1
|
Yang P, Qiao Y, Meng M, Zhou Q. Cancer/Testis Antigens as Biomarker and Target for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy of Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:864159. [PMID: 35574342 PMCID: PMC9092596 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.864159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading type of malignant tumour among cancer-caused death worldwide, and the 5-year survival rate of lung cancer patients is only 18%. Various oncogenes are abnormally overexpressed in lung cancer, including cancer/testis antigens (CTAs), which are restrictively expressed in the male testis but are hardly expressed in other normal tissues, if at all. CTAs are aberrantly overexpressed in various types of cancer, with more than 60 CTAs abnormally overexpressed in lung cancer. Overexpression of oncogenic CTAs drives the initiation, metastasis and progression of lung cancer, and is closely associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Several CTAs, such as XAGE, SPAG9 and AKAP4, have been considered as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of lung cancer. More interestingly, due to the high immunogenicity and specificity of CTAs in cancer, several CTAs, including CT45, BCAP31 and ACTL8, have been targeted for developing novel therapeutics against cancer. CTA-based vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T) and small molecules have been used in lung cancer treatment in pre-clinical and early clinical trials, with encouraging results being obtained. However, there are still many hurdles to be overcome before these therapeutics can be routinely used in clinical lung cancer therapy. This review summarises the recent rapid progress in oncogenic CTAs, focusing on CTAs as biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis and prognostic prediction, and as targets for novel anti-cancer drug discovery and lung cancer therapy. We also identify challenges and opportunities in CTA-based cancer diagnosis and treatment. Finally, we provide perspectives on the mechanisms of oncogenic CTAs in lung cancer development, and we also suggest CTAs as a new platform for lung cancer diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and novel anti-cancer drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yingnan Qiao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei Meng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Quansheng Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ruan H, Zhou Y, Shen J, Zhai Y, Xu Y, Pi L, Huang R, Chen K, Li X, Ma W, Wu Z, Deng X, Wang X, Zhang C, Guan M. Circulating tumor cell characterization of lung cancer brain metastases in the cerebrospinal fluid through single-cell transcriptome analysis. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e246. [PMID: 33377642 PMCID: PMC7737787 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastases explain the majority of mortality associated with lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer death. Cytology analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) remains the diagnostic gold standard, however, the circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in CSF (CSF-CTCs) are not well defined at the molecular and transcriptome levels. METHODS We established an effective CSF-CTCs collection procedure and isolated individual CSF cells from five lung adenocarcinoma leptomeningeal metastases (LUAD-LM) patients and three controls. Three thousand seven hundred ninety-two single-cell transcriptomes were sequenced, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) gene expression analysis was used to perform a comprehensive characterization of CSF cells. RESULTS Through clustering and expression analysis, we defined CSF-CTCs at the transcriptome level based on epithelial markers, proliferation markers, and genes with lung origin. The metastatic-CTC signature genes are enriched for metabolic pathway and cell adhesion molecule categories, which are crucial for the survival and metastases of tumor cells. We discovered substantial heterogeneity in patient CSF-CTCs. We quantified the degree of heterogeneity and found significantly greater among-patient heterogeneity compared to among-cell heterogeneity within a patient. This observation could be explained by spatial heterogeneity of metastatic sites, cell-cycle gene, and cancer-testis antigen (CTA) expression profiles as well as the proportion of CTCs displaying mesenchymal and cancer stem cell properties. In addition, our CSF-CTCs transcriptome profiling allowed us to determine the biomarkers during the progression of an LM patient with cancer of unknown primary site (CUP). CONCLUSIONS Our results will provide candidate genes for an RNA-based digital detection of CSF-CTCs from LUAD-LM and CUP-LM cases, and shed light on the therapy and mechanism of LUAD-LM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Ruan
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yihang Zhou
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of PathobiologyAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabama
| | - Jie Shen
- 10K Genomics Technology Co., Ltd.ShanghaiChina
| | - Yue Zhai
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Xu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Linyu Pi
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ruofan Huang
- Department of OncologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryHuashan Hospital NorthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryHuashan Hospital NorthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weizhe Ma
- Central LaboratoryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryHuashan Hospital NorthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xuan Deng
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of PathobiologyAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabama
- HudsonAlpha Institute for BiotechnologyHuntsvilleAlabama
- Alabama Agricultural Experiment StationAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabama
| | - Chao Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan Q, Zhu K, Zhang L, Fu Q, Chen Z, Liu S, Fu D, Nakazato R, Yoshioka K, Diao B, Ding G, Li X, Wang H. A negative feedback loop between JNK-associated leucine zipper protein and TGF-β1 regulates kidney fibrosis. Commun Biol 2020; 3:288. [PMID: 32504044 PMCID: PMC7275040 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is controlled by profibrotic and antifibrotic forces. Exploring anti-fibrosis factors and mechanisms is an attractive strategy to prevent organ failure. Here we identified the JNK-associated leucine zipper protein (JLP) as a potential endogenous antifibrotic factor. JLP, predominantly expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in normal human or mouse kidneys, was downregulated in fibrotic kidneys. Jlp deficiency resulted in more severe renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice, while renal fibrosis resistance was observed in TECs-specific transgenic Jlp mice. JLP executes its protective role in renal fibrosis via negatively regulating TGF-β1 expression and autophagy, and the profibrotic effects of ECM production, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in TECs. We further found that TGF-β1 and FGF-2 could negatively regulate the expression of JLP. Our study suggests that JLP plays a central role in renal fibrosis via its negative crosstalk with the profibrotic factor, TGF-β1. Qi Yan et al. find that JNK-associated leucine zipper protein (Jlp) counteracts the profibrotic effects of TGF-β1 and autophagy on renal tubular epithelial cells and that TGF-β1 and FGF-2 can negatively regulate the expression of Jlp. These findings provide insights into the role of Jlp in kidney fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dou Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ryota Nakazato
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuji Yoshioka
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Bo Diao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohua Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Huiming Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li R, Gunarta IK, Suzuki R, Boldbaatar J, Nakazato R, Yuliana D, Davaakhuu G, Oyunsuren T, Takamatsu N, Kobayashi M, Hirao A, Yoshioka K. JLP-JNK signaling protects cancer cells from reactive oxygen species-induced cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 501:724-730. [PMID: 29753743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, which can be caused by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), often leads to cell death. In recent years, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-associated leucine zipper protein (JLP, also known as SPAG9 or JIP4), a scaffold protein for JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, was found to serve as a novel biomarker for cancer. However, although JNK MAPK pathways are reported to be activated in response to various stimuli, including oxidative stress, whether JLP is involved in ROS signaling remains unknown. In this study, we examined the role of JLP in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cancer cell death, and found that JLP knockdown (KD) cells exhibit a substantially enhanced cell death response, along with increased intracellular ROS levels. This is the first demonstration of a protective role for JLP in response to cell-death stimulation. We also found that the H2O2-induced JNK activation was attenuated in JLP KD cancer cells. The decreases in cell viability and JNK activation in the JLP KD cells were almost completely reversed by expressing wild-type JLP, but not a mutant JLP lacking the JNK-binding domain. These data collectively suggest that the JLP-JNK signaling pathway counteracts ROS-induced cancer cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - I Ketut Gunarta
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jambaldorj Boldbaatar
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakazato
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Dewi Yuliana
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Gantulga Davaakhuu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tsendsuren Oyunsuren
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Nobuhiko Takamatsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Katsuji Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The Origin of a Coastal Indigenous Horse Breed in China Revealed by Genome-Wide SNP Data. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030241. [PMID: 30901931 PMCID: PMC6471023 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Jinjiang horse is a unique Chinese indigenous horse breed distributed in the southern coastal areas, but the ancestry of Jinjiang horses is not well understood. Here, we used Equine SNP70 Bead Array technology to genotype 301 horses representing 10 Chinese indigenous horse breeds, and we integrated the published genotyped data of 352 individuals from 14 foreign horse breeds to study the relationships between Jinjiang horses and horse breeds from around the world. Principal component analysis (PCA), linkage disequilibrium (LD), runs of homozygosity (ROH) analysis, and ancestry estimating methods were conducted to study the population relationships and the ancestral sources and genetic structure of Jinjiang horses. The results showed that there is no close relationship between foreign horse breeds and Jinjiang horses, and Jinjiang horses shared a similar genetic background with Baise horses. TreeMix analysis revealed that there was gene flow from Chakouyi horses to Jinjiang horses. The ancestry analysis showed that Baise horses and Chakouyi horses are the most closely related ancestors of Jinjiang horses. In conclusion, our results showed that Jinjiang horses have a native origin and that Baise horses and Chakouyi horses were key ancestral sources of Jinjiang horses. The study also suggested that ancient trade activities and the migration of human beings had important effects on indigenous horse breeds in China.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chi Soh JE, Abu N, Jamal R. The potential immune-eliciting cancer testis antigens in colorectal cancer. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:1093-1104. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of cancer testis antigens (CTAs) has been an important finding in the search of potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. CTA is one of the subfamilies of the large tumor-associated antigens groups. It is aberrantly expressed in various types of human tumors but is absent in normal tissues except for the testis and placenta. This CTAs-restricted pattern of expression in human malignancies together with its potential immunogenic properties, has stirred the interest of many researchers to use CTAs as one of the ideal targets in cancer immunotherapy. To date, multiple studies have shown that CTAs-based vaccines can elicit clinical and immunological responses in different tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). This review details our current understanding of CTAs and CRC in regard to the expression and immunological responses as well as some of the critical hurdles in CTAs-based immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ern Chi Soh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Abu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pan J, Yu H, Guo Z, Liu Q, Ding M, Xu K, Mao L. Emerging role of sperm-associated antigen 9 in tumorigenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1212-1216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
