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Nakandala U, Furtado A, Masouleh AK, Smith MW, Williams DC, Henry RJ. The genome of Citrus australasica reveals disease resistance and other species specific genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:260. [PMID: 38594608 PMCID: PMC11005238 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The finger lime (Citrus australasica), one of six Australian endemic citrus species shows a high natural phenotypic diversity and novel characteristics. The wide variation and unique horticultural features have made this lime an attractive candidate for domestication. Currently no haplotype resolved genome is available for this species. Here we present a high quality, haplotype-resolved reference genome for this species using PacBio HiFi and Hi-C sequencing. RESULTS Hifiasm assembly and SALSA scaffolding resulted in a collapsed genome size of 344.2 Mb and 321.1 Mb and 323.2 Mb size for the two haplotypes. The nine pseudochromosomes of the collapsed genome had an N50 of 35.2 Mb, 99.1% genome assembly completeness and 98.9% gene annotation completeness (BUSCO). A total of 41,304 genes were predicted in the nuclear genome. Comparison with C. australis revealed that 13,661 genes in pseudochromosomes were unique in C. australasica. These were mainly involved in plant-pathogen interactions, stress response, cellular metabolic and developmental processes, and signal transduction. The two genomes showed a syntenic arrangement at the chromosome level with large structural rearrangements in some chromosomes. Genetic variation among five C. australasica cultivars was analysed. Genes related to defense, synthesis of volatile compounds and red/yellow coloration were identified in the genome. A major expansion of genes encoding thylakoid curvature proteins was found in the C. australasica genome. CONCLUSIONS The genome of C. australasica present in this study is of high quality and contiguity. This genome helps deepen our understanding of citrus evolution and reveals disease resistance and quality related genes with potential to accelerate the genetic improvement of citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upuli Nakandala
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Ardashir Kharabian Masouleh
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Malcolm W Smith
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bundaberg Research Station, Bundaberg, QLD, 4670, Australia
| | | | - Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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Comparative Volatilomic Profile of Three Finger Lime ( Citrus australasica) Cultivars Based on Chemometrics Analysis of HS-SPME/GC-MS Data. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227846. [PMID: 36431949 PMCID: PMC9697472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Finger lime is receiving growing attention as an ingredient of gastronomic preparations of haute cuisine for its delicious flavor and fragrance and for its appealing aspect. Volatile compounds play a crucial role in determining the organoleptic characteristics of the fruit and its pleasantness for consumers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the volatile profiles by headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the peel and, for the first time, in the pulp of three Australian finger lime cultivars grown in Sicily (southern Italy): Pink Pearl, Sanguinea, and Faustrime, allowing to overall identify 84 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The analytical data showed that the three cultivars were characterized by distinct volatile chemotypes: limonene/sabinene/bicyclogermacrene in the Pink Pearl, limonene/γ-terpinene/bicyclogermacrene in the Sanguinea, and limonene/β-phellandrene/γ-terpinene in the Faustrime. Moreover, some volatiles, found exclusively in one cultivar, could be considered potential markers of the individual cultivar. PCA allowed us to clearly discriminate the samples into three clusters: the first related to the Sanguinea peel, the second to the Faustrime peel, and a third group associated with the Pink Pearl peel along with the pulp of the three cultivars. Accordingly, the VOCs that mostly contributed to the differentiation of the three finger lime cultivars were also identified. Among them, D-limonene, sabinene γ-terpinene, α-pinene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, p-cymene, linalool, δ-elemene, ledene, bicyclogermacrene β-citronellol, α-bergamotene, α-caryophillene, and β-bisabolene, have been previously reported to exhibit important biological activities, suggesting that these cultivars, in addition to possessing unique volatile profiles, can show promise for several applications in pharmaceutical and food industry, namely for development of functional foods.
