 49:1324-33. [PMID: 26516195 PMCID: PMC4851162 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent successes in immunotherapeutic strategies are being investigated to combat cancers that have less than ideal responses to standard of care treatment, such as non-small-cell lung cancer. In this paper, we summarize concepts and the current status of immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer, including salient features of the major categories of immunotherapy-monoclonal antibody therapy, immune checkpoint blockade, immunotoxins, anticancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Mayor
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neng Yang
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Sterman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David R Jones
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prasad S Adusumilli
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Liu X, Li J, Liu Y, Ding J, Tong Z, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Calreticulin acts as an adjuvant to promote dendritic cell maturation and enhances antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cell Immunol 2016; 300:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Correale P, Botta C, Martino EC, Ulivieri C, Battaglia G, Carfagno T, Rossetti MG, Fioravanti A, Guidelli GM, Cheleschi S, Gandolfo C, Carbone F, Baldari TC, Tassone P, Tagliaferri P, Pirtoli L, Cusi MG. Phase Ib study of poly-epitope peptide vaccination to thymidylate synthase (TSPP) and GOLFIG chemo-immunotherapy for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1101205. [PMID: 27141384 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a tumor-associated enzyme critical for DNA replication and main 5'-fluorouracil (5'-FU) target. TSPP/VAC1 is a multi-arm trial phase-Ib trial program aimed to investigate the toxicity and biomodulatory activity of a poly-epitope-peptide vaccine to TS (TSPP) in cancer patients (pts). Here, we present the results of the TSPP/VAC1/arm C trial aimed to evaluate TSPP in combination with chemo-immunotherapy in pretreated metastatic colo-rectal cancer (mCRC) pts. Twenty-nine pts, 14 males and 15 females, received poly-chemotherapy with gemcitabine [GEM; 1,000 mg/sqm, day-1], oxaliplatin [OX; 80 mg/sqm, day-2], levofolinate [100 mg/sqm, days 1-2], bolus/infusional 5'-FU [400 mg/800 mg/sqm, days 1-2], sargramostim [50 μg, days 3-7/q30], and interleukin-2 [sc. 0.5 MIU twice a day, days 8-14/18-30] [GOLFIG-regimen]. Seventeen pts received sc. TSPP injections at escalating dosage [3 pts, 100 µg (DL-1); 3 pts, 200 µg (DL-2) and 11pts, 300 µg (DL-3)] one week after each chemotherapy cycle (concomitant module), while 10 out 12 pts received TSPP (300 µg) after 12 GOLFIG courses [dose level (DL)-0] (sequential module). TSPP MTD was not achieved. Adverse events consisted in swelling/erythema at injection sites (17 cases), G1-2 haematological (16 cases) and gastro-enteric events (12), fever, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and poly-arthralgia and rise in auto-antibodies [ANA, ENA, c-ANCA, p-ANCA in the DL1-3 pts]. Both treatment-modules showed immunomodulating and antitumor activity (disease-control-rate, DL1-3 and DL0 were 70.6% and 83.3%, respectively) with a better survival recorded in the second group [median OS DL1-3 vs. DL0 = 8 vs. 16 mo, p = 0.049]. The promising long-term survival produced by the sequential treatment module deserves further phase II evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Correale
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, University of Siena , Italy
| | - Cirino Botta
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro , Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, University of Siena , Italy
| | - Tommaso Carfagno
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, University of Siena , Italy
| | | | - Antonella Fioravanti
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunologic Sciences, University of Siena , Italy
| | - Giacomo Maria Guidelli
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunologic Sciences, University of Siena , Italy
| | - Sara Cheleschi
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunologic Sciences, University of Siena , Italy
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena , Italy
| | - Francesco Carbone
- Unit of Radiology, Department of Oncology, University of Siena , Italy
| | | | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Luigi Pirtoli
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, University of Siena , Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena , Italy
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14
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Hanna GG, Coyle VM, Prise KM. Immune modulation in advanced radiotherapies: Targeting out-of-field effects. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:246-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Wang CY, Lin BL, Chen CH. An aptamer targeting shared tumor-specific peptide antigen of MAGE-A3 in multiple cancers. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:918-26. [PMID: 26314689 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A DNA aptamer was identified against the shared tumor-specific MAGE-A3111-125 peptide antigen. The dissociation constant between the aptamer and the peptide was measured at 57 nM. Binding of the aptamer to seven types of cancer cells, melanoma, breast, colorectal, liver, lung, pancreas and oral cancer, was confirmed with flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging. Cy3-conjugated aptamers signals were specifically localized to the surface of those cancer cells. The results indicate that the DNA aptamer against the shared tumor-specific MAGE-A3 peptide can be used in cancer cell targeting and has the potential for developing into new modalities for the diagnosis of multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yu Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Ling Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Cusi MG, Botta C, Pastina P, Rossetti MG, Dreassi E, Guidelli GM, Fioravanti A, Martino EC, Gandolfo C, Pagliuchi M, Basile A, Carbone SF, Ricci V, Micheli L, Tassone P, Tagliaferri P, Pirtoli L, Correale P. Phase I trial of thymidylate synthase poly-epitope peptide (TSPP) vaccine in advanced cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1159-73. [PMID: 26031574 PMCID: PMC11029252 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) poly-epitope peptide (TSPP) is a 27-mer peptide vaccine containing the amino acidic sequences of three epitopes with HLA-A2.1-binding motifs of TS, an enzyme overexpressed in cancer cells, which plays a crucial role in DNA repair and replication. Based on the results of preclinical studies, we designed a phase Ib trial (TSPP/VAC1) to investigate, in a dose escalation setting, the safety and the biological activity of TSPP vaccination alone (arm A) or in combination with GM-CSF and IL-2 (arm B) in cancer patients. Twenty-one pretreated metastatic cancer patients, with a good performance status (ECOG ≤ 1) and no severe organ failure or immunological disease, were enrolled in the study (12 in arm A, nine in arm B) between April 2011 and January 2012, with a median follow-up of 28 months. TSPP resulted safe, and its maximal tolerated dose was not achieved. No grade 4 toxicity was observed. The most common adverse events were grade 2 dermatological reactions to the vaccine injection, cough, rhinitis, fever, poly-arthralgia, gastro-enteric symptoms and, to a lesser extent, moderate hypertension and hypothyroidism. We detected a significant rise in auto-antibodies and TS-epitope-specific CTL precursors. Furthermore, TSPP showed antitumor activity in this group of pretreated patients; indeed, we recorded one partial response and seven disease stabilizations (SD) in arm A, and three SD in arm B. Taken together, our findings provide the framework for the evaluation of the TSPP anti-tumor activity in further disease-oriented clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Cirino Botta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Catanzaro “Magna Graecia” University and Medical Oncology Unit, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Pastina
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Elodia Claudia Martino
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Assunta Basile
- Unit of Psychology, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Ricci
- Unit of Radiology, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Micheli
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, Neurosciences Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Catanzaro “Magna Graecia” University and Medical Oncology Unit, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Catanzaro “Magna Graecia” University and Medical Oncology Unit, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Pirtoli
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Correale
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
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17
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Domagala-Kulawik J. The role of the immune system in non-small cell lung carcinoma and potential for therapeutic intervention. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 4:177-90. [PMID: 25870800 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.01.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over a hundred years after the first description of this disease, lung cancer represents one of the major challenges in oncology. Radical treatment cannot be introduced in more than 70% of cases and overall survival rate does not exceed 15%. The immunosurveillance of lung cancer may be effective in early oncogenesis but is inhibited in the course of developing a clinically detectable tumor. Very low and heterogonous antigenicity of lung cancer cells leads to passive escape from anti-cancer immune defense. The cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) that play a main role in the anticancer response are actively suppressed in the tumor environment and following regulatory mechanisms inhibit the recognition of tumor antigens by antigen presenting cells. The population of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is augmented and the expression of transcription factor-Foxp3 is markedly increased on tumor cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). It is accomplished by M2 macrophage polarization, the activity of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and a significantly elevated concentration of cytokines: transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and IL-10 in the tumor microenvironment. Very active suppression of immune protection is the predominant role of the programmed death 1 (PD-1)-PD-L1 pathway. The blockage of this pathway was found to be an effective treatment approach; therefore the monoclonal antibodies are being intensively investigated in lung cancer patients. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is the molecule capable of inhibiting the activation signal. The antibody anti-CTLA-4 improves CTLs function in solid tumors and lung cancer patients may benefit from use of this agent. The second way in lung cancer immunotherapy is production of anti-cancer vaccines using recognized cancer antigens: MAGE-A3, membrane associated glycoprotein (MUC-1), and EGF. It was recently shown in ongoing clinical trials that combined therapies: immune- and chemotherapy, radiotherapy or targeted therapy seem to be effective. Immunotherapy in lung cancer has an individual character-there is a need to assess the patient's immune status prior to implementation of immunomodulating therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Domagala-Kulawik
