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Wang Q, Luo H, Zhuang J, Li X, Huang D, Hu Z, Zhang G. Chemical synthesis of left arm of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mitochondrial genome and in vivo functional analysis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1064497. [PMID: 36620060 PMCID: PMC9813849 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1064497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a photosynthetic eukaryote showing great industrial potential. The synthesis and in vivo function of the artificial C. reinhardtii genome not only promotes the development of synthetic biology technology but also supports industries that utilize this algae. Mitochondrial genome (MtG) is the smallest and simplest genome of C. reinhardtii that suits synthetic exploration. In this article, we designed and assembled a synthetic mitochondria left arm (syn-LA) genome sharing >92% similarity to the original mitochondria genome (OMtG) left arm, transferred it into the respiratory defect strain cc-2654, screened syn-LA containing transformants from recovered dark-growth defects using PCR amplification, verified internal function of syn-LA via western blot, detected heteroplasmic ratio of syn-LA, tried promoting syn-LA into homoplasmic status with paromomycin stress, and discussed the main limitations and potential solutions for this area of research. This research supports the functionalization of a synthetic mitochondrial genome in living cells. Although further research is needed, this article nevertheless provides valuable guidance for the synthesis of eukaryotic organelle genomes and opens possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haolin Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jieyi Zhuang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danqiong Huang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China,Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiying Zhang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Guiying Zhang,
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Consequences of zygote injection and germline transfer of mutant human mitochondrial DNA in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5689-98. [PMID: 26438859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506129112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence supports mutations in mitochondrial genes as the cause of maternally inherited diseases affecting tissues that rely primarily on oxidative energy metabolism, usually the nervous system, the heart, and skeletal muscles. Mitochondrial diseases are diverse, and animal models currently are limited. Here we introduced a mutant human mitochondrial gene responsible for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) into the mouse germ line using fluorescence imaging for tissue-specific enrichment in the target retinal ganglion cells. A mitochondria-targeted adeno-associated virus (MTS-AAV) containing the mutant human NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 4 (ND4) gene followed by mitochondrial-encoded mCherry was microinjected into zygotes. Female founders with mCherry fluorescence on ophthalmoscopy were backcrossed with normal males for eight generations. Mutant human ND4 DNA was 20% of mouse ND4 and did not integrate into the host genome. Translated human ND4 protein assembled into host respiratory complexes, decreasing respiratory chain function and increasing oxidative stress. Swelling of the optic nerve head was followed by progressive demise of ganglion cells and their axons, the hallmarks of human LHON. Early visual loss that began at 3 mo and progressed to blindness 8 mo after birth was reversed by intraocular injection of MTS-AAV expressing wild-type human ND4. The technology of introducing human mitochondrial genes into the mouse germ line has never been described, to our knowledge, and has implications not only for creating animal models recapitulating the counterpart human disorder but more importantly for reversing the adverse effects of the mutant gene using gene therapy to deliver the wild-type allele.
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Zorov DB, Plotnikov EY, Silachev DN, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Zorov SD, Babenko VA, Jankauskas SS, Popkov VA, Savina PS. Microbiota and mitobiota. Putting an equal sign between mitochondria and bacteria. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1017-31. [PMID: 25519061 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent revival of old theories and setting them on modern scientific rails to a large extent are also relevant to mitochondrial science. Given the widespread belief that mitochondria are symbionts of ancient bacterial origin, the processes inherent to mitochondrial physiology can be revised based on their comparative analysis with possible involvement of bacteria. Such comparison combined with discussion of the role of microbiota in pathogenesis allows discussion of the role of "mitobiota" (we introduce this term) as the combination of different phenotypic manifestations of mitochondria in the organism reflecting pathological changes in the mitochondrial genome. When putting an equal sign between mitochondria and bacteria, we find similarity between the mitochondrial and bacterial theories of cancer. The presence of the term "bacterial infection" suggests "mitochondrial infection", and mitochondrial (oxidative) theory of aging can in some way be transformed into a "bacterial theory of aging". The possible existence of such processes and the data confirming their presence are discussed in this review. If such a comparison has the right to exist, the homeostasis of "mitobiota" is of not lesser physiological importance than homeostasis of microbiota, which has been so intensively discussed recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Zorov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Nuclear expression of mitochondrial ND4 leads to the protein assembling in complex I and prevents optic atrophy and visual loss. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 2:15003. [PMID: 26029714 PMCID: PMC4444999 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is due to mitochondrial DNA mutations; in ~70% of all cases, a point mutation in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4, ND4, gene leads to central vision loss. We optimized allotopic expression (nuclear transcription of a gene that is normally transcribed inside the mitochondria) aimed at designing a gene therapy for ND4; its coding sequence was associated with the cis-acting elements of the human COX10 mRNA to allow the efficient mitochondrial delivery of the protein. After ocular administration to adult rats of a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector containing the human ND4 gene, we demonstrated that: (i) the sustained expression of human ND4 did not lead to harmful effects, instead the human protein is efficiently imported inside the mitochondria and assembled in respiratory chain complex I; (ii) the presence of the human protein in the experimental model of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy significantly prevents retinal ganglion cell degeneration and preserves both complex I function in optic nerves and visual function. Hence, the use of optimized allotopic expression is relevant for treating mitochondrial disorders due to mutations in the organelle genome.
