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Liu G, Wei P, Tang Y, Li J, Yi P, Deng Z, He X, Ling D, Sun J, Zhang L. Screening and Characteristics Analysis of Polysaccharides from Orah Mandarin ( Citrus reticulata cv. Orah). Foods 2023; 13:82. [PMID: 38201110 PMCID: PMC10778330 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to screen out polysaccharides with the ability to activate NK cells. Ten polysaccharides (OP) were isolated from orah mandarin (Citrus reticulata cv. Orah) peel using hot-water extraction combined with the alcohol precipitation method and the ultrafiltration-membrane separation method. After measuring the effects of 10 OPs on NK-92MI cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, it was found that the polysaccharide OP5 had the highest activity in vitro. OP5 can significantly promote the proliferation of and increase the gene expression of perforin, granzyme B and IFN-γ in NK-92MI cells. Its molecular weight was between 50 and 70 kDa. The identification results of monosaccharide composition indicated that OP5 was composed of arabinose (31.52%), galacturonic acid (22.35%), galactose (16.72%), glucose (15.95%), mannose (7.67%), rhamnose (2.39%), fucose (1.41%), xylose (1.30%), glucuronic acid (0.42%) and ribose (0.27%). The sugar ring of the β-configuration was the main, and that of the α-configuration was the auxiliary. These results would provide a foundation for the functional product development of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China;
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ping Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Yayuan Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jiemin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Zhonglin Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Xuemei He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Dongning Ling
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China;
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
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Gurev A, Cesko T, Dragancea V, Ghendov-Mosanu A, Pintea A, Sturza R. Ultrasound- and Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Pectin from Apple Pomace and Its Effect on the Quality of Fruit Bars. Foods 2023; 12:2773. [PMID: 37509865 PMCID: PMC10379369 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The article investigates the process of pectin extraction using ultrasonic and microwave techniques from apple pomace generated during juice production in the context of circular bioeconomy. The extraction yield, equivalent mass, content of methoxyl groups, content of anhydrogalacturonic acid, and degree of esterification of pectin were investigated. These indicators varied depending on the parameters and extraction method. The resulting pectin displayed a co-extracted total polyphenol content (TPC) ranging from 2.16 to 13.05 mg GAE/g DW and a DPPH radical inhibition capacity of 4.32-18.86 μmol TE/g. It was found that the antioxidant activity of raw pectin is correlated with TPC and with the content of terminal groups released during the polysaccharide degradation process. The extracted pectin was used as a binding and coating agent for dried fruit bars. Evaluation of water activity (aw), TPC and total flavonoid content (TFC), together with sensory and microbiological analyses of the fruit bars over a period of 360 days, revealed a protective effect of pectin: reducing moisture loss, minimizing the degradation of bioactive compounds during storage, and maintaining the potential antioxidant activity of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gurev
- Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, 9/9 Studentilor St., MD-2045 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Tatiana Cesko
- Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, 9/9 Studentilor St., MD-2045 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Veronica Dragancea
- Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, 9/9 Studentilor St., MD-2045 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Aliona Ghendov-Mosanu
- Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, 9/9 Studentilor St., MD-2045 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Adela Pintea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manasturs St., 4003724 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rodica Sturza
- Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, 9/9 Studentilor St., MD-2045 Chisinau, Moldova
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Niu H, Dou Z, Hou K, Wang W, Chen X, Chen X, Chen H, Fu X. A critical review of RG-I pectin: sources, extraction methods, structure, and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37114929 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2204509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, RG-I pectin isolated by low-temperature alkaline extraction methods has attracted the attention of a large number of researchers due to its huge health benefits. However, studies on other applications of RG-I pectin are still lacking. In this study, we summarized the sources (e.g. potato pulp, sugar beet pulp, okra, apple pomace, citrus peel, pumpkin, grapefruit, ginseng, etc.), extraction methods, fine structure and applications of RG-I pectin in physiological activities (e.g. anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-oxidation, immune regulation, prebiotics, etc.), emulsions, gels, etc. These neutral sugar side chains not only endow RG-I pectin with various physiological activities but the entanglement and cross-linking of these side chains also endow RG-I pectin with excellent emulsifying and gelling properties. We believe that this review can not only provide a comprehensive reading for new workers interested in RG-I pectin, but also provide a valuable reference for future research directions of RG-I pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Niu
