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Gao J, Xue L, Li Y, Zhang J, Dai J, Ye Q, Wu S, Gu Q, Zhang Y, Wei X, Wu Q. A systematic review and meta-analysis indicates a high risk of human noroviruses contamination in vegetable worldwide, with GI being the predominant genogroup. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 413:110603. [PMID: 38306773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the most predominant viral agents of acute gastroenteritis. Vegetables are important vehicles of HuNoVs transmission. This study aimed to assess the HuNoVs prevalence in vegetables. We searched the Web of Science, Excerpta Medica Database, PubMed, and Cochrane databases until June 1, 2023. A total of 27 studies were included for the meta-analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata 14.0 software. This analysis showed that the pooled HuNoVs prevalence in vegetables was 7 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 3-13) worldwide. The continent with largest number of studies was Europe, and the highest number of samples was lettuce. As revealed by the results of the subgroup meta-analysis, the prevalence of GI genogroup was the highest (3 %, 95 % CI: 1-7). A higher prevalence was seen in vegetables from farms (18 %, 95 % CI: 5-37), while only 4 % (95 % CI: 1-8) in retail. The HuNoVs prevalence of ready-to-eat vegetables and non-ready-to-eat vegetables was 2 % (95 % CI: 0-8) and 9 % (95 % CI: 3-16), respectively. The prevalence by quantitative real time RT-PCR was 8 % (95 % CI: 3-15) compared to 3 % (95 % CI: 0-13) by conventional RT-PCR. Furthermore, the HuNoVs prevalence in vegetables was 6 % (95 % CI: 1-14) in ISO pretreatment method and 8 % (95 % CI: 1-19) in non-ISO method, respectively. This study is helpful in comprehensively understanding the prevalence of HuNoVs contamination in vegetables worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China.
| | - Yijing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Jingsha Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China.
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Chaudhary A, Rana S, Singh R, Gurian PL, Betancourt W, Kumar A, Kumar A. Non-potable water reuse and the public health risks from protozoa and helminths: a case study from a city with a semi-arid climate. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:981-994. [PMID: 37632375 PMCID: wh_2023_283 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The study estimated the risk due to Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Ascaris, associated with non-potable water reuse in the city of Jaipur, India. The study first determined the exposure dose of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Ascaris based on various wastewater treatment technologies for various scenarios of reuse for six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the city. The exposure scenarios considered were (1) garden irrigation; (2) working and lounging in the garden; and (3) consumption of crops irrigated with recycled water. The estimated annual risk of infection varied between 8.57 × 10-7 and 1.0 for protozoa and helminths, respectively. The order of treatment processes, in decreasing order of annual risk of infection, was found to be: moving-bed bioreactor (MBBR) technology > activated sludge process (ASP) technology > sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology. The estimated annual risk was found to be in this order: Ascaris > Giardia > Cryptosporidium. The study also estimated the maximum allowable concentration (Cmax) of pathogen in the effluent for a benchmark value of annual infection of risk equal to 1:10,000, the acceptable level of risk used for drinking water. The estimated Cmax values were found to be 6.54 × 10-5, 1.37 × 10-5, and 2.89 × 10-6 (oo) cysts/mL for Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Ascaris, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, MNIT Jaipur, Jaipur, India E-mail: ;
| | - Shubham Rana
- Department of Civil Engineering, MNIT Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick L Gurian
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Walter Betancourt
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology Centre, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, MNIT Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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Brusa V, Costa M, Oteiza JM, Galli L, Barril PA, Leotta GA, Signorini M. Prioritization of vegetable-borne biological hazards in Argentina using a multicriteria decision analysis tool. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2023:10820132231180640. [PMID: 37306110 DOI: 10.1177/10820132231180640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables, especially those eaten raw, have been implicated in several foodborne disease outbreaks. Since multiple vegetable matrices and hazards are involved, risk managers have to prioritize those with the greatest impact on public health to design control strategies. In this study, a scientific-based risk ranking of foodborne pathogens transmitted by leafy green vegetables in Argentina was performed. The prioritization process included hazard identification, evaluation criteria identification and definition, criteria weighting, expert survey design and selection and call for experts, hazard score calculation, hazard ranking and variation coefficient, and result analysis. Regression tree analysis determined four risk clusters: high (Cryptosporidum spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Norovirus), moderate (Giardia spp., Listeria spp., Shigella sonnei), low (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Ascaris spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Salmonella spp., Rotavirus, Enterovirus) and very low (Campylobacter jejuni, hepatitis A virus and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis). Diseases caused