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Wilson WC, Hornig-Do HT, Bruni F, Chang JH, Jourdain AA, Martinou JC, Falkenberg M, Spåhr H, Larsson NG, Lewis RJ, Hewitt L, Baslé A, Cross HE, Tong L, Lebel RR, Crosby AH, Chrzanowska-Lightowlers ZMA, Lightowlers RN. A human mitochondrial poly(A) polymerase mutation reveals the complexities of post-transcriptional mitochondrial gene expression. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6345-55. [PMID: 25008111 PMCID: PMC4222368 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The p.N478D missense mutation in human mitochondrial poly(A) polymerase (mtPAP) has previously been implicated in a form of spastic ataxia with optic atrophy. In this study, we have investigated fibroblast cell lines established from family members. The homozygous mutation resulted in the loss of polyadenylation of all mitochondrial transcripts assessed; however, oligoadenylation was retained. Interestingly, this had differential effects on transcript stability that were dependent on the particular species of transcript. These changes were accompanied by a severe loss of oxidative phosphorylation complexes I and IV, and perturbation of de novo mitochondrial protein synthesis. Decreases in transcript polyadenylation and in respiratory chain complexes were effectively rescued by overexpression of wild-type mtPAP. Both mutated and wild-type mtPAP localized to the mitochondrial RNA-processing granules thereby eliminating mislocalization as a cause of defective polyadenylation. In vitro polyadenylation assays revealed severely compromised activity by the mutated protein, which generated only short oligo(A) extensions on RNA substrates, irrespective of RNA secondary structure. The addition of LRPPRC/SLIRP, a mitochondrial RNA-binding complex, enhanced activity of the wild-type mtPAP resulting in increased overall tail length. The LRPPRC/SLIRP effect although present was less marked with mutated mtPAP, independent of RNA secondary structure. We conclude that (i) the polymerase activity of mtPAP can be modulated by the presence of LRPPRC/SLIRP, (ii) N478D mtPAP mutation decreases polymerase activity and (iii) the alteration in poly(A) length is sufficient to cause dysregulation of post-transcriptional expression and the pathogenic lack of respiratory chain complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Wilson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health
| | - Hue-Tran Hornig-Do
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health
| | - Francesco Bruni
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health
| | - Jeong Ho Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alexis A Jourdain
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Claude Martinou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Maria Falkenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Göteborg, Box 440, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Spåhr
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Gleueler Strasse 50a, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nils-Göran Larsson
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Gleueler Strasse 50a, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Arnaud Baslé
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and
| | - Harold E Cross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85711, USA
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Robert R Lebel
- Center for Behavior, Development, and Genetics, Medical Genetics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA and
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- Molecular Genetics, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Zofia M A Chrzanowska-Lightowlers
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK,
| | - Robert N Lightowlers
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK,
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Lightowlers RN, Rozanska A, Chrzanowska-Lightowlers ZM. Mitochondrial protein synthesis: figuring the fundamentals, complexities and complications, of mammalian mitochondrial translation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2496-503. [PMID: 24911204 PMCID: PMC4099522 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial protein synthesis is essential for all mammals, being responsible for providing key components of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Although only thirteen different polypeptides are made, the molecular details of this deceptively simple process remain incomplete. Central to this process is a non-canonical ribosome, the mitoribosome, which has evolved to address its unique mandate. In this review, we integrate the current understanding of the molecular aspects of mitochondrial translation with recent advances in structural biology. We identify numerous key questions that we will need to answer if we are to increase our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Lightowlers
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Agata Rozanska
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Zofia M Chrzanowska-Lightowlers
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Sarmento DJDS, de Almeida WL, Miguel MCDC, Queiroz LMG, Godoy GP, da Cruz MCFN, da Silveira EJD. Immunohistochemical analysis of mismatch proteins in carcinogenesis of the lower lip. Histopathology 2013; 63:371-7. [PMID: 23865379 DOI: 10.1111/his.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the immunohistochemical expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins in lower lip squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and actinic cheilitis (AC), to contribute to the understanding of the development of lower lip cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty cases of lower lip AC and SCC were studied. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis was undertaken by counting 1000 cells (positive and negative) in each lesion. Statistical evaluation included Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA. For SCC and AC, the mean number of hMLH1- and hMSH2-positive cells decreased with advanced stage of the lesion. The largest mean number of immunostained cells was observed in AC cases without dysplasia or with mild dysplasia (hMLH1: 721.23 ± 88.116; hMHS2: 781.50 ± 156.93). Intermediate values were obtained for AC with moderate or severe dysplasia (hMLH1: 532.86 ± 197.72; hMHS2: 611.14 ± 172.48). Lower lip SSCs presented the smallest number of positive cells (hMLH1: 255.03 ± 199.47; hMHS2: 518.38 ± 265.68). A statistically significant difference was observed between groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that changes in the immunoexpression of these mismatch proteins are related to the process of carcinogenesis of the lower lip.