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zuman Dou
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Keke Hou
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Wenduo Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang, PR China
| | - Xianxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Xianwei Chen
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haiming Chen
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Xiong Fu
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, PR China
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Hu YB, Hong HL, Liu LY, Zhou JN, Wang Y, Li YM, Zhai LY, Shi ZH, Zhao J, Liu D. Analysis of Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Aralia continentalis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121545. [PMID: 36558996 PMCID: PMC9783608 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We extracted, purified, and characterized three neutral and three acidic polysaccharides from the roots, stems, and leaves of Aralia continentalis Kitigawa. The results of the analysis of monosaccharide composition indicated that the polysaccharides from the roots and stems were more similar to each other than they were to the polysaccharides from the leaves. The in vitro antioxidant results demonstrated that the acidic polysaccharides had stronger antioxidant activity than the neutral fractions. Therefore, we investigated the primary purified acidic polysaccharide fractions (WACP(R)-A-c, WACP(S)-A-c, and WACP(L)-A-d) by NMR and enzymatic analysis. The structural analytical results indicated that WACP(R)-A-c contained homogalacturonan (HG); WACP(S)-A-c contained HG and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), and WACP(L)-A-d contained HG, RG-II, and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains. Our findings offer insights into the screening of natural polysaccharide-based antioxidants and provide a theoretical basis for the application of A. continentalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-bo Hu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hui-li Hong
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Li-yang Liu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jia-ning Zhou
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yi-ming Li
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Li-yuan Zhai
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zeng-hui Shi
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (D.L.); Tel.: +86-0431-85115751 (J.Z.)
| | - Duo Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (D.L.); Tel.: +86-0431-85115751 (J.Z.)
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5
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Song H, Han L, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yang L, Zhu D, Wang S, He Y, Liu H. Structural properties and bioactivities of pectic polysaccharides isolated from soybean hulls. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen H, Liu Y, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Li D. Pectin extracted from dragon fruit Peel: An exploration as a natural emulsifier. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:976-985. [PMID: 36103906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a potential source of pectin, the peel of dragon fruit is a by-product of fruit processing and will bring considerable economic benefits. In this study, pectin (DFP) was extracted from dragon fruit peel by using a hot-acid method, and two commercial pectins were used as controls to correlate structural differences with physical and chemical properties through systematic evaluation. The galacturonic acid (GalA) content, degree of esterification (DM) and molecular weight (Mw) of DFP were 87.02 ± 0.89 %, 37.26 ± 1.37 % and 1181.75 ± 11.21 kDa, respectively. The FTIR and XRD analysis also confirmed that DFP is ultra-low methoxylated pectin and also contains characteristic functional groups naturally present in pectin. Compared to APA140 and LMP, DFP showed excellent emulsification at low concentrations. In particular, the extraordinary antioxidant activity of DFP may be attributed to polyphenols in free or bound form. Overall, DFP can be considered as a promising emulsifier and the results of the study provide an alternative to natural sources of emulsifiers in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Yiyan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Jingkai Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Yang Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian 271018, PR China.
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A Novel Endo-Polygalacturonase from Penicillium rolfsii with Prebiotics Production Potential: Cloning, Characterization and Application. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213469. [DOI: 10.3390/foods11213469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a potential producer of prebiotics, a novel endo-polygalacturonase pePGA from Penicillium rolfsii BM-6, was successfully expressed in Komagataella phaffii, characterized and applied to produce pectic oligosaccharides. The optimum temperature and pH of pePGA were 60 °C and 6.0. The purified recombinant enzyme showed a good pH stability and was stable from pH 3.5 to 8.0. The Km, Vmax and kcat values of pePGA were 0.1569 g/L, 12,273 μmol/min/mg and 7478.4 s−1, respectively. More importantly, pePGA-POS, the pePGA hydrolysis products from commercial pectin, had good prebiotic and antibacterial activities in vitro. The pePGA-POS was able to significantly promote the growth of probiotics; meanwhile, the growth of Escherichia coli JM109, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis 168 was effectively inhibited by pePGA-POS. In addition, pePGA-POS also had the DPPH radical scavenging capacity. These properties of pePGA-POS make pePGA attractive for the production of prebiotics.