- Department of Internal Diseases, Pneumonology and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Domagala-Kulawik J, Osinska I, Hoser G. Mechanisms of immune response regulation in lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 3:15-22. [PMID: 25806277 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.11.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths. As a solid tumor with low antigenicity and heterogenic phenotype lung cancer evades host immune defense. The cytotoxic anticancer effect is suppressed by a complex mechanism in tumor microenvironment. The population of regulatory T cells (Tregs) plays a crucial role in this inhibition of immune response. Tregs are defined by presence of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) molecule. The high expression of Foxp3 was found in lung cancer cells and in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) is constitutively expressed on Tregs and suppresses T cell activation. The elevated CTLA4 expression in lymphocytes in patients with lung cancer was found. Recently the antibodies blocking CTLA4 showed some clinical efficacy in patients with lung cancer. Cancer cells and immune cells release many cytokines capable to show suppressive immune effect in cancer microenvironment. The most active are transforming growth factorβ (TGFβ) and IL-10. The pleiotropic function of Th17 population is TGFβ related. The myeloid lineage of suppressor cells in lung cancer is represented by tumor associated macrophages (TAM) with phenotype of M2 macrophages and some regulatory properties with releasing amounts of IL-10 and TGFβ. The myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) control cytotoxic T cell activity in mechanisms which are highly dependent on the context of tumor environment. The mechanisms of anticancer immune response regulation need further investigation as an important target to new way of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Domagala-Kulawik
- 1 Department of Internal Diseases, Pneumonology and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; 2 Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; 3 Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Osinska
- 1 Department of Internal Diseases, Pneumonology and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; 2 Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; 3 Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Hoser
- 1 Department of Internal Diseases, Pneumonology and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; 2 Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; 3 Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
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Morgensztern D, Campo MJ, Dahlberg SE, Doebele RC, Garon E, Gerber DE, Goldberg SB, Hammerman PS, Heist R, Hensing T, Horn L, Ramalingam SS, Rudin CM, Salgia R, Sequist L, Shaw AT, Simon GR, Somaiah N, Spigel DR, Wrangle J, Johnson D, Herbst RS, Bunn P, Govindan R. Molecularly targeted therapies in non-small-cell lung cancer annual update 2014. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 10:S1-63. [PMID: 25535693 PMCID: PMC4346098 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the understanding of the biology and treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) during the past few years. A number of molecularly targeted agents are in the clinic or in development for patients with advanced NSCLC. We are beginning to understand the mechanisms of acquired resistance after exposure to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with oncogene addicted NSCLC. The advent of next-generation sequencing has enabled to study comprehensively genomic alterations in lung cancer. Finally, early results from immune checkpoint inhibitors are very encouraging. This review summarizes recent advances in the area of cancer genomics, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morgensztern
- Department of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Meghan J. Campo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Suzanne E. Dahlberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Robert C. Doebele
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Edward Garon
- UCLA Santa Monica Hematology Oncology, Santa Monica, CA
| | - David E. Gerber
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Sarah B. Goldberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine and Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Rebecca Heist
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas Hensing
- Department of Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Leora Horn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Suresh S. Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lecia Sequist
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alice T. Shaw
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - George R. Simon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Neeta Somaiah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - John Wrangle
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Roy S. Herbst
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine and Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Paul Bunn
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO
| | - Ramaswamy Govindan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
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20
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Domae S, Ono T, Sasaki A. Cancer/testis antigens: A prospective reagent as diagnostic and immunotherapeutic targets for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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High expression of MAGE-A9 correlates with unfavorable survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6625. [PMID: 25315972 PMCID: PMC4197415 DOI: 10.1038/srep06625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma-associated antigens (MAGE)-A9 has been reported to play important roles in the development of human cancers. However, the association between MAGE-A9 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well understood. The study was to detect the expression of MAGE-A9 in human HCC and investigate the association between its expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of HCC. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), one-step quantitative -PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were performed to characterize the expression of MAGE-A9 in HCC cell lines and tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were employed to evaluate the prognosis of 100 HCC patients. The results showed that the expression of MAGE-A9 in HCC was significantly higher than that in non-cancerous cells and tissues. Moreover, the expression level of the MAGE-A9 protein in HCC was related to the pathological grade (p = 0.003), portal vein invasion (p = 0.001), distant metastasis (p = 0.022) and TNM stage (p = 0.005). Cox regression analysis further revealed that MAGE-A9 expression is an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (p = 0.006) and overall survival (p = 0.022). These data are the first to indicate that MAGE-A9 expression is a valuable prognostic biomarker for HCC and that high MAGE-A9 expression suggests unfavorable survival outcomes in HCC patients.
