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Wang L, Song L, Wang P, Zhang H, Li Y, Song J, Zhong L, Liu C, Zhang W, Wen P. Bioreduction of Se(IV) by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NML21 and synthesis of selenium nanospheres Se(0). Food Chem 2024; 452:139595. [PMID: 38749143 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Selenium nanospheres (SeNPs) show less toxicity and greater bioavailability than selenite salts. This research demonstrated the substantial tolerance and efficient conversion of Se(IV) into SeNPs by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NML21. The bioreduction process of Se(IV) and the properties of SeNPs, including their morphology, particle size, and stability, were investigated with techniques including SEM, EDX, TEM, XPS, FT-IR, dynamic light scattering, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. Under high selenium stress, certain cells displayed significant deformation and rupture, and released SeNPs as the main product of the bioreduction of Se(IV). These SeNPs were red, amorphous, zero-valent, and spherical, with an average diameter of 160 nm. Spectroscopic analysis highlighted that the functional groups of CO and CO are key to the bioreduction of Se(IV). The study suggested preliminary mechanisms for the bioreduction of Se(IV) and the formation and release of SeNPs by lactic acid bacteria. NML21 may therefore be a promising candidate for SeNPs synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Li Song
- Gansu Hualing DAIRY CO., LTDG, Gannan 730010, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Juan Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Liwen Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Weibing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Pengcheng Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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2
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Liu L, Yang S, Wang R, Li S, Qi J, Wang L, Yue T, Wang Z, Yuan Y. Characterization and subcellular localization of selenium in Limosilactobacillus fermentum Ln-9 obtained by intense pulsed light-ultraviolet combined mutagenesis. Food Chem 2024; 460:140725. [PMID: 39106812 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can convert inorganic selenium (Se) to organic Se and elemental forms with low toxicity and high bioavailability, but a comprehensive Se analysis of Se-enriched LAB is lacking. In this study, Limosilactobacillus fermentum Ln-9 was obtained by intense pulsed light-ultraviolet combined mutagenesis, and its characteristics and subcellular localization of Se were analyzed. The results displayed that Ln-9 accumulated 3.03 times Se that of the original strain. Under optimal fermentation conditions, the total Se content of Se-enriched Ln-9 (SeLn-9) reached 12.16 mg/g with 96.34% contained in Se nanoparticles (SeNPs), which was much higher than that of organic macromolecules. Furthermore, SeNPs were mainly localized outside the cell, Se-proteins were in the membrane and cytoplasmic fractions, and Se-polysaccharides were in the membrane fraction. Besides, SeLn-9 maintained a good morphology and gastrointestinal tolerance and had an enhanced antioxidant capacity. These findings make Ln-9 promising for applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Silong Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ruinan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianrui Qi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Leran Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhouli Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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3
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Díaz-Navarrete P, Dantagnan P, Henriquez D, Soto R, Correa-Galeote D, Sáez-Arteaga A. Selenized non-Saccharomyces yeasts and their potential use in fish feed. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1879-1894. [PMID: 38630161 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a vital trace element, essential for growth and other biological functions in fish. Its significance lies in its role as a fundamental component of selenoproteins, which are crucial for optimal functioning of the organism. The inclusion of Se in the diets of farmed animals, including fish, has proved invaluable in mitigating the challenges arising from elemental deficiencies experienced in captivity conditions due to limitations in the content of fishmeal. Supplementing diets with Se enhances physiological responses, particularly mitigates the effects of the continuous presence of environmental stress factors. Organic Se has been shown to have higher absorption rates and a greater impact on bioavailability and overall health than inorganic forms. A characteristic feature of yeasts is their rapid proliferation and growth, marked by efficient mineral assimilation. Most of the selenized yeasts currently available in the market, and used predominantly in animal production and aquaculture, are based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which contains selenomethionine (Se-Met). The object of this review is to highlight the importance of selenized yeasts. In addition, it presents metabolic and productive aspects of other yeast genera that are important potential sources of organic selenium. Some yeast strains discussed produce metabolites of interest such as lipids, pigments, and amino acids, which could have applications in aquaculture and further enrich their usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Díaz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile.
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Patricio Dantagnan
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Daniela Henriquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Robinson Soto
- Departamento de Procesos industriales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - David Correa-Galeote
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
| | - Alberto Sáez-Arteaga
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile.
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Creación (CIIC-UCT), Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile.
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Chen Y, Liu Z, Zeng W, Liu Y, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Jia X. Screening and Identification of Soil Selenium-Enriched Strains and Application in Auricularia auricula. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1136. [PMID: 38930518 PMCID: PMC11205748 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for human physiological metabolism. The application of organic Se as a source to cultivate Se-rich plants for micronutrient supplementation has been receiving increasing attention. In our study, a bacterial strain named H1 was isolated from the soil in Heilongjiang Province, China, and under optimal culture conditions, the unit Se content could reach 3000 μg·g-1 and its 16S ribosomal DNA sequence seemed to be a new molecular record of an Enterobacter species. After the domestication of Se tolerance and Se-rich experiments, H1 can be used as a Se source for cultivation of Se-rich Auricularia auricula. The results showed that soluble protein, soluble sugar, free amino acid and vitamin C contents in Auricularia auricula were notably increased by 28.7%, 21.8%, 32.5% and 39.2% under the treatment of Se concentration of 0.24 mg·kg-1, respectively. These findings enhance our understanding that H1 is more conducive to Se uptake and nutrient accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zhenghan Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Weimin Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Yang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Xiangqian Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Z.)
- Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Workstation of Heilongjiang Boli Economic Development Zone Management Committee, Qitaihe 154500, China
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5
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Wang H, Yang S, Chen Y, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Yue T. Comprehensive distribution and species of selenium in Se-enriched Pichia kudriavzevii 1845. Food Chem 2024; 438:137966. [PMID: 37976881 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to demonstrate the yeast Pichia kudriavzevii can effectively deliver Se and investigate the distribution and species of Se in Se-enriched P. kudriavzevii. Results showed that P. kudriavzevii can accumulate Se and convert 84.883% of absorbed Se into organic forms, of which 78.338% was incorporated into protein, 1.978% combined with polysaccharides, and 0.456% bound to nucleic acid. Besides, water-soluble, salt-soluble, and alkali-soluble proteins account for 49.398%, 1.867%, and 20.628% of selenoprotein, respectively. The dominant Se species were SeCys2 and MeSeCys. Additionally, Se-enrichment enhanced nutritional value of P. kudriavzevii by increasing the levels of amino acids, iron, and zinc. The activity of key rate-limiting enzyme sephosphate synthetase involved in Se biotransformation was improved after Se enrichment. The extracellular pH results suggest that Se enrichment ability can be further enhanced by elevating pH. These results suggest P. kudriavzevii holds great promise as an effective vehicle for delivering Se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Silong Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhouli Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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6
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Xiao D, Li T, Huang X, Zhu K, Li Z, Dong Y, Wang L, Huang J. Advances in the Study of Selenium-Enriched Probiotics: From the Inorganic Se into Se Nanoparticles. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300432. [PMID: 37786318 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a momentous metallic element that plays an irreplaceable role in biochemical activities. Se deficiency remains a nutritional challenge across the world. Organic Se supplementation is the most effective treatment means for Se deficiency. Organic Se transformed from Se-enriched probiotics show outstanding excellent properties in antibacteria, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and immunoregulation. Studying the influencing factors for Se enrichment capacity and enrichment mechanisms of Se-enriched probiotics is conducive to the exploit of more potent Se-enriched probiotics. Se-enriched probiotics transform inorganic Se into Se nanoparticles (SeNPs), which have been widely used in animal husbandry and biomedical field. In this paper, the novel development of Se-enriched probiotics is reviewed, and the bioactivities of SeNPs are assessed, so as to display their potential application prospects. The excellent role of SeNPs in anti-oxidation is summarized, and the mechanism by which SeNPs improve Se deficiency and boost animal health is explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kongdi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zimeng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Ocean Dynamics Resources and Environments, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lianshun Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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7
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Stabnikova O, Khonkiv M, Kovshar I, Stabnikov V. Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by lactic acid bacteria and areas of their possible applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:230. [PMID: 37341841 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria, being generally recognized as safe, are the preferred choice among other microbial producers of selenium nanoparticles. For successful production of SeNPs, it is necessary to take into account the physiological properties of the bacterium used as a biotransformer of inorganic forms of selenium in Se0. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of SeNPs allows to use them in the form of pure nanoparticles or biomass of lactic acid bacteria enriched with selenium in preparation of food, in agriculture, aquaculture, medicine, veterinary, and manufacturing of packing materials for food products. To attract attention to the promising new directions of lactic acid bacteria applications and to accelerate their implementation, the examples of the use of SeNPs synthesized by lactic acid bacteria in the mentioned above areas of human activity are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Stabnikova
- Advanced Research Laboratory, National University of Food Technologies, Kiev, Ukraine.
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National University of Food Technologies, Kiev, Ukraine.
| | - Myroslav Khonkiv
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National University of Food Technologies, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Kovshar
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National University of Food Technologies, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Viktor Stabnikov
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National University of Food Technologies, Kiev, Ukraine
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Chen H, Wang X, Yue Y, Wang X, Zeng X, Guo Q, Yan X, Du G, Yuan Y, Yue T. Enrichment and Distribution of Selenium in Pediococcus acidilactici MRS-7: Impact on Its Biochemical Composition, Microstructure, and Gastrointestinal Survival. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14877-14885. [PMID: 36382709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria can convert selenium (Se) from inorganic to organic and elemental forms, but the distribution and existence form of organic Se in the bacteria are not clear after Se enrichment, and the effects of selenization on the growth and nutritional value of strains also need to be studied. In this study, Pediococcus acidilactici MRS-7 could absorb up to 67% of inorganic Se and convert most of it into organic Se; about 75% of organic Se was selenoprotein, 2.7% was Se-polysaccharide, and 4.6% was Se-nucleic acid. Additionally, Se-enriched treatment increased the levels of amino acids and essential elements in P. acidilactici MRS-7. Finally, after Se enrichment, Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) were found on the surface of P. acidilactici MRS-7, but they had no harmful effect on its morphology, and its survival during gastrointestinal digestion was not affected, indicating that SeP has potential probiotic value in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling712100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling712100, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Xi'an Gaoxin No.1 High School, Xi'an710000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling712100, China
| | - Xuejun Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling712100, China
| | - Qi Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling712100, China
| | - Xiaohai Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling712100, China
| | - Gengan Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling712100, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling712100, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling712100, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an710000, China
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