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Li H, Jin X, Liu B, Zhang P, Chen W, Li Q. CircRNA CBL.11 suppresses cell proliferation by sponging miR-6778-5p in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:826. [PMID: 31438886 PMCID: PMC6704711 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (RT) is considered an important therapeutic strategy in the fight against colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the existence of some radioresistance factors becomes the main challenge for the RT. Recently, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have shown an important role in modulating cancer cell responses to ionizing radiation (IR). It is therefore of great significance to elucidate the exact mechanisms of ncRNAs in IR-mediated responses to CRC. METHODS Microarrays were used to identify specific miRNAs that may be altered in response to IR. Bioinformatics, luciferase reporter analyses were used to explore the targets of miR-6778-5p. CircRNA CBL.11 was identified to bind with miR-6778-5p by bioinformatic analysis, AGO2 immunoprecipitation and biotinylated RNA pull-down assay. Functional experiments, including CCK-8 assay, cell colony formation assay and EdU incorporation were conducted to investigate the biological roles of miR-6778-5p and circular RNA CBL.11. RESULTS MiR-6778-5p was suppressed in CRC cells after irradiation. Results of functional experiments indicated that miR-6778-5p promoted the proliferation of CRC cells. Luciferase reporter analyses showed that YWHAE was a target of miR-6778-5p, which mediated the function of miR-6778-5p in the proliferation of CRC cells via the p53 pathway. Furthermore, we have noticed that after carbon ion irradiation, circRNA CBL.11 was increased in CRC cells and could function as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to regulate YWHAE expression by sponging miR-6778-5p, resulting in regulation the proliferation of CRC cells. CONCLUSION CircRNA CBL.11 may play an important role in improving the efficacy of carbon ion RT against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bingtao Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Man X, Zhang X, Tang J, Chen Y, Li H, Xu B, Pan L. Downregulation of 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ in lesions of psoriasis vulgaris. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013; 38:390-5. [PMID: 23517412 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules expressed in all eukaryotic cells, which play essential roles in a wide range of vital regulatory processes, including differentiation, proliferation and transformation. In mammalian cells, seven 14-3-3 isoforms (β, γ, ε, η, θ/τ, σ and ζ) have been identified, and each of these seems to have distinct tissue localizations and isoform-specific functions. 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ are two important members of the 14-3-3 family. AIM To explore the role of 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ in normal skin and psoriasis vulgaris (PV) skin. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry and western blotting, we measured expression of 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ in 30 PV lesions and 15 normal skin samples. The average optical density (OD) of immunostaining and the relative grey scale of immunoblotting for 4-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ were analysed by the t-test. RESULTS The average OD of immunostaining for 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ was 0.17 ± 0.00 and 0.24 ± 0.01, respectively, in psoriatic lesions, which was significantly lower than in normal controls (0.22 ± 0.01 and 0.37 ± 0.02, respectively; P < 0.01 for both). There was also a significant difference in the relative grey scale of 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ (0.52 ± 0.03 and 1.44 ± 0.06, respectively) in psoriatic lesions compared with normal control tissue (3.32 ± 0.15 and 2.76 ± 0.11, respectively; P < 0.01 for both). CONCLUSIONS Expression of 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ were lower in psoriatic lesions than in normal human skin tissue. We speculate that 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ may be involved in the regulation of normal skin function, thus decreased expression of 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ might precipitate the disturbance in proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes seen in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Man
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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The molecular basis of wound healing processes induced by lithospermi radix: a proteomics and biochemical analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:508972. [PMID: 23024692 PMCID: PMC3457683 DOI: 10.1155/2012/508972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lithospermi Radix (LR) is an effective traditional Chinese herb in various types of wound healing; however, its mechanism of action remains unknown. A biochemical and proteomic platform was generated to explore the biological phenomena associated with LR and its active component shikonin. We found that both LR ethanol extracts and shikonin are able to promote cell proliferation by up to 25%. The results of proteomic analysis revealed that twenty-two differentially expressed proteins could be identified when fibroblast cells were treated with LR or shikonin. The functions of those proteins are associated with antioxidant activity, antiapoptosis activity, the regulation of cell mobility, the secretion of collagen, the removal of abnormal proteins, and the promotion of cell proliferation, indicating that the efficacy of LR in wound healing may be derived from a synergistic effect on a number of factors induced by the herbal medicine. Furthermore, an animal model confirmed that LR is able to accelerate wound healing on the flank back of the SD rats. Together these findings help to pinpoint the molecular basis of wound healing process induced by LR.