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22
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Lee HY, Kim JI, Cho SH, Ko TY, Kim HS, Park SD, Cho SR, Chang HK, Hwang GJ, Jung SB. Expression of the brother of the regulator of imprinted sites gene in the sputum of patients with lung cancer. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2014; 47:378-83. [PMID: 25207247 PMCID: PMC4157501 DOI: 10.5090/kjtcs.2014.47.4.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Brother of the regulator of imprinted sites (BORIS) is a putative new oncogene that is classified as a cancer germline gene; however, its role in the development of cancer is unclear. This study investigated the expression of BORIS in lung cancer and its clinical implications. Methods The expression of BORIS messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the sputum of 100 patients with lung cancer (50 with squamous cell carcinoma, 36 with adenocarcinoma, and 14 with small-cell carcinoma) was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results The overall expression rate of BORIS in patients with lung cancer was 36.0%: 19 of 50 squamous cell carcinomas (38.0%), 13 of 36 adenocarcinomas (36.1%), and 4 of 14 (28.6%) small-cell carcinomas. There was no significant difference in the BORIS expression according to age, gender, or histologic type. However, the mRNA expression of BORIS was significantly related to the pathologic cancer stage (p=0.004) and lymph node metastasis (p=0.001). The expression of the melanoma antigen gene family A1–6 was not associated with the expression of BORIS. Conclusion Our results suggest that the expression of BORIS might be a negative prognostic factor in lung cancers and implicate BORIS as a molecular target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Young Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine
| | - Jong In Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine
| | - Sung Ho Cho
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine
| | - Taek Yong Ko
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine
| | - Hyun Su Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine
| | - Sung Dal Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine
| | - Sung Rae Cho
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine
| | - Hee Kyung Chang
- Department of Pathology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine
| | - Guk Jin Hwang
- Department of Familly Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine
| | - Sang Bong Jung
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Gimhae College
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23
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Sundar R, Soong R, Cho BC, Brahmer JR, Soo RA. Immunotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2014; 85:101-9. [PMID: 24880938 PMCID: PMC4332778 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the role of the immune system in tumor immunosurveillance have resulted in the recognition that tumors can evade immune destruction via the dysregulation of co-inhibitory or checkpoint signals. This has led to the development of a generation immunotherapeutic agents targeting the immune checkpoint pathway. Recent early phase studies of immune checkpoint modulators, such as CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in NSCLC have reported promising results with prolonged clinical responses and tolerable toxicity. This article provides an overview of co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules that regulate the immune response to tumors, recent therapies that have been developed to exploit these interactions and the role of predictive biomarkers in treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Sundar
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Richie Soong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Byoung-Chul Cho
- Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Julie R Brahmer
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ross A Soo
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Australia.
