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Yan S, Xue S, Wang T, Gao R, Zeng H, Wang Q, Jia X. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, and novel insights in radiation-induced lung toxicity. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1086214. [PMID: 37637045 PMCID: PMC10449572 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1086214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nintedanib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor-, vascular endothelial growth factor-, and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. These three receptors promote new blood vessel formation and maintenance, which is essential for tumor growth and spread. Several trials have shown that nintedanib plays a substantial role in treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Recently, several clinical trials of nintedanib to treat NSCLC have been reported. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of nintedanib treatment for advanced NSCLC patients and summarize the literature on using nintedanib in radiation-induced lung toxicity and the efficacy and tolerability of nintedanib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaojing Jia
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Pan L, Meng F, Wang W, Wang XH, Shen H, Bao P, Kang J, Kong D. Nintedanib in an elderly non-small-cell lung cancer patient with severe steroid-refractory checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis: A case report and literature review. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1072612. [PMID: 36703957 PMCID: PMC9872202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1072612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors tremendously improve cancer prognosis; however, severe-grade immune-related adverse events may cause premature death. Current recommendations for checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (CIP) treatment are mainly about immunosuppressive therapy, and anti-fibrotic agents are also needed, especially for patients with poor response to corticosteroids and a longer pneumonitis course. This is because fibrotic changes play an important role in the pathological evolution of CIP. Here, we report a case demonstrating that nintedanib is a promising candidate drug for CIP management or prevention, as it has potent anti-fibrotic efficacy and a safety profile. Moreover, nintedanib could partially inhibit tumor growth in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, and its efficacy can be improved in combination with other anti-tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,The First Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu-hao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,The First Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengchen Bao
- The First Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Delei Kong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Delei Kong,
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3
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Hua X, Wu X, Xu K, Zhan P, Liu H, Zhang F, Lv T, Song Y. Zebrafish patient-derived xenografts accurately and quickly reproduce treatment outcomes in non–small cell lung cancer patients. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 248:361-369. [PMID: 36533580 PMCID: PMC10159519 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221142612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish patient-derived xenograft (zPDX) models have shown great potential in predicting the short-term treatment response in various types of tumor cases. However, few studies have used zPDX models for drug screening in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to compare the treatment responses of patients with NSCLC with those of the corresponding zPDX models. Tumor cells were obtained from pleural fluid or biopsy procedures from patients with NSCLC and injected into the perivitelline space of zebrafish larvae. Then, the same antineoplastic drugs administered to the corresponding patient were tested in the successfully constructed zPDX model, for 3 days. Responses to treatment were compared. A total of 21 patients with advanced NSCLC were enrolled in our study, and 13 corresponding zPDX models were successfully established. Based on the clinical medication of enrolled patients, we provided a corresponding drug treatment to these zebrafish embryos, including epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs), pemetrexed/platinum (AP), or docetaxel/platinum (DP) administration. The chemosensitivity consistency rate between the clinical responses and those obtained from zPDXs was 76.9% (10/13). There was a high correlation between patient responses and the corresponding zPDX drug responses. Thus, zPDX can accurately and quickly reproduce patient responses to treatment with EGFR TKIs, AP, and DP and has a considerable potential to serve as a biological platform for predicting treatment effect on patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiaodi Wu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Tangfeng Lv
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yong Song
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing 210000, China
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
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4
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Parker AL, Bowman E, Zingone A, Ryan BM, Cooper WA, Kohonen-Corish M, Harris CC, Cox TR. Extracellular matrix profiles determine risk and prognosis of the squamous cell carcinoma subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Genome Med 2022; 14:126. [PMID: 36404344 PMCID: PMC9677915 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) is a subtype of non-small cell lung cancer for which patient prognosis remains poor. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical in regulating cell behavior; however, its importance in tumor aggressiveness remains to be comprehensively characterized. METHODS Multi-omics data of SqCC human tumor specimens was combined to characterize ECM features associated with initiation and recurrence. Penalized logistic regression was used to define a matrix risk signature for SqCC tumors and its performance across a panel of tumor types and in SqCC premalignant lesions was evaluated. Consensus clustering was used to define prognostic matreotypes for SqCC tumors. Matreotype-specific tumor biology was defined by integration of bulk RNAseq with scRNAseq data, cell type deconvolution, analysis of ligand-receptor interactions and enriched biological pathways, and through cross comparison of matreotype expression profiles with aging and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung profiles. RESULTS This analysis revealed subtype-specific ECM signatures associated with tumor initiation that were predictive of premalignant progression. We identified an ECM-enriched tumor subtype associated with the poorest prognosis. In silico analysis indicates that matrix remodeling programs differentially activate intracellular signaling in tumor and stromal cells to reinforce matrix remodeling associated with resistance and progression. The matrix subtype with the poorest prognosis resembles ECM remodeling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and may represent a field of cancerization associated with elevated cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this analysis defines matrix-driven features of poor prognosis to inform precision medicine prevention and treatment strategies towards improving SqCC patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia L. Parker
- grid.415306.50000 0000 9983 6924Matrix and Metastasis Lab, Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2052 Australia ,grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Elise Bowman
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Adriana Zingone
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Brid M. Ryan
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,Present address: MiNA Therapeutics, London, UK
| | - Wendy A. Cooper
- grid.413249.90000 0004 0385 0051Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XSydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050 Australia ,grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia
| | - Maija Kohonen-Corish
- grid.417229.b0000 0000 8945 8472Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2037 Australia ,grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432Microbiome Research Centre, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, 2052 Australia ,grid.415306.50000 0000 9983 6924Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Curtis C. Harris
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Thomas R. Cox
- grid.415306.50000 0000 9983 6924Matrix and Metastasis Lab, Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2052 Australia ,grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, 2052 Australia
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5
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Synthesis, characterization, and anti-cancer potential study of Ag-MgO nanocomposite. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hussain SA, Lester JF, Jackson R, Gornall M, Qureshi M, Elliott A, Crabb SJ, Huddart RA, Vasudev N, Birtle AJ, Worlding J, James ND, Parikh O, Vilarino-Varela M, Alonzi R, Linch MD, Riaz IB, Catto JWF, Powles T, Jones RJ. Addition of nintedanib or placebo to neoadjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin in locally advanced muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NEOBLADE): a double-blind, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:650-658. [PMID: 35421369 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence is common after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We investigated the effect of adding nintedanib to neoadjuvant chemotherapy on response and survival in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. METHODS NEOBLADE was a parallel-arm, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial of neoadjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy with nintedanib or placebo in locally advanced muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Patients aged 18 years or older, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1, were recruited from 15 hospitals in the UK. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to nintedanib or placebo using permuted blocks with random block sizes of two or four, stratified by centre and glomerular filtration rate. Treatments were allocated using an interactive web-based system, and patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation throughout the study. Patients received oral nintedanib (150 mg or 200 mg twice daily for 12 weeks) or placebo, in addition to usual neoadjuvant chemotherapy with intravenous gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 and intravenous cisplatin 70 mg/m2 on day 1 of a 3-weekly cycle. The primary endpoint was pathological complete response rate, assessed at cystectomy or at day 8 of cyclde 3 (plus or minus 7 days) if cystectomy did not occur. Primary analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with EudraCT, 2012-004895-01, and ISRCTN, 56349930, and has completed planned recruitment. FINDINGS Between Dec 4, 2014, and Sept 3, 2018, 120 patients were recruited and were randomly allocated to receive nintedanib (n=57) or placebo (n=63). The median follow-up for the study was 33·5 months (IQR 14·0-44·0). Pathological complete response in the intention-to-treat population was reached in 21 (37%) of 57 patients in the nintedanib group and 20 (32%) of 63 in the placebo group (odds ratio [OR] 1·25, 70% CI 0·84-1·87; p=0·28). Grade 3 or worse toxicities were observed in 53 (93%) of 57 participants who received nintedanib and 50 (79%) of 63 patients in the placebo group (OR 1·65, 95% CI 0·74-3·65; p=0·24). The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events were thromboembolic events (17 [30%] of 57 patients in the nintedanib group vs 13 [21%] of 63 patients in the placebo group [OR 1·63, 95% CI 0·71-3·76; p=0·29]) and decreased neutrophil count (22 [39%] in the nintedanib group vs seven [11%] in the placebo group [5·03, 1·95-13·00; p=0·0006]). 45 treatment-related serious adverse events occurred in the nintedanib group and 43 occurred in the placebo group. One treatment-related death occurred in the placebo group, which was due to myocardial infarction. INTERPRETATION The addition of nintedanib to chemotherapy was safe but did not improve the rate of pathological complete response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. FUNDING Boehringer Ingelheim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Hussain
