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Boguszewska K, Szewczuk M, Kaźmierczak-Barańska J, Karwowski BT. The Similarities between Human Mitochondria and Bacteria in the Context of Structure, Genome, and Base Excision Repair System. Molecules 2020; 25:E2857. [PMID: 32575813 PMCID: PMC7356350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria emerged from bacterial ancestors during endosymbiosis and are crucial for cellular processes such as energy production and homeostasis, stress responses, cell survival, and more. They are the site of aerobic respiration and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in eukaryotes. However, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is also the source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are both important and dangerous for the cell. Human mitochondria contain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and its integrity may be endangered by the action of ROS. Fortunately, human mitochondria have repair mechanisms that allow protecting mtDNA and repairing lesions that may contribute to the occurrence of mutations. Mutagenesis of the mitochondrial genome may manifest in the form of pathological states such as mitochondrial, neurodegenerative, and/or cardiovascular diseases, premature aging, and cancer. The review describes the mitochondrial structure, genome, and the main mitochondrial repair mechanism (base excision repair (BER)) of oxidative lesions in the context of common features between human mitochondria and bacteria. The authors present a holistic view of the similarities of mitochondria and bacteria to show that bacteria may be an interesting experimental model for studying mitochondrial diseases, especially those where the mechanism of DNA repair is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bolesław T. Karwowski
- DNA Damage Laboratory of Food Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (K.B.); (M.S.); (J.K.-B.)
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Peter B, Falkenberg M. TWINKLE and Other Human Mitochondrial DNA Helicases: Structure, Function and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040408. [PMID: 32283748 PMCID: PMC7231222 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondria contain a circular genome (mtDNA) which encodes subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery. The replication and maintenance of mtDNA is carried out by a set of nuclear-encoded factors—of which, helicases form an important group. The TWINKLE helicase is the main helicase in mitochondria and is the only helicase required for mtDNA replication. Mutations in TWINKLE cause a number of human disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration and premature ageing. In addition, a number of other helicases with a putative role in mitochondria have been identified. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of TWINKLE structure and function and its role in diseases of mtDNA maintenance. We also briefly discuss other potential mitochondrial helicases and postulate on their role(s) in mitochondria.
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Bannwarth S, Berg-Alonso L, Augé G, Fragaki K, Kolesar JE, Lespinasse F, Lacas-Gervais S, Burel-Vandenbos F, Villa E, Belmonte F, Michiels JF, Ricci JE, Gherardi R, Harrington L, Kaufman BA, Paquis-Flucklinger V. Inactivation of Pif1 helicase causes a mitochondrial myopathy in mice. Mitochondrion 2016; 30:126-37. [PMID: 26923168 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in genes coding for mitochondrial helicases such as TWINKLE and DNA2 are involved in mitochondrial myopathies with mtDNA instability in both human and mouse. We show that inactivation of Pif1, a third member of the mitochondrial helicase family, causes a similar phenotype in mouse. pif1-/- animals develop a mitochondrial myopathy with respiratory chain deficiency. Pif1 inactivation is responsible for a deficiency to repair oxidative stress-induced mtDNA damage in mouse embryonic fibroblasts that is improved by complementation with mitochondrial isoform mPif1(67). These results open new perspectives for the exploration of patients with mtDNA instability disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Bannwarth
- IRCAN, CNRS UMR 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France; Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Archet 2, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | | | - Gaëlle Augé
- IRCAN, CNRS UMR 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France; Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Archet 2, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Konstantina Fragaki
- IRCAN, CNRS UMR 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France; Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Archet 2, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Jill E Kolesar
- Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Sandra Lacas-Gervais
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Elodie Villa
- INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), équipe "contrôle métabolique des morts cellulaires", Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, France
| | - Frances Belmonte
- Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), équipe "contrôle métabolique des morts cellulaires", Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, France
| | | | - Lea Harrington
- Université de Montréal, Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie, 2950 chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Brett A Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Véronique Paquis-Flucklinger
- IRCAN, CNRS UMR 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France; Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Archet 2, CHU de Nice, Nice, France.
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Wang JT, Xu X, Alontaga AY, Chen Y, Liu Y. Impaired p32 regulation caused by the lymphoma-prone RECQ4 mutation drives mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell Rep 2014; 7:848-58. [PMID: 24746816 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes proteins that are important for ATP biogenesis. Therefore, changes in mtDNA copy number will have profound consequences on cell survival and proliferation. RECQ4 DNA helicase participates in both nuclear DNA and mtDNA synthesis. However, the mechanism that balances the distribution of RECQ4 in the nucleus and mitochondria is unknown. Here, we show that RECQ4 forms protein complexes with Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A), nucleophosmin (NPM), and mitochondrial p32 in different cellular compartments. Critically, the interaction with p32 negatively controls the transport of both RECQ4 and its chromatin-associated replication factor, MCM10, from the nucleus to mitochondria. Amino acids that are deleted in the most common cancer-associated RECQ4 mutation are required for the interaction with p32. Hence, this RECQ4 mutant, which is no longer regulated by p32 and is enriched in the mitochondria, interacts with the mitochondrial replication helicase PEO1 and induces abnormally high levels of mtDNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiin-Tarng Wang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Aileen Y Alontaga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
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Mechanism of homologous recombination and implications for aging-related deletions in mitochondrial DNA. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2014; 77:476-96. [PMID: 24006472 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination is a universal process, conserved from bacteriophage to human, which is important for the repair of double-strand DNA breaks. Recombination in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was documented more than 4 decades ago, but the underlying molecular mechanism has remained elusive. Recent studies have revealed the presence of a Rad52-type recombination system of bacteriophage origin in mitochondria, which operates by a single-strand annealing mechanism independent of the canonical RecA/Rad51-type recombinases. Increasing evidence supports the notion that, like in bacteriophages, mtDNA inheritance is a coordinated interplay between recombination, repair, and replication. These findings could have profound implications for understanding the mechanism of mtDNA inheritance and the generation of mtDNA deletions in aging cells.
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Wu Y, Brosh RM. Helicase-inactivating mutations as a basis for dominant negative phenotypes. Cell Cycle 2011; 9:4080-90. [PMID: 20980836 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.20.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence from studies of both unicellular and multicellular organisms that helicase-inactivating mutations lead to cellular dysfunction and disease phenotypes. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the basis for abnormal phenotypes linked to mutations in genes encoding DNA helicases. Recent evidence demonstrates that a clinically relevant patient missense mutation in Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group J exerts detrimental effects on the biochemical activities of the FANCJ helicase, and these molecular defects are responsible for aberrant genomic stability and a poor DNA damage response. The ability of FANCJ to use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to produce the force required to unwind duplex or G-quadruplex DNA structures or destabilize protein bound to DNA is required for its DNA repair functions in vivo. Strikingly, helicase-inactivating mutations can exert a spectrum of dominant negative phenotypes, indicating that expression of the mutant helicase protein potentially interferes with normal DNA metabolism and has an effect on basic cellular processes such as DNA replication, the DNA damage response and protein trafficking. This review emphasizes that future studies of clinically relevant mutations in helicase genes will be important to understand the molecular pathologies of the associated diseases and their impact on heterozygote carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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