8
|
Tavakoli Koudehi A, Mahjoubi B, Mirzaei R, Shabani S, Mahjoubi F. AKAP4, SPAG9 and NY-ESO-1 in Iranian Colorectal Cancer Patients as Probable Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:463-469. [PMID: 29480665 PMCID: PMC5980935 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.2.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the world. Cancer-Testis Antigens (CTAs) are a group of tumor-associated proteins which typically are expressed in normal reproductive cells of men, but their expression in normal somatic cells is silenced. CTAs, due to their limited expression pattern, are considered as promising targets for cancer diagnosis and immuno-therapy. Methods: Expression of AKAP4, SPAG9 and CTAG1B genes from the CTAs family was studied in both tumor and normal tissues of 62 Iranian CRC patients by RT-PCR with the aim of finding biomarkers for early detection and anticipated progression. Statistical analysis was performed SPSS software V22.0 to assess the significance of any associations. Results: Elevated expression of SPAG9 and AKAP4 genes was observed in approximately 66% and 44% of tumours, respectively, as compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues. While a significant association was found between AKAP4 gene expression and metastasis (P-value: 0.045), expression of the CTAG1B (NY-ESO-1) gene was not observed in our cases. Conclusion: AKAP4 and SPAG9 genes may find use as diagnostic biomarkers for CRC and AKAP4 may play an important role in progression to metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Tavakoli Koudehi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB),Tehran,Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren B, Zou G, He J, Huang Y, Ma G, Xu G, Li Y, Yu P. Sperm-associated antigen 9 is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue and enhances QGY cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:415-422. [PMID: 29391885 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are higher in China compared with in other countries. Further research is required in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) protein has been revealed to serve an important function in cancer progression; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study investigated the expression level of SPAG9 in HCC tissues using quantitative-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blotting, and the results demonstrated that SPAG9 was overexpressed in HCC tissues compared with the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. To explore the potential mechanisms underlying SPAG9 in HCC, the effect of SPAG9 on cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration and invasion capacities were investigated in the QGY HCC cell line by RNA interference. It was revealed that inhibition of SPAG9 mRNA in QGY cells significantly inhibited the expression level of SPAG9 compared with the control. Depletion of SPAG9 expression decreased cell proliferation (P<0.01) and increased the percentage of cells in the G1/G2 cell cycle phase. The percentage of cells in the S phase was decreased, and cell migration and invasion capabilities in vitro were reduced (P<0.01). In summary, the results of the present study suggested that SPAG9 was upregulated in HCC and may serve an important function in cancer cell proliferation, differentiation and invasion. Whether SPAG9 is a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of human HCC requires additional study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biqiong Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Guoying Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Junyu He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Guoan Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tumor Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ren B, Luo S, Xu F, Zou G, Xu G, He J, Huang Y, Zhu H, Li Y. The expression of DAMP proteins HSP70 and cancer-testis antigen SPAG9 in peripheral blood of patients with HCC and lung cancer. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:237-244. [PMID: 28028759 PMCID: PMC5352597 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There are different views of how the immune system participates in the reaction to cancer. Here, we evaluated expression of DAMP proteins HSP70 and cancer-testis antigen SPAG9 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and lung cancer to explore tumor immunity. Our analysis showed that levels of HSP70 and SPAG9 antibody were significantly higher in the serum of lung cancer and HCC patients than in the serum of healthy subjects (P < 0.001), but there were no differences in levels of HSP70 antibody in patients and controls. Levels of serum SPAG9 antibody in newly diagnosed lung cancer patients were significantly higher than in treated lung cancer patients (P < 0.05), but there were no differences in levels of HSP70 or HSP70 antibody. Levels of serum HSP70 and SPAG9 antibody, but not HSP70 antibody, were also higher in hepatitis/cirrhosis patients than in healthy subjects (P = 0.005, P < 0.001). Levels of serum SPAG9 antibody were significantly higher in HCC patients than in hepatitis/cirrhosis patients, but there were no differences in HSP70 or HSP70 antibody levels. Finally, levels of serum HSP70 and SPAG9 antibody were significantly higher in HCC patients than in lung cancer patients (P < 0.05, P < 0.001). These results indicate that cancer-testis antigen SPAG9 induces a strong humoral immune response in cancer patients but HSP70 does not. These results show that SPAG9 has potential as a tumor-specific biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biqiong Ren
- Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, 427 Furong Road of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China.
- Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China.