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Academic Unit of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | | | - Richard Jackson
- Department of Oncology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Gornall
- Department of Oncology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Muneeb Qureshi
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Academic Unit of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Simon J Crabb
- Department of Oncology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Robert A Huddart
- Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas D James
- Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Omi Parikh
- Rosemere Cancer Centre, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK
| | | | | | - Mark D Linch
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | | | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Jones
- University of Glasgow, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
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7
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Amina M, Al Musayeib NM, Alarfaj NA, El-Tohamy MF, Al-Hamoud GA. Antibacterial and Anticancer Potentials of Presynthesized Photosensitive Plectranthus cylindraceus Oil/TiO 2/Polyethylene Glycol Polymeric Bionanocomposite. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:5562206. [PMID: 34754300 PMCID: PMC8572642 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5562206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is concerned with the fabrication of the bifunctional Plectranthus cylindraceus oil/TiO2/polyethylene glycol polymeric film for antibacterial and anticancer activities. The suggested film is based on the utility of naturally extracted P. cylindraceus oil in the formation of the polymeric bionanocomposite film decorated with TiO2 nanoparticles. The bionanocomposite film was fabricated by incorporating 15 w% of P. cylindraceus oil with 10 w% polyethylene glycol and 5 w% TiO2 nanoparticles. The active components of P. cylindraceus oil were verified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The surface morphology of the resulted bionanocomposite film was characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The antibacterial potential of the fabricated bionanocomposite film was investigated against four pathogenic strains. The obtained results revealed excellent sensitivity against the bacterial strains, particularly E. coli and S. aureus, with minimum inhibitory concentration 320 µg mL-1 and minimum bactericidal concentration 640 and 1280 µg mL-1 for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Polymeric bionanocomposite exerted significant cytotoxicity against human lung carcinoma cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 42.7 ± 0.25 μg mL-1. Safety assessment test against peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) demonstrated that the bionanocomposite is nontoxic in nature. Bionanocomposite also showed potent photocatalytic effects. Overall, the results concluded that the bionanocomposite has expressed scope for multifaceted biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musarat Amina
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal M. Al Musayeib
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal A. Alarfaj
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha F. El-Tohamy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gadah A. Al-Hamoud
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Kai Y, Matsuda M, Fukuoka A, Hontsu S, Yamauchi M, Yoshikawa M, Muro S. Remarkable response of non-small cell lung cancer to nintedanib treatment in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:1457-1460. [PMID: 33742758 PMCID: PMC8088921 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nintedanib is a multi‐target receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that reduces the decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) and prevents acute exacerbations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which is a risk factor for lung cancer. However, it remains unclear whether nintedanib is an effective treatment for lung cancer in patients with IPF. Here, we describe an 82‐year‐old man with non‐small cell lung carcinoma complicated by IPF who was treated with nintedanib. High‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) showed a subpleural basal‐predominant reticular shadow and traction bronchiectasis with a honeycomb pattern. His FVC decreased over time, and his 6‐min walk test showed oxygen desaturation. Furthermore, an enlarged nodular lesion was detected after 6 months of referral. Biopsy confirmed non‐small cell carcinoma. Because of the risk of acute exacerbation of IPF by chemotherapy, supportive care was selected. Nintedanib was started as treatment for the IPF. Nine months later, HRCT revealed partial remission without exacerbation of IPF. This case indicates the possibility of nintedanib monotherapy in suppressing lung cancer complicated by IPF. Patients with lung cancer complicated by IPF in whom treatment is effective remain unknown. Additional research is needed to identify effective therapy for lung cancer with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Kai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Minami-Nara General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Minami-Nara General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Shigeto Hontsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Motoo Yamauchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Masanori Yoshikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shigeo Muro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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9