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Kim HK, Kim YK, Song IS, Lee SR, Jeong SH, Kim MH, Seo DY, Kim N, Rhee BD, Ko KS, Tark KC, Park CG, Cho JY, Han J. Human giant congenital melanocytic nevus exhibits potential proteomic alterations leading to melanotumorigenesis. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:50. [PMID: 22906024 PMCID: PMC3575290 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A giant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) is a malformation of the pigment cells. It is a distress to the patients for two reasons: one is disfigurement, and the other is the possibility of malignant changes. However, the underlying mechanisms of the development of GCMN and melanotumorigenesis in GCMN are unknown. Hence, the aim of this study was to identify the proteomic alterations and associated functional pathways in GCMN. Results Proteomic differences between GCMN (n = 3) and normal skin samples (n = 3) were analyzed by one-dimensional-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Relative levels of the selected proteins were validated using western blot analysis. The biological processes associated with the abundance modified proteins were analyzed using bioinformatic tools. Among the 46 abundance modified proteins, expression of 4 proteins was significantly downregulated and expression of 42 proteins was significantly upregulated in GCMN compared to normal skin samples (p < 0.05). More importantly, 31% of the upregulated proteins were implicated in various cancers, with five proteins being specifically related with melanoma. The abundance modified proteins in GCMN were involved in the biological processes of neurotrophin signaling, melanosome, and downregulated of MTA-3 in ER-negative breast tumors. In particular, an increase in the expression of the 14-3-3 protein family members appeared to be associated with key cellular biological functions in GCMN. Western blot analysis confirmed the upregulation of 14-3-3epsilon, 14-3-3 tau, and prohibitin in GCMN. Conclusion These findings suggest that GCMN exhibits potential proteomic alterations, which may play a role in melanotumorigenesis, and the significant alteration of 14-3-3 family proteins could be a key regulator of the biological pathway remodeling in GCMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yong Kyu Kim
- Apgujung YK Plastic Surgery Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Sung Song
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung-Ryul Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Jeong
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Min Hee Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyoung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kwan Chul Tark
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Gyoo Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
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Russo R, Zito F, Costa C, Bonaventura R, Matranga V. Transcriptional increase and misexpression of 14-3-3 epsilon in sea urchin embryos exposed to UV-B. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:993-1001. [PMID: 20607471 PMCID: PMC3024062 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the 14-3-3 protein family are involved in many important cellular events, including stress response, survival and apoptosis. Genes of the 14-3-3 family are conserved from plants to humans, and some members are responsive to UV radiation. Here, we report the isolation of the complete cDNA encoding the 14-3-3 epsilon isoform from Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos, referred to as Pl14-3-3ε, and the phylogenetic relationship with other homologues described in different phyla. Pl14-3-3ε mRNA levels were measured by QPCR during development and found to increase from the mesenchyme blastula to the prism stage. In response to UV-B (312 nm) exposure, early stage embryos collected 2 h later showed a 2.3-fold (at 400 J/m(2)) and a 2.7-fold (at 800 J/m(2)) increase in Pl14-3-3ε transcript levels compared with controls. The spatial expression of Pl14-3-3ε mRNA, detected by whole mount in situ hybridization in both control and UV-B exposed embryos, harvested at late developmental stages, showed transcripts to be located in the archenteron of gastrula stage and widely distributed in all germ layers, respectively. The Pl14-3-3ε mRNA delocalization parallels the failure in archenteron elongation observed morphologically, as well as the lack of specific endoderm markers, investigated by indirect immuno-fluorescence on whole mount embryos. Results confirm the involvement of 14-3-3ε in the stress response elicited by UV-B and demonstrate, for the first time, its contribution at the transcriptional level in the sea urchin embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Russo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, “Alberto Monroy”, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Zito
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, “Alberto Monroy”, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Costa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, “Alberto Monroy”, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Bonaventura
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, “Alberto Monroy”, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Matranga
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, “Alberto Monroy”, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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Raaby L, Otkjær K, Salvskov-Iversen ML, Johansen C, Iversen L. A Characterization of the expression of 14-3-3 isoforms in psoriasis, basal cell carcinoma, atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis. Dermatol Reports 2010; 2:e14. [PMID: 25386251 PMCID: PMC4211473 DOI: 10.4081/dr.2010.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
