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Hu Y, Sjoberg SM, Chen CJ, Hauvermale AL, Morris CF, Delwiche SR, Cannon AE, Steber CM, Zhang Z. As the number falls, alternatives to the Hagberg-Perten falling number method: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2105-2117. [PMID: 35411636 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the application, limitations, and potential alternatives to the Hagberg-Perten falling number (FN) method used in the global wheat industry for detecting the risk of poor end-product quality mainly due to starch degradation by the enzyme α-amylase. By viscometry, the FN test indirectly detects the presence of α-amylase, the primary enzyme that digests starch. Elevated α-amylase results in low FN and damages wheat product quality resulting in cakes that fall, and sticky bread and noodles. Low FN can occur from preharvest sprouting (PHS) and late maturity α-amylase (LMA). Moist or rainy conditions before harvest cause PHS on the mother plant. Continuously cool or fluctuating temperatures during the grain filling stage cause LMA. Due to the expression of additional hydrolytic enzymes, PHS has a stronger negative impact than LMA. Wheat grain with low FN/high α-amylase results in serious losses for farmers, traders, millers, and bakers worldwide. Although blending of low FN grain with sound wheat may be used as a means of moving affected grain through the marketplace, care must be taken to avoid grain lots from falling below contract-specified FN. A large amount of sound wheat can be ruined if mixed with a small amount of sprouted wheat. The FN method is widely employed to detect α-amylase after harvest. However, it has several limitations, including sampling variability, high cost, labor intensiveness, the destructive nature of the test, and an inability to differentiate between LMA and PHS. Faster, cheaper, and more accurate alternatives could improve breeding for resistance to PHS and LMA and could preserve the value of wheat grain by avoiding inadvertent mixing of high- and low-FN grain by enabling testing at more stages of the value stream including at harvest, delivery, transport, storage, and milling. Alternatives to the FN method explored here include the Rapid Visco Analyzer, enzyme assays, immunoassays, near-infrared spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie M Sjoberg
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Chunpen James Chen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Amber L Hauvermale
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Craig F Morris
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen R Delwiche
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality, Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley E Cannon
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Camille M Steber
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Cannon AE, Marston EJ, Kiszonas AM, Hauvermale AL, See DR. Late-maturity α-amylase (LMA): exploring the underlying mechanisms and end-use quality effects in wheat. PLANTA 2021; 255:2. [PMID: 34837530 PMCID: PMC8627422 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A comprehensive understanding of LMA from the underlying molecular aspects to the end-use quality effects will greatly benefit the global wheat industry and those whose livelihoods depend upon it. Late-maturity α-amylase (LMA) leads to the expression and protein accumulation of high pI α-amylases during late grain development. This α-amylase is maintained through harvest and leads to an unacceptable low falling number (FN), the wheat industry's standard measure for predicting end-use quality. Unfortunately, low FN leads to significant financial losses for growers. As a result, wheat researchers are working to understand and eliminate LMA from wheat breeding programs, with research aims that include unraveling the genetic, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms that lead to LMA expression. In addition, cereal chemists and quality scientists are working to determine if and how LMA-affected grain impacts end-use quality. This review is a comprehensive overview of studies focused on LMA and includes open questions and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Cannon
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Elliott J. Marston
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Alecia M. Kiszonas
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Amber L. Hauvermale
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Deven R. See
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
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