by Norovirus, Cryptosporidium spp. and T. gondii do not require mandatory notification. Neither viruses nor parasites are included as microbiological criteria for foodstuff. The lack of outbreak studies did not allow to accurately identify vegetables as a source of Norovirus disease. Information on listeriosis cases or outbreaks due to vegetable consumption was not available. Shigella spp. was the main responsible for bacterial diarrhea, but it has not been epidemiologically associated with vegetable consumption. The quality of the available information for all hazards studied was very low and low. The implementation of good practice guidelines throughout the entire vegetable production chain could prevent the presence of the identified hazards. The current study allowed the identification of vacancy areas and could help reinforce the need for performing epidemiological studies on foodborne diseases potentially associated with vegetable consumption in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP - CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP - CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan M Oteiza
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Expedicionarios del desierto 1310, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP - CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia A Barril
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Expedicionarios del desierto 1310, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Leotta
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP - CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- IDICAL - Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (CONICET SANTA FE - INTA), Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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He X, Liu X, Wu P, Zhang L, Zhou W, Zhang Q, Zhang J. Reduction of pathogenic bacteria from irrigation water through a copper-loaded porous ceramic emitter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121776. [PMID: 37149248 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing pathogenic bacteria threat in irrigation water has become a worldwide concern, prompting efforts to discover a new cost-effective method for pathogenic bacteria eradication, different than those currently in use. In this study, a novel copper-loaded porous ceramic emitter (CPCE) was developed via molded sintering method to kill bacteria from irrigation water. The material performance and hydraulic properties of CPCE are discussed herein, and the antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was evaluated. The incremental copper content in CPCE improved flexural strength and pore size, which was conducive to enhancing CPCE discharge. Moreover, antibacterial tests showed that CPCE displayed efficient antimicrobial activity, killing 99.99% and more than 70% of S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The results reveal that CPCE, with both irrigation and sterilization functions, can provide a low-cost and effective solution for bacterial removal from irrigation water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei He
- College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Xufei Liu
- College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Pute Wu
- College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiasen Zhang
- College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
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Baran A, Adigüzel MC, Aydin H. Microbiological quality of ready–to–eat vegetables salads served at meat restaurants under the COVID-19 in Turkey. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS 2022. [DOI: 10.52973/rcfcv-e32171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In Turkish cuisine, ready–to–eat vegetable salads (REVS) served with pide/lahmacun, kebab types, and tantuni from animal source in meat restaurants were evaluated since they have the potential to carry risks in terms of Public Health. The microbiological properties of REVS were investigated using agar plate method. Antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was tested using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Moreover, the presence of important enteric viruses was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The number of total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, yeast and molds and, Staphylococcus and Micrococcus spp. ranged from less than 1 to 6.40, 1 to 6.26, less than 1–5.82 and less than 1–5.66 log10 colony forming units·grams-1 (CFU·g–1) in REVS samples, respectively. None of the REVS tested in this study contained Salmonella spp., whereas E. coli and S. aureus were isolated in 38.1% (16/42) and 2.4% (1/42), respectively. S. aureus was resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, aztreonam, and ciprofloxacin in the disc diffusion assay, however, it was not harboring the mecA gene. E. coli strains (n=16) were resistant (100%) to aminoglycoside antibiotics and 35.7% (6/16) of the isolates were extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing. blaTEM and blaCTXM8/25 were detected in two isolates, whereas one isolate carried blaCTXM–1 and blaTEM together by PCR. Of the REVS, two were evaluated as positive for rotavirus (4.8%), six for hepatitis A (14%), and hepatitis E virus (14%). These results indicate the high microorganism load, presence of ESBL E. coli, and viral enteric pathogens in REVS, hence it is important to perform routine hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Baran
- Atatürk University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Food Quality Control and Analysis. Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cemal Adigüzel
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology. Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hakan Aydin
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology. Erzurum, Turkey