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Gao M, Zhou Q. [Progress in Treatment of Advanced Squamous Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2020; 23:866-874. [PMID: 32798441 PMCID: PMC7583871 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.101.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer ranks first both in mobidity and motality in china and worldwild. Squamous cell lung carcinoma is distinguished from lung adenocarcinoma in diagnosis and treatment due to its unique clinical & pathological manifestations and gene mutation characteristics, as a result, it is also explored as a separate type in clinical researches. In addition to the clinical manifestations of elderly, central tumors, late staging at diagnosis, and multiple comorbidities, the lack of driver genes makes it nearly impossible for these patients to benefit from targeted therapy. However, the exploration of targeted therapy for lung squamous cell carcinoma has never stopped. Several new drugs including fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor and cyclin dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors have been studied in multiple phase I studies specifically in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. However, with the development of immunotherapy, the characteristics such as complex gene mutation and high tumor mutation burden makes it possible for patients with squamous cell lung cancer to benefit from immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. This review will provide an overview of the treatment progress in advanced squamous cell lung cancer including chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gao
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510080, China
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10
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Wind S, Schmid U, Freiwald M, Marzin K, Lotz R, Ebner T, Stopfer P, Dallinger C. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nintedanib. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 58:1131-1147. [PMID: 31016670 PMCID: PMC6719436 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-019-00766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nintedanib is an oral, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and patients with advanced non-small cell cancer of adenocarcinoma tumour histology. Nintedanib competitively binds to the kinase domains of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Studies in healthy volunteers and in patients with advanced cancer have shown that nintedanib has time-independent pharmacokinetic characteristics. Maximum plasma concentrations of nintedanib are reached approximately 2–4 h after oral administration and thereafter decline at least bi-exponentially. Over the investigated dose range of 50–450 mg once daily and 150–300 mg twice daily, nintedanib exposure increases are dose proportional. Nintedanib is metabolised via hydrolytic ester cleavage, resulting in the formation of the free acid moiety that is subsequently glucuronidated and excreted in the faeces. Less than 1% of drug-related radioactivity is eliminated in urine. The terminal elimination half-life of nintedanib is about 10–15 h. Accumulation after repeated twice-daily dosing is negligible. Sex and renal function have no influence on nintedanib pharmacokinetics, while effects of ethnicity, low body weight, older age and smoking are within the inter-patient variability range of nintedanib exposure and no dose adjustments are required. Administration of nintedanib in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment is not recommended, and patients with mild hepatic impairment should be monitored closely and the dose adjusted accordingly. Nintedanib has a low potential for drug–drug interactions, especially with drugs metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Concomitant treatment with potent inhibitors or inducers of the P-glycoprotein transporter can affect the pharmacokinetics of nintedanib. At an investigated dose of 200 mg twice daily, nintedanib does not have proarrhythmic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Wind
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Schmid
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Matthias Freiwald
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Kristell Marzin
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ralf Lotz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebner
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Peter Stopfer
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Claudia Dallinger
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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11
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Shao W, Zhou Q, Tang X. Current and emerging treatment options for lung cancer in patients with pre-existing connective tissue disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2020; 63:101937. [PMID: 32810582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An association between connective tissue disease (CTD) and lung cancer has been claimed in accumulating studies. However, the management of lung cancer with CTD is challenging because the pre-existing CTDs have proved to be significant risk factors for treatment-related toxicity, resulting in poor survival. In this review, we summarize the available information related to the treatment for lung cancer with CTD, discuss risk factors for treatment-related toxicities and management recommendations, which attempts to approach lung cancer with comorbid CTD systematically. Preliminary data show that: i) limited studies have focused on the effect of traditional therapeutic modalities, such as surgical treatment and chemotherapy; ii) with the development of the modern radiation techniques, radiotherapy would be well tolerated in this challenging clinical situation, but a cautious decision should be made for patients with CTD associated interstitial lung disease (ILD); iii) for patients with inactive CTD, immunotherapy was shown to have excellent local control with acceptable toxicity; iv) little information is available on the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors because of acute exacerbation (AE) of ILD risks; v) antiangiogenic therapy might be useful in preventing the progression in both lung cancer and CTD without increasing the AE-ILD risk; vi) Nintedanib would be a potentially promising novel therapy since it has recently been developed with promising results for both lung cancer and CTD-ILD. Further large-scale, randomized, controlled studies are still required to develop better therapeutic management for patients with lung cancer and pre-existing CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Shao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaokui Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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12
