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Ao H, Fu Y, Wang X. A comparative study of PEO-PBO content on the targeting and anti-glioma activity of annonaceous acetogenins-loaded nanomicelles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 244:114176. [PMID: 39217726 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs) have great potential in the treatment of gliomas, but are extremely insoluble and difficult for delivery in vivo. Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(butylene oxide) (PEO-PBO) is an amphiphilic polymer and can reduce the clearance of nanoparticles by mononuclear phagocyte system. To explore an efficient and safe nanomedicine for glioma, ACGs-loaded nanomicelles (ACGs/EB-NCs) was constructed using PEO-PBO as a carrier, and the effect of PEO-PBO content on the targeting and anti-glioma activity were also compared. ACGs/EB5-NCs, ACGs/EB10-NCs and ACGs/EB20-NCs, the three nanomicellels prepared with different ACGs/EB feeding ratios, had average particle sizes of 148.8±0.5 nm, 32.7±4.1 nm, and 27.1±0.3 nm, respectively. The three ACGs/EB-NCs were spherical in shape, with drug loading content close to the theoretical drug loading content, encapsulation efficiency greater than 97 %, and good stability in physiological media. The cumulative release rates of ACGs/EB5-NCs, ACGs/EB10-NCs and ACGs/EB20-NCs were 78.2 %, 63.4 %, and 56.3 % within 216 hours, respectively. The inhibitory effects of three ACGs/EB-NCs on U87 MG cells were similar and stronger than free ACGs (P<0.05), with half inhibitory concentration of 0.17, 0.18, and 0.16 ng/mL (P>0.05), respectively. In U87 MG tumor‑bearing mice, ACGs/EB5-NC, ACGs/EB10-NCs and ACGs/EB20-NCs showed a similar tumor inhibition rate of 61.1±5.9 %, 56.2±8.6 % and 64.3±9.4 % (P>0.05), with good safety. Three ACGs/EB-NCs exhibited excellent liver escape ability and tumor targeting ability, with the tumor targeting index greater than 1.5. Three ACGs/EB-NCs were successfully prepared with strong anti-glioma activity and tumor targeting properties, which are expected to provide new options for the clinical treatment of gliomas. The content of PEO-PBO in micelles did not have a significant effect on the tumor targeting and anti-glioma activity of ACGs/EB-NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ao
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299, Qingyang Road, Liangxi District, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299, Qingyang Road, Liangxi District, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Xiangtao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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2
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Giuliani P, De Simone C, Febo G, Bellasame A, Tupone N, Di Virglio V, di Giuseppe F, Ciccarelli R, Di Iorio P, Angelucci S. Proteomics Studies on Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Glioblastoma: Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9778. [PMID: 39337267 PMCID: PMC11431518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Like most tumors, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the deadliest brain tumor in human adulthood, releases extracellular vesicles (EVs). Their content, reflecting that of the tumor of origin, can be donated to nearby and distant cells which, by acquiring it, become more aggressive. Therefore, the study of EV-transported molecules has become very important. Particular attention has been paid to EV proteins to uncover new GBM biomarkers and potential druggable targets. Proteomic studies have mainly been performed by "bottom-up" mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of EVs isolated by different procedures from conditioned media of cultured GBM cells and biological fluids from GBM patients. Although a great number of dysregulated proteins have been identified, the translation of these findings into clinics remains elusive, probably due to multiple factors, including the lack of standardized procedures for isolation/characterization of EVs and analysis of their proteome. Thus, it is time to change research strategies by adopting, in addition to harmonized EV selection techniques, different MS methods aimed at identifying selected tumoral protein mutations and/or isoforms due to post-translational modifications, which more deeply influence the tumor behavior. Hopefully, these data integrated with those from other "omics" disciplines will lead to the discovery of druggable pathways for novel GBM therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.G.); (C.D.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (N.T.); (V.D.V.); (F.d.G.)
| | - Chiara De Simone
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.G.); (C.D.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (N.T.); (V.D.V.); (F.d.G.)
| | - Giorgia Febo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.G.); (C.D.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (N.T.); (V.D.V.); (F.d.G.)
| | - Alessia Bellasame
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.G.); (C.D.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (N.T.); (V.D.V.); (F.d.G.)
| | - Nicola Tupone
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (N.T.); (V.D.V.); (F.d.G.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Vimal Di Virglio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (N.T.); (V.D.V.); (F.d.G.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio di Giuseppe
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (N.T.); (V.D.V.); (F.d.G.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (N.T.); (V.D.V.); (F.d.G.)