| | - Shudi Luo
- Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, 427 Furong Road of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
- Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Guoying Zou
- Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, 427 Furong Road of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
- Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, 427 Furong Road of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
- Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Junyu He
- Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, 427 Furong Road of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
- Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Haowen Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, 427 Furong Road of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Yong Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, 427 Furong Road of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Miguel FJ, Pajares MJ, Martínez-Terroba E, Ajona D, Morales X, Sharma RD, Pardo FJ, Rouzaut A, Rubio A, Montuenga LM, Pio R. A large-scale analysis of alternative splicing reveals a key role of QKI in lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:1437-1449. [PMID: 27555542 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing interest has been devoted in recent years to the understanding of alternative splicing in cancer. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis to identify cancer-associated splice variants in non-small cell lung cancer. We discovered and validated novel differences in the splicing of genes known to be relevant to lung cancer biology, such as NFIB, ENAH or SPAG9. Gene enrichment analyses revealed an important contribution of alternative splicing to cancer-related molecular functions, especially those involved in cytoskeletal dynamics. Interestingly, a substantial fraction of the altered genes found in our analysis were targets of the protein quaking (QKI), pointing to this factor as one of the most relevant regulators of alternative splicing in non-small cell lung cancer. We also found that ESYT2, one of the QKI targets, is involved in cytoskeletal organization. ESYT2-short variant inhibition in lung cancer cells resulted in a cortical distribution of actin whereas inhibition of the long variant caused an increase of endocytosis, suggesting that the cancer-associated splicing pattern of ESYT2 has a profound impact in the biology of cancer cells. Finally, we show that low nuclear QKI expression in non-small cell lung cancer is an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (HR = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.11-5.46, P = 0.026). In conclusion, we identified several splicing variants with functional relevance in lung cancer largely regulated by the splicing factor QKI, a tumor suppressor associated with prognosis in lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J de Miguel
- Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Science, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Pajares
- Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Department of Histology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Terroba
- Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Department of Histology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Ajona
- Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Science, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xabier Morales
- Program in Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ravi D Sharma
- Group of Bioinformatics, CEIT and TECNUN, University of Navarra, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pardo
- Department of Pathology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Rouzaut
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Science, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Program in Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel Rubio
- Group of Bioinformatics, CEIT and TECNUN, University of Navarra, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Luis M Montuenga
- Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Department of Histology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Ruben Pio
- Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Science, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiao C, Fu L, Yan C, Shou F, Liu Q, Li L, Cui S, Duan J, Jin G, Chen J, Bian Y, Wang X, Wang H. SPAG9 is overexpressed in osteosarcoma, and regulates cell proliferation and invasion through regulation of JunD. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2674-2679. [PMID: 27698841 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) is a recently characterized oncoprotein that is considered to be involved in several forms of malignant tumor. However, its biological function and expression pattern in human osteosarcoma have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, SPAG9 expression was analyzed in 58 cases of human osteosarcoma by immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that SPAG9 was overexpressed in 63.8% (37/58) of osteosarcoma tissues, while normal bone tissues exhibited negative SPAG9 expression. SPAG9 small interfering RNA was employed in the U2OS cell line, which has high endogenous expression, and SPAG9 transfection was performed in the MG63 cell line, which has low endogenous expression. MTT and Matrigel invasion assays demonstrated that SPAG-9-knockdown significantly reduced U2OS cell invasion and proliferation, while SPAG9 transfection enhanced MG63 cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, it was observed that SPAG9 positively regulated cyclin D1, phosphorylated-c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and JunD expression. Treatment with the JNK inhibitor, SP600125, abolished the upregulatory effect of SPAG9 on JunD. Taken together, the present study identified SPAG9 as a critical oncoprotein involved in osteosarcoma proliferation and invasion, possibly functioning through JNK-JunD signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Chongnan Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Fenyong Shou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqian Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Jingzhu Duan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Guoxin Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yuanming Bian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ren B, Wei X, Zou G, He J, Xu G, Xu F, Huang Y, Zhu H, Li Y, Ma G, Yu P. Cancer testis antigen SPAG9 is a promising marker for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2599-605. [PMID: 26934841 PMCID: PMC4811394 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer testis antigen sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) is highly expressed in many types of cancers. In the present study, to obtain a better understanding of the relevance of SPAG9 in cancer diagnosis and treatment, the expression of SPAG9 mRNA and protein in lung cancer specimens was evaluated by RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. ELISA was used to quantify the SPAG9 autoantibody in the peripheral blood of lung cancer patients. The results showed that the expression of SPAG9 mRNA and protein in the lung cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.01). The level of the SPAG9 autoantibody in the serum of lung cancer patients was significantly higher than the level in the healthy controls (P<0.001), and the level of the SPAG9 autoantibody in the serum of untreated patients was significantly higher than that in treated patients (P=0.002). SPAG9 IgG antibody levels were significantly lower in treated adenocarcinoma and small cell lung cancer patients than these levels in the untreated patients (P=0.006, P=0.026, respectively), while no statistical difference was found between treated and untreated squamous cell carcinoma patients. Our results suggest that the SPAG9 antibody in serum is a promising marker for the diagnosis of lung cancer, and the level of the humoral immune response to this antigen appears to be related to the type of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biqiong Ren