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Wang Y, Liang HX, Zhang CM, Zou M, Zou BB, Wei W, Hu W. FOXO3/TRIM22 axis abated the antitumor effect of gemcitabine in non-small cell lung cancer via autophagy induction. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:937-948. [PMID: 35117439 PMCID: PMC8798778 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.12.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for more than 80% of the total lung cancer and gemcitabine (GEM)-based chemotherapy is the first-line therapeutic approach for NSCLC treatment. Owing to acquired chemo-resistance, the prognosis of NSCLC patients receiving GEM treatment is still poor. Methods Dysregulation of mRNAs in GEM-resistant (GR) NSCLC cells comparing to parental cells were profiled by analyzing GSEA6914 datasets from GEO database. Additionally, qRT-PCR were performed on clinically collected patient serum samples and transplanted tumor tissues and GEM-resistant (GR)/sensitive (GS) cell lines. In order to explore the functional role of tripartite motif protein 22 (TRIM22), gain and loss-of-function cell models were constructed in A549 and A549/GR respectively. MTT and Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) staining assay were carried out to access the response to GEM of A549 and A549/GR cells. Observation of RFP-LC3 puncta and western blot detection of autophagy markers were used to evaluate autophagy. Bi-luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the transcriptional regulatory relationship. Rescue experiments were carried out to confirm the FOXO3/TRIM22 regulatory axis in GEM susceptibility. Results TRIM22 was significantly upregulated in GR patient serum samples, transplanted tumor tissues and NSCLC cells which was negatively transcriptional regulated by FOXO3. TRIM22 overexpression attenuated the sensitivity of A549 to GEM and its depletion promoted the sensitivity of A549/GR to GEM. Additionally, TRIM22 promoted GEM-induced pro-survival autophagy to protected NSCLC cells from apoptosis. Conclusions TRIM22 was significantly upregulated in GR lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 which is negatively transcriptional regulated by FOXO3. Due to the enhancement of pro-survival autophagy induced by TRIM22, the A549 cells became less sensitive to GEM. This study may provide a basis for screening target of liquid biopsy for predicting GEM sensitivity in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Heng-Xing Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Chun-Min Zhang
- Institute of Foreign Languages, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Bi-Bo Zou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Transformation Medicine Affiliated to Hunan Yearth Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Changsha 410000, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
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13
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One-step biological synthesis of cauliflower-like Ag/MgO nanocomposite with antibacterial, anticancer, and catalytic activity towards anthropogenic pollutants. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-04062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Medina-Reyes EI, Mancera-Rodríguez MA, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Moreno-Rodríguez A, Bautista-Martínez JL, Díaz-Velásquez CE, Martínez-Alarcón SA, Torrens H, de Los Ángeles Godínez-Rodríguez M, Terrazas-Valdés LI, Chirino YI, Vaca-Paniagua F. Novel thiosemicarbazones induce high toxicity in estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer cells (MCF7) and exacerbate cisplatin effectiveness in triple-negative breast (MDA-MB231) and lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:558-573. [PMID: 31177399 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP), known as cisplatin, has been extensively used against breast cancer, which is the most frequent cancer among women, and lung cancer, the leading cancer that causes death worldwide. Novel compounds such as thiazole derivatives have exhibited antiproliferative activity, suggesting they could be useful against cancer treatment. Herein, we synthesized two novel thiosemicarbazones and an aldehyde to combine with CDDP to enhance efficacy against ER-positive breast MCF7 cancer cells, triple-negative/basal-B mammary carcinoma cells (MDA-MB231) and lung adenocarcinoma (A549) human cells. We synthesized 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(2-mercaptoetanothiolyl)benzaldehyde (ALD), 5-[(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thio]-2-furaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (TSC1) and 5-[(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thio]-2-furaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (TSC2) and used them alone or in combination with subtoxic CDDP concentrations to evaluate cytotoxicity, cytoskeleton integrity and mitochondrial function. We found that none of the synthesized compounds improved CDDP activity against MCF7 cell cultures; however, TSC2 was effective in enhancing the cytotoxicity of CDDP against MDA-MB231 and A549 cancer cell cultures. We demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect is related to the TSC2 capacity to induce disruption in the cytoskeleton network and to decrease mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefany Ingrid Medina-Reyes
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54059, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Mancera-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54059, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Norma Laura Delgado-Buenrostro
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54059, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | | | - Clara Estela Díaz-Velásquez
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud: Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54059, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Stefanía Andrea Martínez-Alarcón
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54059, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hugo Torrens
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María de Los Ángeles Godínez-Rodríguez
- Carrera de Enfermería, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54059, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Ignacio Terrazas-Valdés