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.G.); (C.D.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (N.T.); (V.D.V.); (F.d.G.)
| | - Stefania Angelucci
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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3
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Schiera G, Di Liegro CM, Vento F, Di Liegro I. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Progression of Brain Tumors. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:586. [PMID: 39194524 DOI: 10.3390/biology13080586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Brain tumors, and, in particular, glioblastoma (GBM), are among the most aggressive forms of cancer. In spite of the advancement in the available therapies, both diagnosis and treatments are still unable to ensure pathology-free survival of the GBM patients for more than 12-15 months. At the basis of the still poor ability to cope with brain tumors, we can consider: (i) intra-tumor heterogeneity; (ii) heterogeneity of the tumor properties when we compare different patients; (iii) the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which makes difficult both isolation of tumor-specific biomarkers and delivering of therapeutic drugs to the brain. Recently, it is becoming increasingly clear that cancer cells release large amounts of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that transport metabolites, proteins, different classes of RNAs, DNA, and lipids. These structures are involved in the pathological process and characterize any particular form of cancer. Moreover, EVs are able to cross the BBB in both directions. Starting from these observations, researchers are now evaluating the possibility to use EVs purified from organic fluids (first of all, blood and saliva), in order to obtain, through non-invasive methods (liquid biopsy), tumor biomarkers, and, perhaps, also for obtaining nanocarriers for the targeted delivering of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Vento
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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4
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Hasnat MA, Ohmi Y, Yesmin F, Kambe M, Kawamoto Y, Bhuiyan RH, Mizutani M, Hashimoto N, Tsuchida A, Ohkawa Y, Kaneko K, Tajima O, Furukawa K, Furukawa K. Crucial roles of exosomes secreted from ganglioside GD3/GD2-positive glioma cells in enhancement of the malignant phenotypes and signals of GD3/GD2-negative glioma cells. NAGOYA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2024; 86:435-451. [PMID: 39355364 PMCID: PMC11439612 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.86.3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Neuroectoderm-derived tumors characteristically express gangliosides such as GD3 and GD2. Many studies have reported that gangliosides GD3/GD2 enhance malignant phenotypes of cancers. Recently, we reported that human gliomas expressing GD3/GD2 exhibited enhanced malignant phenotypes. Here, we investigated the function of GD3/GD2 in glioma cells and GD3/GD2-expressing glioma-derived exosomes. As reported previously, transfectant cells of human glioma U251 MG expressing GD3/GD2 showed enhanced cancer phenotypes compared with GD3/GD2-negative controls. When GD3/GD2-negative cells were treated with exosomes secreted from GD3/GD2-positive cells, clearly increased malignant properties were observed. Furthermore, increased phosphorylation of signaling molecules was detected after 5-15 min of exosome treatment, ie, higher tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor, focal adhesion kinase, and paxillin was found in treated cells than in controls. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 was also enhanced. Consequently, it is suggested that exosomes secreted from GD3/GD2-positive gliomas play important roles in enhancement of the malignant properties of glioma cells, leading to total aggravation of heterogenous cancer tissues, and also in the regulation of tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Hasnat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh
| | - Yuhsuke Ohmi
- Department of Clinical Engineering, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Farhana Yesmin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Mariko Kambe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kawamoto
- Department of Immunology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Robiul H Bhuiyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Momoka Mizutani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Noboru Hashimoto
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Tokushima University School of Dentistry, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Tsuchida
- Laboratory of Glyco-bioengineering, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohkawa
- Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kei Kaneko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Orie Tajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
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5
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Tataranu LG, Turliuc S, Rizea RE, Dricu A, Alexandru O, Staicu GA, Kamel A. A Synopsis of Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: Past and Present. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6903-6939. [PMID: 39057054 PMCID: PMC11275428 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Accounting for 48% of malignant brain tumors in adults, glioblastoma has been of great interest in the last decades, especially in the biomolecular and neurosurgical fields, due to its incurable nature and notable neurological morbidity. The major advancements in neurosurgical technologies have positively influenced the extent of safe tumoral resection, while the latest progress in the biomolecular field of GBM has uncovered new potential therapeutical targets. Although GBM currently has no curative therapy, recent progress has been made in the management of this disease, both from surgical and molecular perspectives. The main current therapeutic approach is multimodal and consists of neurosurgical intervention, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, mostly with temozolomide. Although most patients will develop treatment resistance and tumor recurrence after surgical removal, biomolecular advancements regarding GBM have contributed to a better understanding of this pathology and its therapeutic management. Over the past few decades, specific biomarkers have been discovered that have helped predict prognosis and treatment responses and contributed to improvements in survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Gabriela Tataranu
- Neurosurgical Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020022 Bucharest, Romania;
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Serban Turliuc
- Medical Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “G. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Radu Eugen Rizea
- Neurosurgical Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020022 Bucharest, Romania;
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Anica Dricu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania (O.A.); (G.-A.S.)
| | - Oana Alexandru
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania (O.A.); (G.-A.S.)
