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Sajid M, Mehmood S, Yuan Y, Yue T, Khalid MZ, Mujtaba A, Alharbi SA, Ansari MJ, Zinedine A, Rocha JM. Biosafety measures for Alicyclobacillus spp. strains across various levels of biohazard. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 191:114840. [PMID: 38944144 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Alicyclobacillus bacteria are important contaminants in the beverage industry because their spores remain in the product after usual pasteurization. At the same time, their impact on human health has yet to be characterized, as it is generally assumed to be low or non-existent. However, these bacteria are causing quality concerns mainly due to odor and taste changes of the product. Since potential health effects are not precisely known, an experimental assessment was performed, including a biosafety assessment of six viable and non-viable vegetative and spore forms of Alicyclobacillus spp. strains using cell cultures and rodent study. The monolayer of Caco-2 (Cancer coli-2) cells was investigated for its adsorption effect on the epithelium of the small intestine of mice. Lactate dehydrogenase leakage (LDH) and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) tests were used to ensure the integrity of the cell membrane and tight junctions. The methylthiazole tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay examined in vitro cytotoxicity in Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines. The hemolysis of erythrocytes was spectrophotometrically measured. The results showed negligible cytotoxicity or non-toxic response in mice. In conclusion, Alicyclobacillus spp. exhibited biocompatibility with negligible cytotoxicity and minimal safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sajid
- Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46000, Punjab, Pakistan; College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46000, Punjab, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Muhammad Zubair Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmad Mujtaba
- Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), 244001- India.
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- BIOMARE Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences PO Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, EL Jadida, 24000, Morocco.
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina -Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal; LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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