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Guoying Zou
- Laboratory of The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Junyu He
- Laboratory of The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Laboratory of The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xu
- Laboratory of The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Laboratory of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Haowen Zhu
- Laboratory of The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Laboratory of The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Guoan Ma
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yan Q, Lou G, Qian Y, Qin B, Xu X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Dong X. SPAG9 is involved in hepatocarcinoma cell migration and invasion via modulation of ELK1 expression. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:1067-75. [PMID: 27042099 PMCID: PMC4780205 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s98727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) is upregulated in several malignancies and its overexpression is positively correlated with cancer cell malignancies. However, the specific biological roles of SPAG9 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are less understood. Methods We analyzed SPAG9 and ETS-like gene 1, tyrosine kinase (ELK1) expression in 50 paired HCC specimens and adjacent noncancerous liver specimens using immunohistochemistry. SPAG9 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown SPAG9 expression in HCCLM3 and HuH7 cell lines. We used plasmids to upregulate ELK1 expression and siRNA to downregulate ELK1 expression in HuH7 cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to evaluate the expression of SPAG9 and ELK1 at the mRNA and protein level, respectively. Wound healing, matrigel migration, and invasion analyses were performed to determine the effect of SPAG9 and ELK1 on HCC metastasis. Results SPAG9 and ELK1 were overexpressed in HCC tissue specimens and their expressions were higher in HCCLM3 and HuH7 cells compared to the low-metastatic HepG2 cells. Overexpression of SPAG9 was positively associated with tumor-node-metastasis staging (P=0.032), metastasis parameters (P=0.018) of HCC patients, and ELK1 expression (r=0.422, P<0.001) in HCC tissue specimens. In addition, knockdown of SPAG9 in HCCLM3 and HuH7 cells using siRNA significantly suppressed cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, we observed inhibition of ELK1 expression and p38 signaling. However, ELK1 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of SPAG9 siRNA on HCC cell metastasis and ELK1 depletion inhibited HuH7 cell migration and invasion. Conclusion SPAG9 overexpression was positively correlated with HCC metastasis and SPAG9-induced migration and invasion were partially dependent on ELK1 expression in HCC cell lines. These results suggest that SPAG9 may be a potential anti-metastasis target effective in HCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Yan
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Qian
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Qin
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Xu
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Dong
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lou G, Dong X, Xia C, Ye B, Yan Q, Wu S, Yu Y, Liu F, Zheng M, Chen Z, Liu Y. Direct targeting sperm-associated antigen 9 by miR-141 influences hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth and metastasis via JNK pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:14. [PMID: 26790956 PMCID: PMC4721207 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aberrant expression of sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) is associated with numerous cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The exploration of molecules and mechanisms regulating SPAG9 expression may provide new options for HCC therapy. METHODS MiRNA target prediction programs were used to explore SPAG9-targeted miRNAs. SPAG9 and miR-141 expression were detected in HCC tissues and cell lines by Western blot and real-time PCR. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was utilized to validate SPAG9 as a direct target gene of miR-141. Cell proliferation, invasion, and migration assays were used to determine whether miR-141-mediated regulation of SPAG9 could affect HCC progression. RESULTS An inverse correlation was observed between SPAG9 and miR-141 expression in HCC tissues and cell lines. Dual-luciferase reporter assay further showed that SPAG9 was a direct target gene of miR-141. The ectopic expression of miR-141 could markedly suppress SPAG9 expression in HCC cells. MiR-141 overexpression also resulted in significantly reduced cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and imitation of the SPAG9 knockdown effects on HCC cells. Furthermore, SPAG9 restoration in miR-141-expressing cells sufficiently attenuated the tumor-suppressive effects of miR-141. Finally, JNK activity was found to be reduced by miR-141 overexpression the same way as by SPAG9 silencing. The overexpression of SPAG9 lacking its 3'-UTR significantly restored JNK activity and its downstream genes in miR-141-transfected HCC cells. CONCLUSION MiR-141 suppression may cause aberrant expression of SPAG9 and promote HCC tumorigenesis via JNK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Xuejun Dong
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Caixia Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Bingjue Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Qiuyue Yan
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Shanshan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Ye Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Feifei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wurz GT, Kao CJ, DeGregorio MW. Novel cancer antigens for personalized immunotherapies: latest evidence and clinical potential. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2016; 8:4-31. [PMID: 26753003 DOI: 10.1177/1758834015615514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of monoclonal antibody immune checkpoint modulators such as ipilimumab, which targets cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and the recently approved agents nivolumab and pembrolizumab, which target programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1), has stimulated renewed enthusiasm for anticancer immunotherapy, which was heralded by Science as 'Breakthrough of the Year' in 2013. As the potential of cancer immunotherapy has been recognized since the 1890s when William Coley showed that bacterial products could be beneficial in cancer patients, leveraging the immune system in the treatment of cancer is certainly not a new concept; however, earlier attempts to develop effective therapeutic vaccines and antibodies against solid tumors, for example, melanoma, frequently met with failure due in part to self-tolerance and the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Increased knowledge of the mechanisms through which cancer evades the immune system and the identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and negative immune checkpoint regulators have led to the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies targeting specific tumor antigens and immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. This review first discusses the established targets of currently approved cancer immunotherapies and then focuses on investigational cancer antigens and their clinical potential. Because of the highly heterogeneous nature of tumors, effective anticancer immunotherapy-based treatment regimens will likely require a personalized combination of therapeutic vaccines, antibodies and chemotherapy that fit the specific biology of a patient's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Wurz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Chiao-Jung Kao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Michael W DeGregorio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, 4501 X Street Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suri A, Jagadish N, Saini S, Gupta N. Targeting cancer testis antigens for biomarkers and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: Current status and challenges. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:492-502. [PMID: 26691579 PMCID: PMC4678396 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i12.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer ranks third among the estimated cancer cases and cancer related mortalities in United States in 2014. Early detection and efficient therapy remains a significant clinical challenge for this disease. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel tumor associated molecules to target for biomarker development and immunotherapy. In this regard, cancer testis antigens have emerged as a potential targets for developing novel clinical biomarkers and immunotherapy for various malignancies. These germ cell specific proteins exhibit aberrant expression in cancer cells and contribute in tumorigenesis. Owing to their unique expression profile and immunogenicity in cancer patients, cancer testis antigens are clinically referred as the most promising tumor associated antigens. Several cancer testis antigens have been studied in colorectal cancer but none of them could be used in clinical practice. This review is an attempt to address the promising cancer testis antigens in colorectal cancer and their possible clinical implications as biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets with particular focus on challenges and future interventions.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang X, Zhou W, Liu S. SPAG9 controls the cell motility, invasion and angiogenesis of human osteosarcoma cells. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:637-644. [PMID: 26893659 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) is an oncoprotein involved in the progression of various human malignancies; however, its role in osteosarcoma (OS) remains poorly evaluated. The present study used Matrigel™ cell migration and invasion assays, tube formation assay, Cell Counting kit-8, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to investigate the role of SPAG9 in OS cell motility, invasion and angiogenesis. The results of the present study demonstrated that SPAG9 expression was upregulated in OS tissues, as compared with adjacent normal tissues, and knockdown of SPAG9 in an OS cell line inhibited cell motility and invasion via inactivation of metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that silencing of SPAG9 in OS cells inhibited tube formation, the proliferation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells, and suppressed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and secretion, contributing to a reduction in angiogenesis. The results of the present study indicated that SPAG9 may be an important regulator in OS and may be involved in metastasis. Therefore SPAG9 may be a promising target for the treatment of metastatic OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wenlai Zhou
- Department of Joints, Central Hospital of Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei 445000, P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang C, Shen B, Zhang J, Zhang Q. Sperm-associated antigen 9 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis and insensitive to Taxol treatment in breast cancer. Biomarkers 2015; 21:62-7. [PMID: 26631164 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1118534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) has been reported to express in several cancers and have clinical significance. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that there was a strong association among SPAG9 expression and tumor size, TNM stage, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and recurrence. It suggested that SPAG9-elevated expression was an independently prognostic indicator for both OS and DFS. Furthermore, the selected treatment of chemotherapy with Taxol/non-Taxol significantly affects OS and DFS. To sum up, SPAG9-elevated expression contributes to malignant behavior and poor prognosis of breast cancer and may support a potential indicator in treatment selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Yang
- a Department of General Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China and
| | - Bin Shen
- a Department of General Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China and
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- a Department of General Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China and
| | - Qifan Zhang
- b Department of Surgical Oncology , The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li C, Bai Y, Yan L, Zhang L, Zhang H, Li M, Zhao M, Gao Y, Zhao X. SPAG9 May Be a Potential Prognostic Marker of Endometrial Hyperplasia and Grade 1 Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma Treated with Progestin. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2015; 81:267-74. [DOI: 10.1159/000437015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
21
|
Overexpression of SPAG9 in human gastric cancer is correlated with poor prognosis. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:525-33. [PMID: 26293216 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sperm associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) protein has been found to play an important role in cancer progression but the involved mechanisms are still obscure. Its clinical significance in human gastric cancers remains unexplored. In the present study, SPAG9 expression was analyzed in 147 gastric cancer specimens. We observed weak staining in normal gastric mucosa and positive staining in 65 out of 147 (44.2 %) cancer samples. Overexpression of SPAG9 correlated with local invasion (p = 0.0101), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.0488), TNM stage (p = 0.0002), and relapse (p = 0.0018). Importantly, SPAG9 overexpression correlated with poor overall survival (p = 0.0008). Furthermore, we performed siRNA knockdown of SPAG9 in HGC-27 cells with high endogenous expression and transfected SPAG9 plasmid in SGC-7901 cell line with low endogenous level. SPAG9 overexpression promoted while its depletion inhibited cell proliferation, cell cycle transition, and invasive cell growth. SPAG9 overxpression also increased chemoresistance to 5--fluorouracil (5-FU) in SGC-7901 cells. Further analysis showed that SPAG9 knockdown downregulated and its overexpression upregulated cyclin D1, MMP9, and p-p38 expression. In conclusion, SPAG9 overexpression in gastric cancer correlates with poor prognosis and contributes to gastric cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance. SPAG9 promotes gastric cancer invasion, possibly through p38-MMP9 signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
22
|
