1
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Strope TA, Wilkins HM. The reciprocal relationship between amyloid precursor protein and mitochondrial function. J Neurochem 2024; 168:2275-2284. [PMID: 39022868 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP), secretase enzymes, and amyloid beta (Aβ) have been extensively studied in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite this, the function of these proteins and their metabolism is not understood. APP, secretase enzymes, and APP processing products (Aβ and C-terminal fragments) localize to endosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondrial/ER contact sites. Studies implicate significant relationships between APP, secretase enzyme function, APP metabolism, and mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key pathological hallmark of AD and is intricately linked to proteostasis. Here, we review studies examining potential functions of APP, secretase enzymes, and APP metabolites in the context of mitochondrial function and bioenergetics. We discuss implications and limitations of studies and highlight knowledge gaps that remain in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Strope
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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2
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Hadi F, Mortaja M, Hadi Z. Calcium (Ca 2+) hemostasis, mitochondria, autophagy, and mitophagy contribute to Alzheimer's disease as early moderators. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4085. [PMID: 38951992 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
This review rigorously investigates the early cerebral changes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which manifest long before clinical symptoms arise. It presents evidence that the dysregulation of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, along with mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant autophagic processes, may drive the disease's progression during its asymptomatic, preclinical stage. Understanding the intricate molecular interplay that unfolds during this critical period offers a window into identifying novel therapeutic targets, thereby advancing the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The review delves into both established and emerging insights into the molecular alterations precipitated by the disruption of Ca2+ balance, setting the stage for cognitive decline and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hadi
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mahsa Mortaja
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Zahra Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Wilkins HM. Interactions between amyloid, amyloid precursor protein, and mitochondria. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:173-182. [PMID: 36688439 PMCID: PMC9987971 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and Aβ accumulation are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Decades of research describe a relationship between mitochondrial function and Aβ production. Amyloid precursor protein (APP), of which Aβ is generated from, is found within mitochondria. Studies suggest Aβ can be generated in mitochondria and imported into mitochondria. APP and Aβ alter mitochondrial function, while mitochondrial function alters Aβ production from APP. The role these interactions contribute to AD pathology and progression are unknown. Here, we discuss prior research, the rigor of those studies, and the critical knowledge gaps of relationships between APP, Aβ, and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
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4
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Strope TA, Wilkins HM. Amyloid precursor protein and mitochondria. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 78:102651. [PMID: 36462447 PMCID: PMC9845182 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing to amyloid beta (Aβ) is a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The amyloid cascade hypothesis postulates that Aβ accumulation and aggregation causes AD, however many therapeutics targeting Aβ have failed recently. Decades of research describe metabolic deficits in AD. Mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in AD subjects within the brain and systemically. APP and γ-secretase are localized to mitochondria. APP can be processed within mitochondria and its localization to mitochondria affects function. Here we discuss the evidence showing APP and γ-secretase localize to mitochondria. We also discuss the implications for the function of APP and its cleavage products in regulating mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Strope
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. https://twitter.com/OneDayDrTay
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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5
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Zichan H, Linfei J, Jinliang W, Zhiqiang S, Yimei C, Shu L. MicroRNA-294 Regulates Apoptosis of the Porcine Cerebellum Caused by Selenium Deficiency via Targeting iNOS. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4593-4603. [PMID: 33439455 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of the essential trace element selenium (Se) can lead to cell apoptosis, and various microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to participate in the regulation of apoptosis by regulating their target genes. In this study, we explore the effect of Se deficiency on porcine cerebellar cell apoptosis and the role of miRNA in this process. After constructing a low-Se pig model, we observed the porcine cerebellum through an electron microscope and observed obvious characteristics of apoptosis. Moreover, it was found that the expression of miR-294 in Se-deficient pigs was significantly lower than that in the control group. Through bioinformatics, qRT-PCR, western blot analysis, and other experimental techniques, we further confirmed that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is one of the target genes of miR-294. Our experimental results show that Se deficiency can reduce the expression of miR-294 and increase both the expression of iNOS and the nitric oxide (NO) content (P < 0.01). The expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs, such as HSP70, HSP90, HSP60, HSP40, and HSP27) and mitochondrial pathway-related indicators, such as Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), cytochrome C (Cyt-C), and cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinases (caspase 3, caspase 7, and caspase 8), was upregulated (P < 0.05), and the expression of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was downregulated (P < 0.05). In summary, we believe that Se deficiency can lead to abnormal expression of miR-294 and HSPs; moreover, the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway is activated, which significantly enhances apoptosis of cerebellar cells in Se-deficient pigs. These results enrich the biological effects of Se deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zichan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Linfei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Jinliang