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Rao AP, Patel J, Pradhan AK. Application of alternative sources of water in agricultural food production — current trends and future prospects. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Papadopoulos T, Allende A, Egea JA, Palop Gómez A, Fernández Escámez PS. Training in tools to develop quantitative risk assessment of fresh produce using water reuse systems in Mediterranean production. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200416. [PMID: 35634549 PMCID: PMC9131601 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Shaheen MNF, Elmahdy EM, Mahmoud LHI, Hammad IA, Soliman ERS. Quantitative RT-PCR detection of human noroviruses and hepatitis A virus in fresh produce and surface water used for irrigation in the Mansoura and Giza regions, Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:28139-28148. [PMID: 34988812 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface water used as an irrigation source can be a significant source of viral contamination of fresh produce. Enteric viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus genogroup I (HNoV GI) and genogroup II (HNoV GII) can be transmitted to human via fresh produce when irrigated with contaminated water or when prepared by infected food handlers. In the current study, we investigated the presence of HAV, HNoV GI and GII in fresh produce and surface water used in cultivation of this produce using real-time PCR. Samples were collected from six different points in the Mansoura and Giza regions, Egypt. Our analysis showed that at least one virus was found in 41.6% (30/72) of surface water samples and 27% (13/48) of fresh produce samples. HAV (23/72) with a mean viral concentration = 4 × 106 genome copies/litre (GC/L) was the most frequently identified virus in surface water samples, followed by human norovirus genogroup II (HNoV GII) (15/72, with a mean concentration = 1.2 × 106 GC/L, and human noroviruses genogroup I (HNoV GI) (12/72, with a mean concentration = 1.4 × 104 GC/L). Additionally, HAV (10/48) with a mean concentration = 5.2 × 105 genome copies/gram (GC/g) was also the most frequently detected virus in the fresh produce samples, followed by HNoV GII (8/48, with a mean concentration = 1.7 × 104 GC/g); meanwhile, HNoV GI (6/48) was less detected virus with a mean concentration = 3 × 103 GC/g. This work suggests a wide prevalence of human enteric viruses in surface waters and fresh produce, which is of concern when the fresh produce is eaten raw. Thus, additional monitoring for viral pathogens in irrigation water and food is needed to increase the awareness of this issue to rise the control measures to reduce illness from contaminated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Elmahdy M Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa H I Mahmoud
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Ibtisam A Hammad
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Elham R S Soliman
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
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Risks associated with the consumption of irrigation water contaminated produce: on the role of quantitative microbial risk assessment. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Barbosa J, Albano H, Silva B, Almeida MH, Nogueira T, Teixeira P. Characterization of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum R23 Isolated from Arugula by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Its Bacteriocin Production Ability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5515. [PMID: 34063896 PMCID: PMC8196627 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is one of the lactic acid bacteria species most used as probiotics and starter cultures in food production. Bacteriocin-producers Lpb. plantarum are also promising natural food preservatives. This study aimed to characterize Lpb. plantarum R23 and its bacteriocins (R23 bacteriocins). The genome sequence of Lpb. plantarum R23 was obtained by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in an Illumina NovaSeq platform. The activity of Lpb. plantarum R23-produced bacteriocin against two Listeria monocytogenes strains (L7946 and L7947) was evaluated, and its molecular size was determined by tricine-SDS-PAGE. No virulence or antibiotic resistance genes were detected. Four 100% identical proteins to the class II bacteriocins (Plantaricin E, Plantaricin F, Pediocin PA-1 (Pediocin AcH), and Coagulin A) were found by WGS analysis. The small (<6.5 kDa) R23 bacteriocins were stable at different pH values (ranging from 2 to 8), temperatures (between 4 and 100 °C), detergents (all, except Triton X-100 and Triton X-114 at 0.01 g/mL), and enzymes (catalase and α-amylase), did not adsorb to the producer cells, had a bacteriostatic mode of action and their maximum activity (AU/mL = 12,800) against two L. monocytogenes strains occurred between 15 and 21 h of Lpb. plantarum R23 growth. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum R23 showed to be a promising bio-preservative culture because, besides being safe, it produces a stable bacteriocin or bacteriocins (harbors genes encoding for the production of four) inhibiting pathogens as L. monocytogenes. Further studies in different food matrices are required to confirm this hypothesis and its suitability as a future starter culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Barbosa
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Helena Albano
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Beatriz Silva
- Colégio de São Gonçalo, 4600-014 Amarante, Portugal;
| | | | - Teresa Nogueira
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., 2780-157 Oeiras and 4485-655 Vairão, Portugal;
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Teixeira
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
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