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Golovchenko V, Popov S, Smirnov V, Khlopin V, Vityazev F, Naranmandakh S, Dmitrenok AS, Shashkov AS. Polysaccharides of Salsola passerina: Extraction, Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13175. [PMID: 36361966 PMCID: PMC9657462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The above-ground part of the Salsola passerine was found to contain ~13% (w/w) of polysaccharides extractable with water and aqueous solutions of ammonium oxalate and sodium carbonate. The fractions extracted with aqueous sodium carbonate solutions had the highest yield. The polysaccharides of majority fractions are characterized by similar monosaccharide composition; namely, galacturonic acid and arabinose residues are the principal components of their carbohydrate chains. The present study focused on the determination of antioxidant activity of the extracted polysaccharide fractions and elucidation of the structure of polysaccharides using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Homogalacturonan (HG), consisting of 1,4-linked residues of α-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid (GalpA), rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), which contains a diglycosyl repeating unit with a strictly alternating sequence of 1,4-linked D-GalpA and 1,2-linked L-rhamnopyranose (Rhap) residues in the backbone, and arabinan, were identified as the structural units of the obtained polysaccharides. HMBC spectra showed that arabinan consisted of alternating regions formed by 3,5-substituted and 1,5-linked arabinofuranose residues, but there was no alternation of these residues in the arabinan structure. Polysaccharide fractions scavenged the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical at 0.2-1.8 mg/mL. The correlation analysis showed that the DPPH scavenging activity of polysaccharide fractions was associated with the content of phenolic compounds (PCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Golovchenko
- Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Sergey Popov
- Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Vasily Smirnov
- Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Victor Khlopin
- Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Fedor Vityazev
- Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Shinen Naranmandakh
- School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
| | - Andrey S. Dmitrenok
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Shashkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Structure and bioactivity of apple pectin isolated with arabinanase and mannanase. Food Chem 2022; 388:133020. [PMID: 35483285 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It was assumed that, high purity endo-arabinanase and endo-mannanase could be useful in the isolation of pectin of enhanced health-promoting potential. Extraction was carried out with 50 U of enzymes per gram of apple pomace at 40 °C, obtaining up to 22% increase in effectiveness, as compared to the acid extraction. The pectins, despite their high Mw, were homogeneous and contained more galacturonic acid, rhamnose, galactose, fucose, and ferulic acid than the conventional product, thanks to which they quenched free radicals up to five times more efficiently. Compared with pectin with recognised anticancer and prebiotic activity, they had a significantly greater ability to inhibit proliferation and migration of HT-29 and B16F10 cells. They were also more effective in preventing the adhesion of E. coli and S. typhimurium to enterocytes. Endo-arabinanase- and endo-mannanase-assisted extraction is an effective method of obtaining pectins with enhanced antiradical, anticancer and prebiotic potential.
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Bai X, Liu P, Shen H, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Jin X. Water-extracted Lonicera japonica polysaccharide attenuates allergic rhinitis by regulating NLRP3-IL-17 signaling axis. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Fang YK, Shang ZM, Sun GQ, Zhang MS, Wang G, Xu DL, Zhou Y, Sun CX, Xiao SJ. Glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates and phenolic glycosides from the flowers of Bletilla striata. Fitoterapia 2022; 160:105220. [PMID: 35589060 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four previously undescribed compounds, including three glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates (1-3), one phenolic glycoside (4), along with ten known compounds were isolated from the flowers of Bletilla striata. The structures and absolute configurations of the undescribed compounds were elucidated on the basis of HR-ESIMS, NMR spectroscopy, optical rotation value, and acid hydrolysis experiment. Cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds against A549, HCT-116, and SW1990 cells and protective effects of t-BHP-induced L02 cytotoxic were assayed. The antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ke Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Shang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Guo-Qing Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - De-Lin Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