- Shandong Binzhou Anim Sci & Vet Med Acad, Binzhou, 256600, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Zhiqiang
- Shandong Binzhou Anim Sci & Vet Med Acad, Binzhou, 256600, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Yimei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Number 600, Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Shu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Number 600, Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Uddin MS, Stachowiak A, Mamun AA, Tzvetkov NT, Takeda S, Atanasov AG, Bergantin LB, Abdel-Daim MM, Stankiewicz AM. Autophagy and Alzheimer's Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:04. [PMID: 29441009 PMCID: PMC5797541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of progressive dementia in the elderly. It is characterized by a progressive and irreversible loss of cognitive abilities and formation of senile plaques, composed mainly of amyloid β (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of tau protein, in the hippocampus and cortex of afflicted humans. In brains of AD patients the metabolism of Aβ is dysregulated, which leads to the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ. Metabolism of Aβ and tau proteins is crucially influenced by autophagy. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent, homeostatic process, in which organelles and proteins are degraded and recycled into energy. Thus, dysfunction of autophagy is suggested to lead to the accretion of noxious proteins in the AD brain. In the present review, we describe the process of autophagy and its importance in AD. Additionally, we discuss mechanisms and genes linking autophagy and AD, i.e., the mTOR pathway, neuroinflammation, endocannabinoid system, ATG7, BCL2, BECN1, CDK5, CLU, CTSD, FOXO1, GFAP, ITPR1, MAPT, PSEN1, SNCA, UBQLN1, and UCHL1. We also present pharmacological agents acting via modulation of autophagy that may show promise in AD therapy. This review updates our knowledge on autophagy mechanisms proposing novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anna Stachowiak
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | | | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shinya Takeda
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori, Japan
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland.,Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leandro B Bergantin
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-technology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
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7
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Park J, Kim B, Chae U, Lee DG, Kam MK, Lee SR, Lee S, Lee HS, Park JW, Lee DS. Peroxiredoxin 5 Decreases Beta-Amyloid-Mediated Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Activation Through Regulation of Ca 2+-Mediated Calpain Activation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:715-726. [PMID: 28358580 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Aberrant Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5) and oxidative stress are crucial components of diverse neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously reported that a change in peroxiredoxin (Prx) expression is associated with protection from neuronal death. The aim of the current study was to analyze the role of Prx in regulating Cdk5 activation in AD. RESULTS We found that of the six Prx subtypes, Prx5 was increased the most in cellular (N2a-APPswe cells) model of AD. Prx5 in the brain of APP (amyloid precursor protein) transgenic mouse (Tg2576) was more increased than a nontransgenic mouse. We evaluated Prx5 function by using overexpression (Prx5-WT), a mutation in the catalytic residue (Prx5-C48S), and knockdown. Increased neuronal death and Cdk5 activation by amyloid beta oligomer (AβO) were rescued by Prx5-WT expression, but not by Prx5-C48S or Prx5 knockdown. Prx5 plays a role in Cdk5 regulation by inhibiting the conversion of p35 to p25, which is increased by AβO accumulation. Prx5 is also upregulated in both the cytosol and mitochondria and it protects cells from AβO-mediated oxidative stress by eliminating intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Moreover, Prx5 regulates Ca2+ and Ca2+-mediated calpain activation, which are key regulators of p35 cleavage to p25. Innovation and Conclusion: Our study represents the first demonstration that Prx5 induction is a key factor in the suppression of Cdk5-related neuronal death in AD and we show that it functions via regulation of Ca2+-mediated calpain activation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 715-726.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyung Park
- 1 School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,2 College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Kim
- 1 School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,2 College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Unbin Chae
- 1 School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,2 College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gil Lee
- 1 School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,2 College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kam
- 1 School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,2 College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- 3 National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- 4 Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- 1 School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,2 College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeen-Woo Park