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24
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Szyszka-Barth K, Ramlau K, Goździk-Spychalska J, Spychalski Ł, Bryl M, Gołda-Gocka I, Kopczyńska A, Barinow-Wojewódzki A, Ramlau R. Actual status of therapeutic vaccination in non-small cell lung cancer. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2014; 18:77-84. [PMID: 24966788 PMCID: PMC4068811 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.42724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although treatment methods such as surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy have improved, prognosis remains unsatisfactory, and developing new therapeutic strategies is still an urgent matter. Immunotherapy is a novel therapeutic approach wherein activated immune cells can specifically kill tumour cells. Several lung cancer vaccines have demonstrated prolonged survival time in phase II and III trials, and several clinical trials are under investigation. However, many clinical trials involving cancer vaccination with defined tumour antigens have shown this method to work only in a small number of patients. Cancer immunotherapy is not completely effective in eradicating tumour cells because they evade host immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szyszka-Barth
- Department of Clinical Oncology with the Subdepartment of Diurnal Chemotherapy, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Goździk-Spychalska
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Lung Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Łukasz Spychalski
- Department of Clinical Oncology with the Subdepartment of Diurnal Chemotherapy, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Bryl
- Department of Clinical Oncology with the Subdepartment of Diurnal Chemotherapy, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
| | - Iwona Gołda-Gocka
- Department of Clinical Oncology with the Subdepartment of Diurnal Chemotherapy, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Kopczyńska
- Department of Chemotherapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Aleksander Barinow-Wojewódzki
- Adult Pulmonary-Rehabilitation Department, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
| | - Rodryg Ramlau
- Department of Clinical Oncology with the Subdepartment of Diurnal Chemotherapy, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
- Thoracosurgery Clinic, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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25
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Stephens P. Vaccine R&D: past performance is no guide to the future. Vaccine 2014; 32:2139-42. [PMID: 24613519 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines offer the most cost-effective solution to prevent both communicable and non-communicable disease in poor countries. Published studies suggest that vaccine research is seeing declining success. This study updates the latest analyses on success rates in vaccine research, and examines the potential causes of decline and their ongoing impact. Success rates are shown to decline, the observed probability of market entry being just 1.8%, almost a fourfold decline over 5 years, but in the context of a very different product portfolio from that seen in earlier studies. DNA vaccines see high Phase I failures as expected, and therapeutic vaccines have lower success rates than prophylactic vaccines. The changing scientific challenge, lack of investment and lack of co-operation are highlighted as potential causes of the decline. Many issues have now been resolved, but co-operation between academia, regulators and industry remains a significant challenge, requiring links across new disciplines and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stephens
- IMS HEALTH, 210 Pentonville Road, London N1 9JY, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmaceutical Policy Analysis, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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26
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Deng Q, Li KY, Chen H, Dai JH, Zhai YY, Wang Q, Li N, Wang YP, Han ZG. RNA interference against cancer/testis genes identifies dual specificity phosphatase 21 as a potential therapeutic target in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2014; 59:518-30. [PMID: 23929653 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer/testis (CT) antigens have been considered therapeutic targets for treating cancers. However, a central question is whether their expression contributes to tumorigenesis or if they are functionally irrelevant by-products derived from the process of cellular transformation. In any case, these CT antigens are essential for cancer cell survival and may serve as potential therapeutic targets. Recently, the cell-based RNA interference (RNAi) screen has proven to be a powerful approach for identifying potential therapeutic targets. In this study we sought to identify new CT antigens as potential therapeutic targets for human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and 179 potential CT genes on the X chromosome were screened through a bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profiles. Then an RNAi screen against these potential CT genes identified nine that were required for sustaining the survival of Focus and PLC/PRF/5 cells. Among the nine genes, the physiologically testis-restricted dual specificity phosphatase 21 (DUSP21) encoding a dual specificity phosphatase was up-regulated in 39 (33%) of 118 human HCC specimens. Ectopic DUSP21 had no obvious impact on proliferation and colony formation in HCC cells. However, DUSP21 silencing significantly suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, and in vivo tumorigenicity in HCC cells. The administration of adenovirus-mediated RNAi and an atelocollagen/siRNA mixture against endogenous DUSP21 significantly suppressed xenograft HCC tumors in mice. Further investigations showed that DUSP21 knockdown led to arrest of the cell cycle in G1 phase, cell senescence, and expression changes of some factors with functions in the cell cycle and/or senescence. Furthermore, the antiproliferative role of DUSP21 knockdown is through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in HCC. CONCLUSION DUSP21 plays an important role in sustaining HCC cell proliferation and may thus act as a potential therapeutic target in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) of Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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Declerck S, Vansteenkiste J. Immunotherapy for lung cancer: ongoing clinical trials. Future Oncol 2014; 10:91-105. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Modulation of a patient’s immune system so that it acts against lung cancer cells has not been successful in the past decades. Advances in our understanding of the immune response to tumors resulted in the development of different kinds of novel immunotherapeutic agents. This has resulted in the development of two major approaches. First, antigen-specific immunotherapy or cancer vaccination, with the MAGE-A3 vaccine in resected early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the L-BLP25 vaccine in locally advanced NSCLC after chemoradiotherapy and belagenpumatucel-L and the TG4010 vaccine in advanced-stage NSCLC. Second, non-antigen-specific immunotherapy or cancer immunomodulation is reviewed, including how monoclonal antibodies modulate the interaction between antigen-presenting cells, T-lymphocytes and tumor cells (e.g., antibodies against CTLA-4, or against PD-1 receptor or its ligands). Recent Phase II trials with these treatments have shown promising results of efficacy and tolerability, which has led to testing in several large Phase III trials. Some of these are fully recruited, while others are still ongoing, and important results are be expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Declerck
- Respiratory Oncology Unit (Department of Pulmonology) & Leuven Lung Cancer Group, University Hospital KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Vansteenkiste
- Respiratory Oncology Unit (Department of Pulmonology) & Leuven Lung Cancer Group, University Hospital KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Wang H, Zheng L, Peng C, Shen M, Shi X, Zhang G. Folic acid-modified dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles as nanoprobes for targeted CT imaging of human lung adencarcinoma. Biomaterials 2013; 34:470-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schuler PJ, Hoffmann TK, Gauler TC, Bergmann C, Brandau S, Lang S. [Immunotherapy of head and neck cancer. Current developments]. HNO 2012; 61:559-72. [PMID: 23247754 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-012-2635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the prognosis for patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) the introduction of new therapeutic strategies is necessary. The concept of immunotherapy has been applied and improved for several years and recent studies have used tumor-specific antigens which facilitates targeted oncologic therapy. However, immunotherapy is hampered by the fact that immunosuppressive mechanisms are pronounced and relevant effector cells are suppressed, especially in patients with HNSCC. Successful immunotherapy could induce an antitumor immune response by restitution of these cell populations. Current anti-tumor immunotherapy includes unspecific immune stimulation, genetic modification of tumor and immune cells, the use of monoclonal antibodies, e.g. cetuximab, adoptive cell transfer and tumor vaccination. In the future, these biologic therapies alone or in combination with conventional therapeutic regimens could present a valuable therapeutic option for HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Schuler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poxviral vaccines have been given to over 1 billion people in the successful global eradication of smallpox. Recombinant poxviruses have been investigated extensively as a novel immunotherapy for cancer, undergoing several iterations to optimize their immunogenicity and efficacy. The current platform expressing multiple costimulatory molecules plus a tumor-associated antigen such as PSA, that is, PSA-TRICOM (PROSTVAC-V/F), is promising and is currently in a Phase III randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the clinical development of poxviral-based cancer vaccines, with a particular focus on the rationale for combining vaccines with other treatment modalities, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, other immune-based therapies and molecularly targeted therapy. We also discuss the importance of appropriate patient selection in clinical trial design. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical and early clinical studies employing poxviral-vector vaccines have shown promising results with this novel immunologic approach, both alone and combined with other therapies. The challenges of translating the science of immunotherapy to clinical practice include clinical trial design that includes appropriate patient selection, appropriate end points and identification of meaningful surrogate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Kim
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology and Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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31