| | - Shi-Ji Xiao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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Fan R, Mao G, Xia H, Zeng J. Chemical elucidation and rheological properties of a pectic polysaccharide extracted from Citrus medica L. fruit residues by gradient ethanol precipitation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 198:46-53. [PMID: 34958815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Citron (Citrus. medica L.) fruits are commonly utilized in the production of essential oil, therefore, the fruits residues turn out to be industrial byproducts. In the present study, a crude polysaccharide was extracted from citron fruit residues by hot water extraction and precipitation of ethanol (95%), after deproteinization, a major polysaccharide component (CMLP-2) was obtained by gradient ethanol precipitation (20%-80%). The physicochemical properties of CMLP-2 such as surface morphology, functional groups, and thermostability were examined by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, and thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, the chemical structure of CMLP-2 was elucidated that CMLP-2 is an acidic pectic polysaccharide consisting of arabinose (Ara), galacturonic acid (GalA), and rhamnose (Rha) in a molar ratio of 4:2:1 with a molecular weight of 202.18 kDa. CMLP-2 is a novel pectic polysaccharide rich in rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). Moreover, rheological tests revealed that CMLP-2 solution is pseudoplastic and temperature resistant. The result could be a good basis for the utilization of Citrus medica L. fruits residues as plant-derived food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Fan
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Genlin Mao
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongqi Xia
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiwu Zeng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Optimization of technology, structural characterization, derivatization, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Zhang T, Sun G, Shuai M, Ye J, Huang J, Yao X, Sun C, Min X. Purification, chemical analysis and inhibitory effects on galectin-3 of enzymatic pH-modified citrus pectin. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100169. [PMID: 34877529 PMCID: PMC8628203 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EMCP is fractionated by ion-exchange and gel permeation chromatographies. EMCP fractions contain glucan backbone and different saccharides as side chains. RG-II domain may weaken the binding strength between EMCP fractions and Gal-3. EMCP-3p and EMCP-2p exhibit strong cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and A549 cell lines.
Modified citrus pectin (MCP), a commercially available dietary supplement prepared from citrus pectin, contains several different polysaccharide domains, but its primary chemical structure and the binding epitopes that antagonize galectin-3 function remain unclear. In this study, five fractions were isolated from MCP after endo-polygalacturonase degradation (EMCP) and a combination of DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B or Sephadex G-75 chromatography. Their primary structures, abilities to inhibit galectin-3-mediated hemagglutination, and antiproliferation activities on MCF-7 and A549 cell lines were studied. Results showed that EMCP-3p, one of the five fractions, was composed of Glc (89.8%), Gal (3.8%), Ara (3.1%), GalA (1.1%), Man (0.9%), and Rha (1.3%) with an average molecular weight of 88.4 KDa, which had the most substantial degree of galectin-3 inhibition with an MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and it exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (36.7%) and A549 (57.4%) cell lines. These results provide new insight into the structure–function relationships of EMCP-derived polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Guoqing Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Ming Shuai
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Jingyu Ye
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Xiaodong Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Chengxin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Xun Min
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
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15
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Polysaccharide extracted from Althaea officinalis L. root: New studies of structural, rheological and antioxidant properties. Carbohydr Res 2021; 510:108438. [PMID: 34597979 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble acidic polysaccharide (AOP-2) from Althaea officinalis L. root was isolated by water extraction and purified by ion exchange chromatography (Cellulose DEAE-52) and gel filtration (Sephadex G-200). The structure characteristics of AOP-2 was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC_MS). The results indicated that the AOP-2 was an acidic hetropolysaccharide with the molecular weight of 639.27 kDa. The AOP-2 composed of 51% galacturonic acid, 32.56% rhamnose, 12.73% glucose and 3.71% galactose. It could be found that the main backbone chain of AOP-2 consisted of →3)-α-D-GalpA-(1→, →3)-α-D-Rhap-(1→ and→3,4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ with branches of →4)-α-D-Rhap-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ and α-D-Rhap-(1 → . Thermal analysis revealed that the AOP-2 had high thermal stability and according to the results obtained from XRD analysis, it had a semi-crystalline structure. The results of Steady-shear flow and dynamical viscoelasticity showed that AOP-2 solutions exhibited shear-thinning behavior with high viscosity and a weak gel-like behavior at concentrations above 1% in linear viscoelastic region. In addition, it showed relatively high antioxidant property.