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54059, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio Nacional en Salud: Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54059, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Irasema Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54059, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Felipe Vaca-Paniagua
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54059, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico. .,Laboratorio Nacional en Salud: Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54059, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico. .,Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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15
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Kang X, Lin Z, Xu M, Pan J, Wang ZW. Deciphering role of FGFR signalling pathway in pancreatic cancer. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12605. [PMID: 30945363 PMCID: PMC6536421 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, fibroblast growth factors are identified to play a vital role in the development and progression of human pancreatic cancer. FGF pathway is critical involved in numerous cellular processes through regulation of its downstream targets, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. In this review article, we describe recent advances of FGFR signalling pathway in pancreatic carcinogenesis and progression. Moreover, we highlight the available chemical inhibitors of FGFR pathway for potential treatment of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we discuss whether targeting FGFR pathway is a novel therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodiao Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minhui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Real-World Evidence of Safety and Efficacy of Carboplatin plus Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Preexisting Interstitial Lung Disease: A Retrospective Study. Can Respir J 2019; 2019:5315903. [PMID: 31015884 PMCID: PMC6446117 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5315903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Standard chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with preexisting interstitial lung disease (ILD) has not yet been established. Although a combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel is most frequently used for patients with advanced NSCLC and ILD, the safety and efficacy of carboplatin plus nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) are yet to be elucidated. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel for advanced NSCLC with ILD. Methods This retrospective study included nine patients with advanced NSCLC and ILD who received carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel as first-line chemotherapy at the National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center between April 2013 and December 2017. The ILD-GAP index was used to evaluate mortality risk of baseline ILD. Results A usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern of ILD was observed in five (55.6%) patients on their baseline high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans. The median ILD-GAP index was 4 (range, 1–5), and six (66.7%) patients had ILD-GAP index ≥4. We observed no ILD exacerbations or chemotherapy-related deaths. The overall response and disease control rates were 77.8% (95% CI, 40.0–97.2) and 88.9% (95% CI, 51.8–97.2), respectively. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 5.8 months (95% CI, 2.1–7.7) and 8.0 months (95% CI, 2.6–16.8), respectively. Conclusions Carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel showed favorable safety and efficacy in patients who had advanced NSCLC and ILD with a high risk of mortality. Prospective studies are required to further confirm these results.
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Pugazhendhi A, Prabhu R, Muruganantham K, Shanmuganathan R, Natarajan S. Anticancer, antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities of green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) using aqueous extract of Sargassum wightii. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2019; 190:86-97. [PMID: 30504053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and ecofriendly fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles using biogenic sources is the current trend being used to replace the toxic chemical method. The present study was carried out to synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) using the marine brown algae Sargassum wighitii as the reducing and capping agent. The as-prepared MgONPs were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic analyses. UV-visible spectrum of the MgONPs showed a sharp absorption peak at 322 nm. X- ray diffraction analysis illustrated that the MgONPs were crystalline in nature with a face-centered cubic structure. Presence of magnesium and oxygen were further confirmed by EDX profile. FTIR analysis showed the presence of functional groups specific for sulfated polysaccharides, which might be responsible for the synthesis of MgONPs. Zeta potential and dynamic light scattering analysis illustrated that the MgONPs were highly stable at 19.8 mV with an average size of 68.06 nm. MgONPs showed potent antibacterial activity and antifungal activities against human pathogens. Photocatalytic activity of MgONPs was witnessed by the quick degradation of the organic dye methylene blue on exposure to both sunlight and UV irradiation. MgONPs showed significant cytotoxicity against the lung cancer cell lines A549 in a dose dependent manner with the IC50 value of 37.5 ± 0.34 μg/ml. Safety evaluation using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) illustrated the MgONPs to be non-toxic in nature. Overall, the results concluded that the MgONPs generated using marine algae have exhibited scope for multifaceted biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Raju Prabhu
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kavitha Muruganantham
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Suganthy Natarajan
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
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