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Hanagiri T, Shigematsu Y, Kuroda K, Baba T, Shiota H, Ichiki Y, Nagata Y, Yasuda M, So T, Takenoyama M, Tanaka F. Antitumor activity of human γδ T cells transducted with CD8 and with T-cell receptors of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1414-9. [PMID: 22621620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The difficulty in the induction and preparation of a large number of autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from individual patients is one of major problems in their application to adoptive immunotherapy. The present study tried to establish the useful antitumor effectors by using γδ T cells through tumor-specific TCRαβ genes transduction, and evaluated the efficacy of their adoptive transfer in a non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice model. The TCRαβ gene was cloned from the HLA-B15-restricted CTL clone specific of the Kita-Kyushu Lung Cancer antigen-1 (KK-LC-1). The cloned TCRαβ as well as the CD8 gene were transduced into γδ T cells induced from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was examined using a standard 4 h (51) Cr release assay. Mice with a xenotransplanted tumor were treated with an injection of effector cells. Successful transduction of TCRαβ was confirmed by the staining of KK-LC-1-specific tetramers. The γδ T cells transduced with TCRαβ and CD8 showed CTL activity against the KK-LC-1-positive lung cancer cell line in a HLA B15-restricted manner. Adoptive transfer of the effector cells in a mice model resulted in marked growth suppression of KK-LC-1- and HLA-B15-positive xenotransplanted tumors. Co-transducing TCRαβ and CD8 into γδ T cells yielded the same antigen-specific activity as an original CTL in vitro and in vivo. The TCRαβ gene transduction into γδ T cells is a promising strategy for developing new adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hanagiri
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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32
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Meek DW, Marcar L. MAGE-A antigens as targets in tumour therapy. Cancer Lett 2012; 324:126-32. [PMID: 22634429 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
MAGE-A proteins constitute a sub-family of Cancer-Testis Antigens which are expressed mainly, but not exclusively, in germ cells. They are also expressed in various human cancers where they are associated with, and may drive, malignancy. MAGE-A proteins are highly immunogenic and are considered as potential targets for cancer vaccines and/or immuno-therapy. Moreover, recent advances in our understanding of their molecular pathology have revealed interactions that offer potential as therapeutic targets. Here we review recent progress in this area and consider how these interactions might be exploited, especially for the treatment of malignant cancers for which available treatments are inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Meek
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom.
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33
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Dasanu CA, Sethi N, Ahmed N. Immune alterations and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches in lung cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:923-37. [PMID: 22559147 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.685715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subjects with lung cancer were shown to present a variety of immune abnormalities including cellular immune dysfunction, cytokine alterations, and antigen presentation defects. As discouraging results are commonly seen with the existing therapies in lung cancer, more innovative treatment strategies are needed. AREAS COVERED The authors review comprehensively the immune abnormalities in individuals with lung cancer, describe the lung cancer immunotherapy candidates that are most advanced in their clinical development, and summarize recent data from clinical trials of these agents. EXPERT OPINION Enhancing the immune system represents an appealing avenue for lung cancer therapy. Several immunomodulating agents have activity in this regard including ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody against the CTLA-4, and talactoferrin, a dendritic cell activator. In addition, a significant activity was shown with belagenpumatucel-L, a whole-cell-based vaccine that blocks the action of TGF-β2. Other promising vaccines are protein-specific vaccines against tumor antigens such as MAGE-A3, EGF, and MUC1. Although some of these immunotherapies may have lackluster performance as single agents in advanced disease, more impressive results are seen in combination with chemotherapy agents. Given their proven activity in lung cancer, these immunotherapies may soon become a powerful addition to the oncologist's toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin A Dasanu
- St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Medical Oncology and Blood Disorders, Gothic Park, 43 Woodland Street, Suite G-80, Hartford, CT 06105, USA.
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Mancebo A, Casacó A, González B, Ledón N, Sorlozabal J, León A, Gómez D, González Y, Bada A, González C, Arteaga M, Ramírez H, Fuentes D. Repeated dose intramuscular injection of the CIMAvax-EGF vaccine in Sprague Dawley rats induces local and systemic toxicity. Vaccine 2012; 30:3329-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Guida M, Pisconti S, Colucci G. Metastatic melanoma: the new era of targeted therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16 Suppl 2:S61-70. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.645807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Schlom J. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: current status and moving forward. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:599-613. [PMID: 22395641 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine, a wide spectrum of other cancer vaccine platforms that target a diverse range of tumor-associated antigens is currently being evaluated in randomized phase II and phase III trials. The profound influence of the tumor microenvironment and other immunosuppressive entities, however, can limit the effectiveness of these vaccines. Numerous strategies are currently being evaluated both preclinically and clinically to counteract these immunosuppressive entities, including the combined use of vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, certain chemotherapeutics, small-molecule targeted therapies, and radiation. The potential influence of the appropriate patient population and clinical trial endpoint in vaccine therapy studies is discussed, as well as the potential importance of biomarkers in future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Complete surgical resection is the main therapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Survival rates remain, at best, 80% for stage IA, necessitating the development of effective systemic therapy. Several large randomized control trials and meta-analyses provide evidence for the use of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage I to III, and are the basis for the standards of care. Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy regimens have shown 4% to 15% survival advantage at 5 years. Given this modest survival benefit, research is focused on the identification of prognostic and predictive markers to aid in the selection of appropriate adjuvant chemotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Coleman