Shen W, Yin R, Wang C, Zhu M, Zhou W, Qin N, Sun J, Liu J, Dong J, Jin G, Ma H, Hu Z, Shen H, Xu L, Dai J. Polymorphisms in alternative splicing associated genes are associated with lung cancer risk in a Chinese population. Lung Cancer 2015; 89:238-42. [PMID: 26162562 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative splicing is an important biological step during mRNA processing. Misregulation of alternative splicing can produce aberrant protein isoforms, thus contributing to cancer. We hypothesized that variants in 5 critical splicing factor-associated genes might play an important role in carcinogenesis of lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study including 1,341 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and 1,982 cancer-free controls were conducted to evaluate the associations of 16 tagging/functional polymorphisms in 5 splicing factor-associated genes with lung cancer risk. RESULTS We found altogether 8 SNPs were associated with lung cancer risk with adjustment of age, gender, and smoking status after multiple corrections (FDR). Among these, six SNPs were related with SRSF7(rs10197412, OR (95% CI)=1.23 (1.06-1.43), P for FDR=0.018; rs12621103, OR(95% CI)=1.25 (1.08-1.46), P for FDR=0.016; rs13024811, OR (95% CI)=1.25 (1.07-1.46), P for FDR=0.016; rs2037875, OR (95% CI)=1.23 (1.06-1.42), P for FDR=0.018; rs3134628, OR (95% CI)=1.25(1.07-1.45), P for FDR=0.016 and rs6715866, OR (95% CI)=1.23 (1.07-1.43), P for FDR=0.016); one SNP was near PTBP2 (rs12566237: OR (95% CI)=1.16 (1.05-1.28), P for FDR=0.016) and one SNP in HNRNPQ (rs16876385: OR (95% CI)=1.17 (1.04-1.32), P for FDR=0.022). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that genetic variants in these splicing-associated genes might modify individual susceptibility to lung cancer in Chinese population. Further large-scale well-formed population studies and functional researches are warranted to confirm our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rong Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Na Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jalali A, Amirian ES, Bainbridge MN, Armstrong GN, Liu Y, Tsavachidis S, Jhangiani SN, Plon SE, Lau CC, Claus EB, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Il'yasova D, Schildkraut J, Ali-Osman F, Sadetzki S, Johansen C, Houlston RS, Jenkins RB, Lachance D, Olson SH, Bernstein JL, Merrell RT, Wrensch MR, Davis FG, Lai R, Shete S, Aldape K, Amos CI, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Melin BS, Bondy ML. Targeted sequencing in chromosome 17q linkage region identifies familial glioma candidates in the Gliogene Consortium. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8278. [PMID: 25652157 PMCID: PMC4317686 DOI: 10.1038/srep08278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a rare, but highly fatal, cancer that accounts for the majority of malignant primary brain tumors. Inherited predisposition to glioma has been consistently observed within non-syndromic families. Our previous studies, which involved non-parametric and parametric linkage analyses, both yielded significant linkage peaks on chromosome 17q. Here, we use data from next generation and Sanger sequencing to identify familial glioma candidate genes and variants on chromosome 17q for further investigation. We applied a filtering schema to narrow the original list of 4830 annotated variants down to 21 very rare (<0.1% frequency), non-synonymous variants. Our findings implicate the MYO19 and KIF18B genes and rare variants in SPAG9 and RUNDC1 as candidates worthy of further investigation. Burden testing and functional studies are planned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jalali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - E. Susan Amirian
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew N. Bainbridge
- Codified Genomics, LLC, Houston Texas
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Georgina N. Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Spyros Tsavachidis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Sharon E. Plon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ching C. Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth B. Claus
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dora Il'yasova
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
- Cancer Control and Prevention Program, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joellen Schildkraut
- Cancer Control and Prevention Program, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Francis Ali-Osman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Siegal Sadetzki
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard S. Houlston
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B. Jenkins
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel Lachance
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sara H. Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonine L. Bernstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ryan T. Merrell
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Margaret R. Wrensch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Faith G. Davis
- Department of Public Health Services, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rose Lai
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Preventive Medicine, The University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher I. Amos
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Department of Genetics, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Beatrice S. Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melissa L. Bondy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Agarwal S, Parashar D, Gupta N, Jagadish N, Thakar A, Suri V, Kumar R, Gupta A, Ansari AS, Lohiya NK, Suri A. Sperm associated antigen 9 ( SPAG9) expression and humoral response in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e974382. [PMID: 25941602 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.974382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland cancers are highly aggressive epithelial tumor associated with metastatic potential and high mortality. The tumors are biologically diverse and are of various histotypes. Besides, the detection and diagnosis is a major problem of salivary gland cancer for available treatment modalities. In the present study, we have investigated the association of sperm associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) expression with salivary gland tumor (SGT). Clinical specimens of benign (n = 16) and malignant tumors (n = 86) were examined for the SPAG9 expression. In addition, the sera and adjacent non-cancerous tissues (n = 72) from available patients were obtained. Our in situ RNA hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis revealed significant difference (p = 0.0001) in SPAG9 gene and protein expression in benign (63%) and malignant tumor (84%) specimens. Further, significant association was also observed between SPAG9 expression and malignant tumors (P = 0.05). A cut-off value of >10% cells expressing SPAG9 protein designated as positive in IHC, predicted presence of malignant SGT with 83.72% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV and 83.72% NPV. Humoral response against SPAG9 protein was generated in 68% of SGT patients. A cut-off value of 0.212 OD for anti-SPAG9 antibodies in ELISA predicted presence of malignant SGT with 69.23% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV and 78.94% NPV. Collectively, our data suggests that the majority of SGT show significant difference and association among benign and malignant tumors for SPAG9 gene and protein expression and also exhibit humoral response against SPAG9 protein. Hence, SPAG9 may be developed as a biomarker for detection and diagnosis of salivary gland tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Agarwal
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Parashar
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Namita Gupta
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Nirmala Jagadish
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Thakar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Rajive Kumar
- Institute of Rotary Cancer Hospital; All India Institute of Medical Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- NMC Imaging and Diagnostic Centre; Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul S Ansari
- Department of Zoology; Centre for Advanced Studies; University of Rajasthan ; Jaipur, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Lohiya
- Department of Zoology; Centre for Advanced Studies; University of Rajasthan ; Jaipur, India
| | - Anil Suri
