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Wu D, Tao T, Eshraghian EA, Lin P, Li Z, Zhu X. Extracellular RNA as a kind of communication molecule and emerging cancer biomarker. Front Oncol 2022; 12:960072. [PMID: 36465402 PMCID: PMC9714358 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular RNA (exRNA) is a special form of RNA in the body. RNA carries information about genes and metabolic regulation in the body, which can reflect the real-time status of cells. This characteristic renders it a biomarker for disease diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. ExRNA is transported through extracellular vesicles as a signal medium to mediate communication between cells. Tumor cells can release more vesicles than normal cells, thereby promoting tumor development. Depending on its easy detection, the advantages of non-invasive molecular diagnostic technology can be realized. In this systematic review, we present the types, vectors, and biological value of exRNA. We briefly describe new methods of tumor diagnosis and treatment, as well as the difficulties faced in the progress of such research. This review highlights the groundbreaking potential of exRNA as a clinical biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Wu
- Institute of Marine Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Emily A. Eshraghian
- Department of Medicine, University of California (UC) San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Peixu Lin
- Institute of Marine Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Institute of Marine Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
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Van der Linden M, Van Gaever B, Raman L, Vermaelen K, Demedts I, Surmont V, Himpe U, Lievens Y, Ferdinande L, Dedeurwaerdere F, Van der Meulen J, Claes K, Menten B, Van Dorpe J. Application of an Ultrasensitive NGS-Based Blood Test for the Diagnosis of Early-Stage Lung Cancer: Sensitivity, a Hurdle Still Difficult to Overcome. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14082031. [PMID: 35454937 PMCID: PMC9026713 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, an accurate diagnosis of lung cancer relies on the microscopic examination of tissue biopsies. These samples can, however, only be obtained by invasive procedures. The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of a liquid biopsy for early-stage lung cancer detection in patients with a lung lesion on imaging. This approach would be particularly relevant for suspected lung lesions that are difficult to reach for a tissue-based diagnosis. Despite technical improvements for the use of liquid biopsy-based cell-free DNA analysis, its application for the detection of early-stage lung cancer is currently limited by sensitivity and a biological background of somatic variants. Abstract Diagnosis of lung cancer requires histological examination of a tissue sample, which in turn requires an invasive procedure that cannot always be obtained. Circulating tumor DNA can be reliably detected in blood samples of advanced-stage lung cancer patients and might also be a minimally invasive alternative for early-stage lung cancer detection. We wanted to explore the potential of targeted deep sequencing as a test for the diagnosis of early-stage lung cancer in combination with imaging. Mutation detection on cell-free DNA from pretreatment plasma samples of 51 patients with operable non-small cell lung cancer was performed and results were compared with 12 control patients undergoing surgery for a non-malignant lung lesion. By using a variant allele frequency threshold of 1%, somatic variants were detected in 23.5% of patients with a median variant allele fraction of 3.65%. By using this threshold, we could almost perfectly discriminate early-stage lung cancer patients from controls. Our study results are discussed in the light of those from other studies. Notwithstanding the potential of today’s techniques for the use of liquid biopsy-based cell-free DNA analysis, sensitivity of this application for early-stage lung cancer detection is currently limited by a biological background of somatic variants with low variant allele fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaïka Van der Linden
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.d.L.); (B.V.G.); (L.R.); (L.F.)
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (Y.L.); (J.V.d.M.); (K.C.)
| | - Bram Van Gaever
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.d.L.); (B.V.G.); (L.R.); (L.F.)
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lennart Raman
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.d.L.); (B.V.G.); (L.R.); (L.F.)
| | - Karim Vermaelen
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (Y.L.); (J.V.d.M.); (K.C.)
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ingel Demedts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AZ Delta, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium; (I.D.); (U.H.)
| | - Veerle Surmont
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Himpe
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AZ Delta, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium; (I.D.); (U.H.)
| | - Yolande Lievens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (Y.L.); (J.V.d.M.); (K.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Ferdinande
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.d.L.); (B.V.G.); (L.R.); (L.F.)
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Joni Van der Meulen
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (Y.L.); (J.V.d.M.); (K.C.)
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Claes
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (Y.L.); (J.V.d.M.); (K.C.)