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Cioni E, Migone C, Ascrizzi R, Muscatello B, De Leo M, Piras AM, Zambito Y, Flamini G, Pistelli L. Comparing Metabolomic and Essential Oil Fingerprints of Citrus australasica F. Muell (Finger Lime) Varieties and Their In Vitro Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2047. [PMID: 36290770 PMCID: PMC9598366 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative chemical analyses among peel and pulp essential oils (EOs) and methanolic extracts of four Citrus australasica varieties (Red, Collette, Pink Ice, and Yellow Sunshine), and the hybrid Faustrime, were performed using GC-MS and UHPLC-DAD-HR-Orbitrap/ESI-MS. Peel and pulp extracts were also analysed for their in vitro antioxidant activity on a Balb/3T3 clone A31 mouse embryo fibroblast cell line. The results of peel and pulp EOs were mainly characterised by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, respectively. All peels displayed a higher total phenol content (TPC) than pulps, and consequently a greater antioxidant activity. Collette peels and Pink Ice pulps showed the highest amount of identified flavonoids (e.g., luteolin, isosakuranetin, and poncirin derivatives). Collette and Red peels were rich in anthocyanins (delphinidin and petunidin glycosides), exhibiting the maximum protective activity against induced oxidative damage. In conclusion, finger lime fruits are good sources of health-promoting phytocomplexes, with the Red, Collette, and Pink Ice varieties being the most promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cioni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Migone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Ascrizzi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, Via del Borghetto 80, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Muscatello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marinella De Leo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, Via del Borghetto 80, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Piras
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ylenia Zambito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, Via del Borghetto 80, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, Via del Borghetto 80, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, Via del Borghetto 80, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Comprehensive Characterization and Quantification of Antioxidant Compounds in Finger Lime (Citrus australasica L.) by HPLC-QTof-MS and UPLC-MS/MS. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Australian finger limes (Citrus australasica L.), an unusual citrus due to its unique pulp with a caviar-like appearance, has reached the global market as a promising source of bioactive compounds that promote health. This research was, therefore, performed to shed light on the bioactivity and composition of different parts of Citrus australasica L. (peel and pulp). Initial ultrasound-assisted extraction using MeOH:H2O (80:20, v/v) was carried out. After that, four fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water) were generated through liquid–liquid partitioning, and the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity were evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction in the peel, which presented the highest values of TPC and antioxidant activity, was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight (HPLC-QTof) mass spectrometry. Fifteen compounds were identified, of which seven were characterized for the first time in this matrix. Moreover, ten phenolic compounds were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The major compounds in the sample were citric acid, pyrogallol, caffeic acid, coumarin, rutin, naringin, 2-coumaric acid, didymin, naringenin and isorhamnetin, which were found in a range from 2.7 to 8106.7 µg/g sample dry weight. Finally, the results presented in this novel work confirmed that the peel by-product of C. australasica L. is a potential source of bioactive compounds and could result in a positive outcome for the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
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Johnson JB, Batley R, Manson D, White S, Naiker M. Volatile compounds, phenolic acid profiles and phytochemical content of five Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica) cultivars. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Khalid MF, Hussain S, Anjum MA, Morillon R, Ahmad S, Ejaz S, Hussain M, Jaafar HZE, Alrashood ST, Ormenisan AN. Physiological and biochemical responses of Kinnow mandarin grafted on diploid and tetraploid Volkamer lemon rootstocks under different water-deficit regimes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247558. [PMID: 33831006 PMCID: PMC8031453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Water shortage is among the major abiotic stresses that restrict growth and productivity of citrus. The existing literature indicates that tetraploid rootstocks had better water-deficit tolerance than corresponding diploids. However, the associated tolerance mechanisms such as antioxidant defence and nutrient uptake are less explored. Therefore, we evaluated physiological and biochemical responses (antioxidant defence, osmotic adjustments and nutrient uptake) of diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x) volkamer lemon (VM) rootstocks grafted with kinnow mandarin (KM) under two water-deficit regimes. The KM/4xVM (VM4) and KM/2xVM (VM2) observed decrease in photosynthetic variables, i.e., photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), leaf greenness (SPAD), dark adopted chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), dark adopted chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv´/Fm´), relative water contents (RWC) and leaf surface area (LSA), and increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under both water-deficit regimes. Moreover, oxidative stress indicators, i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide, and activities of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APx), glutathione reductase (GR) were increased under both water-deficit regimes. Nonetheless, increase was noted in osmoprotectants such as proline (PRO) and glycine betaine (GB) and other biochemical compounds, including antioxidant capacity (AC), total phenolic content (TPC) and total soluble protein (TSP) in VM2 and VM4 under both water-deficit regimes. Dry biomass (DB) of both rootstocks was decreased under each water-deficit condition. Interestingly, VM4 showed higher and significant increase in antioxidant enzymes, osmoprotectants and other biochemical compounds, while VM2 exhibited higher values for oxidative stress indicators. Overall, results indicated that VM4 better tolerated water-deficit stress by maintaining photosynthetic variables associated with strong antioxidant defence machinery as compared to VM2. However, nutrient uptake was not differed among tested water-deficit conditions and rootstocks. The results conclude that VM4 can better tolerate water-deficit than VM2. Therefore, VM4 can be used as rootstock in areas of high-water deficiency for better citrus productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fasih Khalid
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akbar Anjum
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Raphael Morillon
- Equipe “Structure Evolutive des Agrumes, Polyploidie et Amelioration Genetique, SEAPAG- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shaghef Ejaz
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mubshar Hussain
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Hawa Z. E. Jaafar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sara T. Alrashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexe Nicolae Ormenisan
- Department of Food and Tourism Engineering and Management, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
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