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16
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Kumar M, Tomar M, Saurabh V, Sasi M, Punia S, Potkule J, Maheshwari C, Changan S, Radha, Bhushan B, Singh S, Anitha T, Alajil O, Satankar V, Dhumal S, Amarowicz R, Kaur C, Sharifi-Rad J, Kennedy JF. Delineating the inherent functional descriptors and biofunctionalities of pectic polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118319. [PMID: 34294331 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pectin is a plant-based heteropolysaccharide macromolecule predominantly found in the cell wall of plants. Pectin is commercially extracted from apple pomace, citrus peels and sugar beet pulp and is widely used in the food industry as a stabilizer, emulsifier, encapsulant, and gelling agent. This review highlights various parameters considered important for describing the inherent properties and biofunctionalities of pectins in food systems. These inherent descriptors include monosaccharide composition, galacturonic acid content, degree of esterification, molecular weight, structural morphology, functional group analysis, and functional properties, such as water and oil holding capacity, emulsification, foaming capacity, foam stability, and viscosity. In this study, we also delineate their potential as a nutraceutical, prebiotic, and carrier for bioactive compounds. The biofunctionalities of pectin as an anticancer, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, and antidiabetic agent are also conceptually elaborated in the current review. The multidimensional characteristics of pectin make it a potential candidate for use in food and biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Maharishi Tomar
- Seed Technology Division, ICAR - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | - Vivek Saurabh
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Minnu Sasi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India
| | - Sneh Punia
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Jayashree Potkule
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Chirag Maheshwari
- Department of Agriculture Energy and Power, ICAR - Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
| | - Sushil Changan
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171001, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU Campus, Ludhiana, Punjab 141 004, India
| | - Surinder Singh
- Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - T Anitha
- Department of Postharvest Technology, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam 625604, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Omar Alajil
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Varsha Satankar
- Ginning Training Centre, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Nagpur 440023, India
| | - Sangram Dhumal
- Division of Horticulture, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, Kyrewood House, Tenbury Wells, Worcs WR15 8FF, UK
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Xiong B, Zhang W, Wu Z, Liu R, Yang C, Hui A, Huang X, Xian Z. Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of acid-soluble pectin from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:824-834. [PMID: 33836194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are few studies on acid-soluble pectin from okra, especially in biological activity for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. In this study, the antioxidant properties of acid-soluble okra pectin components and their anti-inflammatory were explored. Firstly, two acid-soluble okra pectic fractions, namely crude acid-soluble okra pectin (CAOP) and acid-soluble okra pectin (AOP), were obtained and exhibited structural and compositional variation. The two pectic fractions contained a low degree of esterification (42.0-46.5%) and a relatively high uronic acid content (31.6-37.3%). AOP was composed of galacturonic acid (79.1 mol/%), galactose (4.3 mol/%), rhamnose (14.5 mol/%) and xylose (2.1 mol/%), and the molecular weight was 92.8 kDa. Morphological and thermal properties of acid-soluble okra pectin components were also investigated. Compared to CAOP, AOP expressed better antioxidant activity, and suppressed the NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. All the above results indicated that AOP had the potential to act as a natural antioxidant or a functional anti-inflammatory food, which would broaden the development and utilization of okra resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Xiong
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Rui Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Chengying Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Ailing Hui
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zhaojun Xian
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
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18
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Ning X, Liu Y, Jia M, Wang Q, Sun Z, Ji L, Mayo KH, Zhou Y, Sun L. Pectic polysaccharides from Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis exhibit significant antioxidant effects. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117925. [PMID: 33838804 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two pectic polysaccharides (WRSP-A2b and WRSP-A3a) have been obtained from Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis and comparatively investigated in terms of their physical properties and antioxidant activities. Monosaccharide composition, FT-IR, NMR and enzymatic analyses indicate that both WRSP-A2b (13.6 kDa) and WRSP-A3a (44.6 kDa) consist of homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) domains, with mass ratios of 0.9:1.8:1 and 2.3:2.9:1, respectively. The RG-I domains were further purified and characterized. Results show that WRSP-A2b contains a highly branched RG-I domain, primarily substituted with α-(1→5)-linked arabinans, whereas WRSP-A3a contains a small branched RG-I domain mainly composed of β-(1→4)-linked galactan side chains. WRSP-A3a exhibits stronger antioxidant activity in scavenging different radicals than WRSP-A2b, a finding that may be due to its higher content of GalA residues and HG domains. Our results provide useful information for screening natural polysaccharide-based antioxidants from Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ning
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Mengdi Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Qidi Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Ziyan Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Li Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Lin Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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