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Björn Menten
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.d.L.); (B.V.G.); (L.R.); (L.F.)
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (Y.L.); (J.V.d.M.); (K.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Lallous N, Snow O, Sanchez C, Parra Nuñez AK, Sun B, Hussain A, Lee J, Morin H, Leblanc E, Gleave ME, Cherkasov A. Evaluation of Darolutamide (ODM201) Efficiency on Androgen Receptor Mutants Reported to Date in Prostate Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122939. [PMID: 34208290 PMCID: PMC8230763 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to drug treatments is common in prostate cancer (PCa), and the gain-of-function mutations in human androgen receptor (AR) represent one of the most dominant drivers of progression to resistance to AR pathway inhibitors (ARPI). Previously, we evaluated the in vitro response of 24 AR mutations, identified in men with castration-resistant PCa, to five AR antagonists. In the current work, we evaluated 44 additional PCa-associated AR mutants, reported in the literature, and thus expanded the study of the effect of darolutamide to a total of 68 AR mutants. Unlike other AR antagonists, we demonstrate that darolutamide exhibits consistent efficiency against all characterized gain-of-function mutations in a full-length AR. Additionally, the response of the AR mutants to clinically used bicalutamide and enzalutamide, as well as to major endogenous steroids (DHT, estradiol, progesterone and hydrocortisone), was also investigated. As genomic profiling of PCa patients becomes increasingly feasible, the developed "AR functional encyclopedia" could provide decision-makers with a tool to guide the treatment choice for PCa patients based on their AR mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Artem Cherkasov
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-875-4818; Fax: +1-604-875-5654
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Vlajnic T, Bubendorf L. Molecular pathology of prostate cancer: a practical approach. Pathology 2020; 53:36-43. [PMID: 33234230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While localised prostate cancer can be cured by local treatment, 'high-risk' prostate cancer often progresses to castration resistant disease and remains incurable with a dismal prognosis. In recent years, technical advances and development of novel methodologies have largely contributed to a better understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms that promote tumour growth and progression. Consecutively, novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of prostate cancer have emerged during the last decade, calling for the identification of predictive biomarkers. The concept of personalised medicine is to tailor treatment according to the specific tumour profile of an individual patient. Moreover, acquired molecular changes during tumour evolution and in response to therapy selection pressure require adapted predictive marker testing at different time points during the disease. In this setting, the pathologist plays a critical role in patient management and treatment selection. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of molecular aspects of prostate cancer and their potential utility in the context of different therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, we discuss methods for molecular marker testing in routine clinical practice, with a focus on castration resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vlajnic
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Stellato M, Guadalupi V, Sepe P, Mennitto A, Claps M, Zattarin E, Verzoni E, Valdagni R, De Braud FG, Santini D, Tonini G, Procopio G. The emerging role of PARP inhibitors in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:715-726. [PMID: 32758032 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1797497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In prostate cancer , there has recently been an emerging interest in mutations in genes belonging to the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway and in the inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins. AREAS COVERED Mutations in the HRR genes, including BRCA1, BRCA2, and Ataxia-Telangiesctasia mutated (ATM), have been reported in prostate cancer, with different incidence in the localized and advanced settings. The PARP enzyme complex is involved in repair of DNA damage and its inhibition causes the accumulation of DNA mutations in HRR deficient cells. Several PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are under development, such as olaparib, talazoparib, niraparib, rucaparib, and veliparib. In metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), olaparib has been the most studied and its clinical efficacy has been validated in a phase III clinical trial. Rucaparib and niraparib have also shown promising results in the preliminary analyzes of two phase II trials, while talazoparib is currently under development. EXPERT OPINION PARPi have become part of the treatment of mCRPC. Early results of combination therapy with PARPi and new hormonal therapy are promising and are supported by a strong biological rationale. Current results need to be validated in randomized phase III-controlled trials in order to translate the use of PARPi into real world practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Stellato
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Guadalupi
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangela Sepe
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Mennitto
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Mélanie Claps
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Zattarin
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Verzoni
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan , Milan, Italy.,Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milano, Italy.,Radiation Oncology 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo Gm De Braud
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tonini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procopio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome , Rome, Italy
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