- 1 School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,2 College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- 1 School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,2 College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
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8
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Lopez Sanchez MIG, Waugh HS, Tsatsanis A, Wong BX, Crowston JG, Duce JA, Trounce IA. Amyloid precursor protein drives down-regulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation independent of amyloid beta. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9835. [PMID: 28852095 PMCID: PMC5574989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its extracellular domain, soluble APP alpha (sAPPα) play important physiological and neuroprotective roles. However, rare forms of familial Alzheimer’s disease are associated with mutations in APP that increase toxic amyloidogenic cleavage of APP and produce amyloid beta (Aβ) at the expense of sAPPα and other non-amyloidogenic fragments. Although mitochondrial dysfunction has become an established hallmark of neurotoxicity, the link between Aβ and mitochondrial function is unclear. In this study we investigated the effects of increased levels of neuronal APP or Aβ on mitochondrial metabolism and gene expression, in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Increased non-amyloidogenic processing of APP, but not Aβ, profoundly decreased respiration and enhanced glycolysis, while mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcripts were decreased, without detrimental effects to cell growth. These effects cannot be ascribed to Aβ toxicity, since higher levels of endogenous Aβ in our models do not cause oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) perturbations. Similarly, chemical inhibition of β-secretase decreased mitochondrial respiration, suggesting that non-amyloidogenic processing of APP may be responsible for mitochondrial changes. Our results have two important implications, the need for caution in the interpretation of mitochondrial perturbations in models where APP is overexpressed, and a potential role of sAPPα or other non-amyloid APP fragments as acute modulators of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel G Lopez Sanchez
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley S Waugh
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Tsatsanis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce X Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.,Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Duce
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.,Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian A Trounce
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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9
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Chattopadhyay S, Mukherjee A, Patra U, Bhowmick R, Basak T, Sengupta S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Tyrosine phosphorylation modulates mitochondrial chaperonin Hsp60 and delays rotavirus NSP4-mediated apoptotic signaling in host cells. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27665089 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoproteomics-based platforms have been widely used to identify post translational dynamics of cellular proteins in response to viral infection. The present study was undertaken to assess differential tyrosine phosphorylation during early hours of rotavirus (RV) SA11 infection. Heat shock proteins (Hsp60) were found to be enriched in the data set of RV-SA11 induced differentially tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins at 2 hr post infection (hpi). Hsp60 was further found to be phosphorylated by an activated form of Src kinase on 227th tyrosine residue, and tyrosine phosphorylation of mitochondrial chaperonin Hsp60 correlated with its proteasomal degradation at 2-2.5hpi. Interestingly, mitochondrial Hsp60 positively influenced translocation of the rotaviral nonstructural protein 4 to mitochondria during RV infections. Phosphorylation and subsequent transient degradation of mitochondrial Hsp60 during early hours of RV-SA11 infection resulted in inhibition of premature import of nonstructural protein 4 into mitochondria, thereby delaying early apoptosis. Overall, the study highlighted one of the many strategies rotavirus undertakes to prevent early apoptosis and subsequent reduced viral progeny yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road SchemeP- XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Arpita Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road SchemeP- XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Upayan Patra
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road SchemeP- XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Rahul Bhowmick
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road SchemeP- XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Trayambak Basak
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road SchemeP- XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
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10
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Deng J, Yang M, Chen Y, Chen X, Liu J, Sun S, Cheng H, Li Y, Bigio EH, Mesulam M, Xu Q, Du S, Fushimi K, Zhu L, Wu JY. FUS Interacts with HSP60 to Promote Mitochondrial Damage. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005357. [PMID: 26335776 PMCID: PMC4559378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FUS-proteinopathies, a group of heterogeneous disorders including ALS-FUS and FTLD-FUS, are characterized by the formation of inclusion bodies containing the nuclear protein FUS in the affected patients. However, the underlying molecular and cellular defects remain unclear. Here we provide evidence for mitochondrial localization of FUS and its induction of mitochondrial damage. Remarkably, FTLD-FUS brain samples show increased FUS expression and mitochondrial defects. Biochemical and genetic data demonstrate that FUS interacts with a mitochondrial chaperonin, HSP60, and that FUS translocation to mitochondria is, at least in part, mediated by HSP60. Down-regulating HSP60 reduces mitochondrially localized FUS and partially rescues mitochondrial defects and neurodegenerative phenotypes caused by FUS expression in transgenic flies. This is the first report of direct mitochondrial targeting by a nuclear protein associated with neurodegeneration, suggesting that mitochondrial impairment may represent a critical event in different forms of FUS-proteinopathies and a common pathological feature for both ALS-FUS and FTLD-FUS. Our study offers a potential explanation for the highly heterogeneous nature and complex genetic presentation of different forms of FUS-proteinopathies. Our data also suggest that mitochondrial damage may be a target in future development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools for FUS-proteinopathies, a group of devastating neurodegenerative diseases. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are two groups of common and devastating neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by losses of selected groups of neurons. Mutations in the FUS gene have been associated with ALS, whereas inclusion bodies containing the FUS protein have been discovered in both ALS and FTLD patients. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of FUS in these diseases remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that wild-type or ALS-associated mutant FUS can interact with mitochondrial chaperonin HSP60 and that HSP60 mediates FUS localization to mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial damage. Mitochondrial impairment may be an early event in FUS proteinopathies and represent a potential therapeutic target for treating these fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jianghong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shufeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haipeng Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Eileen H. Bigio
- Department of Pathology & Neurology, The Cognitive Neurology& Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marsel Mesulam
- Department of Pathology & Neurology, The Cognitive Neurology& Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Qi Xu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sidan Du
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kazuo Fushimi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (JYW)
| | - Jane Y. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LZ); (JYW)
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11
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Glucose regulates amyloid β production via AMPK. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1381-90. [PMID: 26071020 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Accumulation of Aβ peptides in the brain has been suggested as the cause of AD (amyloid cascade hypothesis); however, the mechanism for the abnormal accumulation of Aβ in the brains of AD patients remains unclear. A plethora of evidence has emerged to support a link between metabolic disorders and AD. This study was designed to examine the relationship between energy status and Aβ production. Neuro 2a neuroblastoma cells overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein 695 (APP cells) were cultured in media containing different concentrations of glucose and agonist or antagonist of AMP-activated-protein-kinase (AMPK), a metabolic master sensor. The results showed that concentrations of glucose in the culture media were negatively associated with the activation statuses of AMPK in APP cells, but positively correlated with the levels of secreted Aβ. Modulating AMPK activities affected the production of Aβ. If APP cells were cultured in high glucose medium (i.e., AMPK was inactive), stimulation of AMPK activity decreased the production levels of Aβ. On the contrary, if APP cells were incubated in medium containing no glucose (i.e., AMPK was activated), inhibition of AMPK activity largely increased Aβ production. As AMPK activation is a common defect in metabolic abnormalities, our study supports the premise that metabolic disorders may aggravate AD pathogenesis.
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Park J, Choi H, Min JS, Kim B, Lee SR, Yun JW, Choi MS, Chang KT, Lee DS. Loss of mitofusin 2 links beta-amyloid-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and Cdk5-induced oxidative stress in neuron cells. J Neurochem 2015; 132:687-702. [PMID: 25359615 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in age-related degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics is essential for regulating mitochondrial function. Aβ oligomers (AβOs), the typical cause of AD, lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal loss. AβOs have been shown to induce mitochondrial fragmentation, and their inhibition suppresses mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death. Oxidative stress is one of the earliest hallmarks of AD. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) may cause oxidative stress by disrupting the antioxidant system, including Prx2. Cdk5 is also regarded as a modulator of mitochondrial fission; however, a precise mechanistic link between Cdk5 and mitochondrial dynamics is lacking. We estimated mitochondrial morphology and alterations in mitochondrial morphology-related proteins in Neuro-2a (N2a) cells stably expressing the Swedish mutation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is known to increase AβO production. We demonstrated that mitochondrial fragmentation by AβOs accompanies reduced mitofusin 1 and 2 (Mfn1/2) levels. Interestingly, the Cdk5 pathway, including phosphorylation of the Prx2-related oxidative stress, has been shown to regulate Mfn1 and Mfn2 levels. Furthermore, Mfn2, but not Mfn1, over-expression significantly inhibits the AβO-mediated cell death pathway. Therefore, these results indicate that AβO-mediated oxidative stress triggers mitochondrial fragmentation via decreased Mfn2 expression by activating Cdk5-induced Prx2 phosphorylation. Mitochondrial fragmentation induced by amyloid-beta oligomer (AβOs) which is generated from the Swedish mutation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) accompanies reduced Mfn1/2 levels. Interestingly, the Cdk5 pathway, including phosphorylation of the Prx2-related oxidative stress, has been shown to regulate Mfn1/2. Furthermore, Mfn2 over-expression significantly inhibits the AβO-mediated neuronal cells death pathway, but not Mfn1 over-expression. Therefore, these results indicate that AβO-mediated oxidative stress triggers mitochondrial fragmentation via decreased Mfn2 expression by activating Cdk5-induced Prx2 phosphorylation. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Cdk5, Cyclin-dependent kinase; Cyt C, cytochrome C; Mfn2, mitofusin 2; Prx2, peroxiredoxin 2; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyung Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Bartley MG, Marquardt K, Kirchhof D, Wilkins HM, Patterson D, Linseman DA. Overexpression of amyloid-β protein precursor induces mitochondrial oxidative stress and activates the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:855-68. [PMID: 22133762 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant processing of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) into amyloid-β (Aβ) fragments underlies the formation of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, Aβ fragments, particularly Aβ(42), exert direct toxic effects within neurons including the induction of mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS). Interestingly, individuals with Down syndrome (DS) frequently develop early onset AD as a major co-morbid phenotype. One hypothesis for AD associated with DS involves the overexpression of wild type (WT) AβPP protein, due to its location on chromosome 21. However, the mechanism by which the overexpression of WT AβPP might trigger MOS and induce cell death is presently unclear. Here we show that transient overexpression of DsRed2-tagged AβPP (WT) in CHO cells induces caspase-3 activation and nuclear fragmentation indicative of apoptosis. AβPP localizes to the mitochondrial fraction of transfected CHO cells and induces glutathione-sensitive opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and cytochrome c release. MOS and intrinsic apoptosis induced by AβPP are significantly inhibited by co-expression of Bcl-2 or treatment with either glutathione or a pan-caspase inhibitor. The mPTP inhibitor, cyclosporin A, also significantly attenuates AβPP-induced apoptosis. AβPP-induced apoptosis is unaffected by a β-secretase inhibitor and is independent of detectable Aβ(42); however, a γ-secretase inhibitor significantly protects against AβPP overexpression, suggesting a possible role of the AβPP intracellular domain in cell death. These data indicate that overexpression of WT AβPP is sufficient to induce MOS and intrinsic apoptosis, suggesting a novel pro-oxidant role for AβPP at mitochondria which may be relevant in AD and DS disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Bartley
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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Walls KC, Coskun P, Gallegos-Perez JL, Zadourian N, Freude K, Rasool S, Blurton-Jones M, Green KN, LaFerla FM. Swedish Alzheimer mutation induces mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by HSP60 mislocalization of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta-amyloid. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30317-27. [PMID: 22753410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.365890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a complex disorder that involves numerous cellular and subcellular alterations including impairments in mitochondrial homeostasis. To better understand the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD, we analyzed brains from clinically well-characterized human subjects and from the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD. We find Aβ and critical components of the γ-secretase complex, presenilin-1, -2, and nicastrin, accumulate in the mitochondria. We used a proteomics approach to identify binding partners and show that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), a molecular chaperone localized to mitochondria and the plasma membrane, specifically associates with APP. We next generated stable neural cell lines expressing human wild-type or Swedish APP, and provide corroborating in vitro evidence that HSP60 mediates translocation of APP to the mitochondria. Viral-mediated shRNA knockdown of HSP60 attenuates APP and Aβ mislocalization to the mitochondria. Our findings identify a novel interaction between APP and HSP60, which accounts for its translocation to the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Carlson Walls
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA.
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Santos RX, Correia SC, Zhu X, Lee HG, Petersen RB, Nunomura A, Smith MA, Perry G, Moreira PI. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA oxidation in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:565-76. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.648188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Santos RX, Correia SC, Wang X, Perry G, Smith MA, Moreira PI, Zhu X. A synergistic dysfunction of mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics and mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20 Suppl 2:S401-12. [PMID: 20463393 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly, can have a late-onset sporadic or an early-onset familial origin. In both cases, the neuropathological hallmarks are the same: senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Despite AD having a proteinopathic nature, there is strong evidence for an organelle dysfunction-related neuropathology, namely dysfunctional mitochondria. In this regard, dysfunctional mitochondria and associated exacerbated generation of reactive oxygen species are among the earliest events in the progression of the disease. Since the maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial pool is essential given the central role of this organelle in several determinant cellular processes, mitochondrial dysfunction in AD would be predicted to have profound pluripotent deleterious consequences. Mechanistically, recent reports suggest that mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitophagy are altered in AD and in in vitro models of disease, and since both processes are reported to be protective, this review will discuss the role of mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato X Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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