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Mitochondrial disorders: aetiologies, models systems, and candidate therapies. Trends Genet 2013; 29:488-97. [PMID: 23756086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has become evident that many human disorders are characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction either at a primary level, due to mutations in genes whose encoded products are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, or at a secondary level, due to the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. This has prompted keen interest in the development of cell and animal models and in exploring innovative therapeutic strategies to modulate the mitochondrial deficiencies observed in these diseases. Key advances in these areas are outlined in this review, with a focus on Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). This exciting field is set to grow exponentially and yield many candidate therapies to treat this class of disease.
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Zamzami MA, Duley JA, Price GR, Venter DJ, Yarham JW, Taylor RW, Catley LP, Florin THJ, Marinaki AM, Bowling F. Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (ITPA) polymorphic sequence variants in adult hematological malignancy patients and possible association with mitochondrial DNA defects. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:24. [PMID: 23547827 PMCID: PMC3765497 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (ITPase) is a ‘house-cleaning’ enzyme that degrades non-canonical (‘rogue’) nucleotides. Complete deficiency is fatal in knockout mice, but a mutant polymorphism resulting in low enzyme activity with an accumulation of ITP and other non-canonical nucleotides, appears benign in humans. We hypothesised that reduced ITPase activity may cause acquired mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defects. Furthermore, we investigated whether accumulating mtDNA defects may then be a risk factor for cell transformation, in adult haematological malignancy (AHM). Methods DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and bone marrow samples. Microarray-based sequencing of mtDNA was performed on 13 AHM patients confirmed as carrying the ITPA 94C>A mutation causing low ITPase activity, and 4 AHM patients with wildtype ITPA. The frequencies of ITPA 94C>A and IVS2+21A>C polymorphisms were studied from 85 available AHM patients. Results ITPA 94C>A was associated with a significant increase in total heteroplasmic/homoplasmic mtDNA mutations (p<0.009) compared with wildtype ITPA, following exclusion of haplogroup variants. This suggested that low ITPase activity may induce mitochondrial abnormalities. Compared to the normal population, frequencies for the 94C>A and IVS2+21A>C mutant alleles among the AHM patients were higher for myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) - but below significance; were approximately equivalent for chronic lymphoblastic leukemia; and were lower for acute myeloid leukemia. Conclusions This study invokes a new paradigm for the evolution of MDS, where nucleotide imbalances produced by defects in ‘house-cleaning’ genes may induce mitochondrial dysfunction, compromising cell integrity. It supports recent studies which point towards an important role for ITPase in cellular surveillance of rogue nucleotides.
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Abstract
Members of the virus family Narnaviridae contain the simplest genomes of any RNA virus, ranging from 2.3 to 3.6 kb and encoding only a single polypeptide that has an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain. The family is subdivided into two genera based on subcellular location: members of the genus Narnavirus have been found in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in the oomycete Phytophthora infestans and are confined to the cytosol, while members of the genus Mitovirus have been found only in filamentous fungi and are found in mitochondria. None identified thus far encodes a capsid protein; like several other RNA viruses of lower eukaryotes, their genomes are confined within lipid vesicles. As more family members are discovered, their importance as genetic elements is becoming evident. The unique association of the genus Mitovirus with mitochondria renders them potentially valuable tools to study biology of lower eukaryotes.
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In vivo mutagenesis reveals that OriL is essential for mitochondrial DNA replication. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:1130-7. [PMID: 23090476 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of mitochondrial DNA replication have been hotly debated for a decade. The strand-displacement model states that lagging-strand DNA synthesis is initiated from the origin of light-strand DNA replication (OriL), whereas the strand-coupled model implies that OriL is dispensable. Mammalian mitochondria cannot be transfected and the requirements of OriL in vivo have therefore not been addressed. We here use in vivo saturation mutagenesis to demonstrate that OriL is essential for mtDNA maintenance in the mouse. Biochemical and bioinformatic analyses show that OriL is functionally conserved in vertebrates. Our findings strongly support the strand-displacement model for mtDNA replication.
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Gene delivery to mitochondria by targeting modified adenoassociated virus suppresses Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in a mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E1238-47. [PMID: 22523243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119577109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To introduce DNA into mitochondria efficiently, we fused adenoassociated virus capsid VP2 with a mitochondrial targeting sequence to carry the mitochondrial gene encoding the human NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 4 (ND4). Expression of WT ND4 in cells with the G11778A mutation in ND4 led to restoration of defective ATP synthesis. Furthermore, with injection into the rodent eye, human ND4 DNA levels in mitochondria reached 80% of its mouse homolog. The construct expressed in most inner retinal neurons, and it also suppressed visual loss and optic atrophy induced by a mutant ND4 homolog. The adenoassociated virus cassette accommodates genes of up to ∼5 kb in length, thus providing a platform for introduction of almost any mitochondrial gene and perhaps even allowing insertion of DNA encompassing large deletions of mtDNA, some associated with aging, into the organelle of adults.
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