- Division of Thoracic surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Hamaï A, Pignon P, Raimbaud I, Duperrier-Amouriaux K, Senellart H, Hiret S, Douillard JY, Bennouna J, Ayyoub M, Valmori D. Human T(H)17 immune cells specific for the tumor antigen MAGE-A3 convert to IFN-γ-secreting cells as they differentiate into effector T cells in vivo. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1059-63. [PMID: 22253231 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of T(H)17 cells in cancer is being investigated, but the existence of tumor antigen-specific T(H)17 cells has yet to be ascertained. Here, we report the first description of a spontaneous T(H)17 (IL-17(+)) response to the important tumor antigen MAGE-A3, which occurred concurrently with a T(H)1 (IFN-γ(+)) response in a lung cancer patient. MAGE-A3-specific interleukin (IL)-17(+) T cells were mainly CCR7(+) central memory T cells, whereas IFN-γ(+) cells were enriched for CCR7(-) effector memory T cells. An assessment of the fine specificity of antigen recognition by these T cells indicated that the CCR6(+)CCR4(+) and CCR6(+)CXCR3(+) fractions contained the same T(H)17/T(H)1 population at early and late differentiation stages, respectively, whereas the CCR6(-)CXCR3(+) fraction contained a distinct T(H)1 population. These findings are important because they suggest a differentiation model in which tumor antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells that are primed under T(H)17 polarizing conditions will progressively convert into IFN-γ-secreting cells in vivo as they differentiate into effector T cells that can effectively attack tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hamaï
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1102, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France
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40
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Decoster L, Wauters I, Vansteenkiste JF. Vaccination therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: review of agents in phase III development. Ann Oncol 2011; 23:1387-93. [PMID: 22156658 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The historical results of cancer vaccination for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were disappointing. In the current decade, however, new insights in the interaction between tumours and the immune system have led to the development of immunotherapy as a fundamentally new concept for the treatment of NSCLC. Modern NSCLC vaccine strategies rely on better identification of antigenic targets, addition of strong immunoadjuvants, and use of more efficient delivery systems. These treatments have convincingly demonstrated to elicit potent immune responses and have shown promising efficacy signals and excellent tolerability in phase II randomised studies. This-together with recent positive phase III data in indications other than NSCLC-has helped to establish the proof of principle for cancer vaccination. In NSCLC, ongoing phase III trials are investigating this approach in different treatment settings: the Melanoma AntiGEn A3 vaccine in resected early-stage NSCLC, the L-BLP25 vaccine in locally advanced NSCLC after chemoradiotherapy, and belagenpumatucel-L, the epidermal growth factor and the TG4010 vaccine in advanced stage, either as an adjunct to chemotherapy or as maintenance after completion of chemotherapy. Mode of action, development, available clinical data, and currently ongoing phase III studies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Decoster
- Leuven Lung Cancer Group, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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41
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The immune response to tumors as a tool toward immunotherapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:894704. [PMID: 22190975 PMCID: PMC3235449 DOI: 10.1155/2011/894704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Until recently cancer medical therapy was limited to chemotherapy that could not differentiate cancer cells from normal cells. More recently with the remarkable mushroom of immunology, newer tools became available, resulting in the novel possibility to attack cancer with the specificity of the immune system. Herein we will review some of the recent achievement of immunotherapy in such aggressive cancers as melanoma, prostatic cancer, colorectal carcinoma, and hematologic malignancies. Immunotherapy of tumors has developed several techniques: immune cell transfer, vaccines, immunobiological molecules such as monoclonal antibodies that improve the immune responses to tumors. This can be achieved by blocking pathways limiting the immune response, such as CTLA-4 or Tregs. Immunotherapy may also use cytokines especially proinflammatory cytokines to enhance the activity of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) derived from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The role of newly discovered cytokines remains to be investigated. Alternatively, an other mechanism consists in enhancing the expression of TAAs on tumor cells. Finally, monoclonal antibodies may be used to target oncogenes.
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