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baser E, Togrul C, Ozgu E, Ayhan S, Caglar M, Erkaya S, Gungor T. Sperm-associated antigen 9 is a promising marker for early diagnosis of endometrial cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:7635-8. [PMID: 24460345 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) has been recently proposed as a novel biomarker for early diagnosis of several human tumors, including ovarian, cervical and breast cancers. Its clinical value remains to be clarified for endometrial cancer (EC). In this study, we investigated the utility of serum SPAG9 levels in diagnosis of EC and its association with important clinicopathological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed at a tertiary women's referral center in Ankara, Turkey. Preoperative serum samples were collected from patients surgically treated for endometrial cancer between June 2012-April 2013. Similar aged women with a biopsy proven benign endometrium were used as controls. Serum SPAG9 levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and assessed for links with clinicopathological factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess power of SPAG9 levels for EC prediction. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 63 women with EC and 27 with benign endometrium were included in the study. Mean age in the EC group was 58.7±1.1. Median SPAG9 levels in the EC and control groups were 18.3 (range, 12.7-53.8) and 14.1 (range, 4.3-65.3), respectively (p<0.001). A cut-off value of 17 ng/ml for SPAG9 predicted presence of malignant endometrium with 74% sensitivity and 83% specificity [Area under curve (AUC)=0.82, p<0.001]. SPAG9 levels did not demonstrate any significant association with histological type, FIGO stage, tumor grade, size, myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space invasion, cervical involvement, adnexal involvement, peritoneal cytology or lymph node status (all p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Testing for SPAG9 may be useful for early detection of EC in asymptomatic high-risk women. Its role in post-treatment follow-up and early detection of recurrence should be assessed in future trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eralp Baser
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey E-mail :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Diversin is overexpressed in human gliomas and its depletion inhibits proliferation and invasion. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7905-9. [PMID: 24833088 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous study indicated diversin overexpression in human cancers. However, its expression pattern in human gliomas and the molecular mechanisms of diversin on cancer progression have not been characterized. In the present study, diversin expression was investigated in 105 glioma specimens using immunohistochemistry. Negative staining was observed in normal glial cells, and positive staining was found in 33 out of 105 (31.4 %) glioma specimens. Diversin overexpression correlated with advanced tumor grade (p < 0.05). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown was performed in U87 and TG905 cell lines with high endogenous diversin expression. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and colony formation assay showed that diversin knockdown inhibited glioma cell growth. Matrigel invasion assay showed that diversin depletion inhibited cell invasion. In addition, messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) were downregulated after siRNA treatment. In conclusion, diversin is overexpressed in human glioma and regulates glioma cell proliferation and invasion, possibly through MMP9.
Collapse
|
27
|
Xie C, Fu L, Liu N, Li Q. Overexpression of SPAG9 correlates with poor prognosis and tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7685-91. [PMID: 24801907 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) was reported as a novel biomarker for several cancers and associated with the malignant behavior of cancer cells. However, its expression pattern and biological role in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been reported. In the present study, we analyzed SPAG9 expression in human HCC tissues by immunohistochemistry and found that SPAG9 overexpression is correlated with tumor stage (p < 0.001), tumor multiplicity (p = 0.019), tumor size (p = 0.034), AFP levels (p = 0.006), and tumor relapse (p = 0.0017). Furthermore, SPAG9 overexpression is correlated with poor overall survival (p < 0.001) and relapse-free survival (p = 0.002). Transfection of SPAG9 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was performed in Bel-7402 cell line. Colony formation and MTT showed that SPAG9 siRNA knockdown inhibited HCC cell proliferation. We also found that SPAG9 depletion could increase cell apoptosis. In addition, the level of cyclin D1 and cyclin E protein expression was downregulated after siRNA treatment. In conclusion, SPAG9 is overexpressed in human HCC and serves as a prognostic marker. SPAG9 contributes to cancer cell growth through regulation of cyclin proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Xie
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Bei'er Road 92, Heping District Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li H, Peng Y, Niu H, Wu B, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Bai X, He P. SPAG9 is overexpressed in human prostate cancer and promotes cancer cell proliferation. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6949-54. [PMID: 24740566 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) was recently reported to be overexpressed in several cancers and associated with the malignant behavior of cancer cells. However, the expression pattern of SPAG9 and its clinical significance in human prostate cancer have not been reported. In the present study, we analyzed SPAG9 expression in human prostate cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry and found that SPAG9 was overexpressed in 36.5 % of prostate cancer specimens. There was a significant association between SPAG9 overexpression and tumor stage (p = 0.0020) and Gleason score (p = 0.0377). Transfection of SPAG9 plasmid was performed in PC-3 cell line and siRNA knockdown was carried out in DU145 cells. Colony formation and MTT showed that SPAG9 overexpression promoted while siRNA knockdown inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation. In addition, we found that SPAG9 could regulate cyclin D1 and cyclin E protein expression. In conclusion, SPAG9 is overexpressed in human prostate cancers and contributes to prostate cancer cell growth, possibly through cyclin protein regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Road, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
You H, Lei P, Andreadis ST. JNK is a novel regulator of intercellular adhesion. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e26845. [PMID: 24868495 PMCID: PMC3942331 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.26845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) is a family of protein kinases, which are activated by stress stimuli such as inflammation, heat stress and osmotic stress, and regulate diverse cellular processes including proliferation, survival and apoptosis. In this review, we focus on a recently discovered function of JNK as a regulator of intercellular adhesion. We summarize the existing knowledge regarding the role of JNK during the formation of cell-cell junctions. The potential mechanisms and implications for processes requiring dynamic formation and dissolution of cell-cell junctions including wound healing, migration, cancer metastasis and stem cell differentiation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui You
- Bioengineering Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Amherst, NY USA
| | - Pedro Lei
- Bioengineering Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Amherst, NY USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Bioengineering Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Amherst, NY USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Amherst, NY USA ; Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Amherst, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|