14-3-3 is a highly conserved protein involved in a number of cellular processes including cell signalling, cell cycle regulation and gene transcription. Seven isoforms of the protein have been identified; β, γ, ε, ζ η σ and τ. The expression profile of the various isoforms in skin diseases is unknown. To investigate the expression of the seven 14-3-3 isoforms in involved and uninvolved skin from psoriasis, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), atopic dermatitis and nickel induced allergic contact dermatitis. Punch biopsies from involved and uninvolved skin were analyzed with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to determine the mRNA expression of the 14-3-3 isoforms. The protein level of 14-3-3 isoforms was measured by Western blot technique in keratome biopsies from patients with psoriasis. Evaluation of dermal and epidermal protein expression was performed by immunofluorescence staining. Increased 14-3-3τ mRNA levels were detected in involved skin from patients with psoriasis, contact dermatitis and BCC. 14-3-3σ mRNA expression was increased in psoriasis and contact dermatitis, but not in BCC. In atopic dermatitis no significant difference between involved and uninvolved skin was found. The expression of the 14-3-3 isoforms was also studied at the protein level in psoriasis. Only 14-3-3τ expression was significantly increased in involved psoriatic skin compared with uninvolved skin. Immunofluorescence staining with 14-3-3τ- and 14-3-3σ-specific antibodies showed localization of both isoforms to the cytoplasm of the keratinocytes in the various skin sections. These results demonstrate a disease specific expression profile of the 14-3-3τ and 14-3-3σ iso-forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Raaby
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Otkjær
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Lee EK, Lee YS, Lee H, Choi CY, Park SH. 14-3-3epsilon protein increases matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene expression via p38 MAPK signaling in NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:453-561. [PMID: 19322035 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.7.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the 14-3-3 protein isoforms, 14-3-3epsilon, was previously shown to be increased during skin aging. We suggest here a possible role for the 14-3-3epsilon protein in skin aging by providing evidence that 14-3-3epsilon increases the expression of the matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 gene in NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. Expression of the 14-3-3epsilon gene in NIH3T3 cells primarily up-regulated the expression of the MMP-2 gene at the transcriptional level by inducing specific DNA binding proteins bound to an upstream region of the MMP-2 promoter from -1,629 to -1,612. Inhibition of endogenous 14-3-3epsilon gene expression by RNA interference also decreased endogenous MMP-2 gene expression. Furthermore, up-regulation of the MMP-2 gene by 14-3-3epsilon was suppressed by expression of a dominant-negative mutant of p38 MAP kinase. These findings strongly suggest that increased expression of 14-3-3epsilon contributes to remodeling of extracellular matrix in skin through increasing MMP-2 gene expression via p38 MAP kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyung Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Iovine B, Nino M, Irace C, Bevilacqua MA, Monfrecola G. Ultraviolet B and A irradiation induces fibromodulin expression in human fibroblasts in vitro. Biochimie 2008; 91:364-72. [PMID: 19041686 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation affects the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the human skin. The small leucine-rich repeat protein fibromodulin interacts with type I and II collagen fibrils, thereby affecting ECM assembly. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether short wave UV (UVB) or long wave UV (UVA) irradiation influences fibromodulin expression. Exponentially growing human fibroblasts (IMR-90 cells) were exposed to increasing doses of UVB (2.5-60 mJ/cm(2)) or UVA (0.5-10 J/cm(2)). After UV irradiation fibromodulin, p21 and GADD45 levels were evaluated as well as cell viability, reactive oxygen species formation (ROS) and DNA damage. We found that fibromodulin expression: (i) increased after UVB and UVA irradiation; (ii) was 10-fold higher after UVA (10 J/cm(2)) versus 5-fold with UVB (10 mJ/cm(2)); (iii) correlated with reactive oxygen species formation, particularly after UVA; and (iv) was linked to the DNA damage binding protein (DDB1) translocation in the nucleus, particularly after UVB. These results further suggest that the UV-induced fibromodulin increase could counteract the UV-induced connective tissue damage, promoting the assembly of new collagen fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Iovine
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Kilani RT, Medina A, Aitken A, Jalili RB, Carr M, Ghahary A. Identification of different isoforms of 14-3-3 protein family in human dermal and epidermal layers. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 314:161-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A comparative proteomic analysis of skin secretions of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and the wombat (Vombatus ursinus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2007; 2:322-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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