| | - Georgiana-Adeline Staicu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania (O.A.); (G.-A.S.)
| | - Amira Kamel
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania;
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Cela I, Capone E, Trevisi G, Sala G. Extracellular vesicles in glioblastoma: Biomarkers and therapeutic tools. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 101:25-43. [PMID: 38754752 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor among the gliomas and intracranial tumors and to date prognosis for GBM patients remains poor, with a median survival typically measured in months to a few years depending on various factors. Although standardized therapies are routinely employed, it is clear that these strategies are unable to cope with heterogeneity and invasiveness of GBM. Furthermore, diagnosis and monitoring of responses to therapies are directly dependent on tissue biopsies or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. From this point of view, liquid biopsies are arising as key sources of a variety of biomarkers with the advantage of being easily accessible and monitorable. In this context, extracellular vesicles (EVs), physiologically shed into body fluids by virtually all cells, are gaining increasing interest both as natural carriers of biomarkers and as specific signatures even for GBM. What makes these vesicles particularly attractive is they are also emerging as therapeutical vehicles to treat GBM given their native ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we reviewed recent advances on the use of EVs as biomarker for liquid biopsy and nanocarriers for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cela
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Emily Capone
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluca Trevisi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; Neurosurgical Unit, Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara 65121, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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7
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Gao Z, Yang J. GNB4 Silencing Promotes Pyroptosis to Inhibit the Development of Glioma by Activating cGAS-STING Pathway. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01194-7. [PMID: 38814382 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The induction of immunogenic cell death is a promising therapeutic option for gliomas. Pyroptosis is a type of programmed immunogenic cell death and its role in gliomas remains unclear. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from GSE4290 and GSE31262 datasets. Hub genes were screened from protein-protein interaction networks and assessed using principal component analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure the mRNA expression of hub genes. Pyroptosis and pathway-related proteins were assessed using western blotting. Inflammatory factor levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of guanine nucleotide-binding protein-4 (GNB4) on proliferation, migration, and invasion was evaluated using a cell viability test kit and wound-healing and transwell assays. In total, 202 DEGs were identified. Among them, F2R, GNG4, GNG3, PRKCB, and GNB4 were identified as hub genes in gliomas after comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. GNB4 was significantly upregulated in glioma cells compared to normal brain glial cells. Silencing GNB4 significantly inhibited proliferation, invasion, and migration of glioma cells. The expression of pyroptosis-related proteins increased after GNB4 silencing, with elevated levels of inflammatory factors. Pyroptosis inhibitors reversed the inhibitory effects of GNB4 silencing on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Additionally, GNB4 silencing activated the cGAS-STING pathway. Treatment with a cGAS-STING pathway inhibitor reversed the inhibition of proliferation, migration, and invasion while downregulating the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins. Silencing GNB4 promotes pyroptosis and thus inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells by activating the cGAS-STING pathway, which is a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou City, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou City, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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8
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Liu J, Yang F, Hu J, Zhang X. Nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery and drug resistance in glioma: New perspectives. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14715. [PMID: 38708806 PMCID: PMC11071172 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) having the highest incidence, and their therapeutic efficacy depends primarily on the extent of surgical resection and the efficacy of postoperative chemotherapy. The role of the intracranial blood-brain barrier and the occurrence of the drug-resistant gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase have greatly limited the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in patients with GBM and made it difficult to achieve the expected clinical response. In recent years, the rapid development of nanotechnology has brought new hope for the treatment of tumors. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential in tumor therapy due to their unique properties such as light, heat, electromagnetic effects, and passive targeting. Furthermore, NPs can effectively load chemotherapeutic drugs, significantly reduce the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs, and improve chemotherapeutic efficacy, showing great potential in the chemotherapy of glioma. In this article, we reviewed the mechanisms of glioma drug resistance, the physicochemical properties of NPs, and recent advances in NPs in glioma chemotherapy resistance. We aimed to provide new perspectives on the clinical treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cardiologythe Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jinqu Hu
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiuchun Zhang
- Department of Neurologythe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
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9
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Frosina G. Advancements in Image-Based Models for High-Grade Gliomas Might Be Accelerated. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1566. [PMID: 38672647 PMCID: PMC11048778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The first half of 2022 saw the publication of several major research advances in image-based models and artificial intelligence applications to optimize treatment strategies for high-grade gliomas, the deadliest brain tumors. We review them and discuss the barriers that delay their entry into clinical practice; particularly, the small sample size and the heterogeneity of the study designs and methodologies used. We will also write about the poor and late palliation that patients suffering from high-grade glioma can count on at the end of life, as well as the current legislative instruments, with particular reference to Italy. We suggest measures to accelerate the gradual progress in image-based models and end of life care for patients with high-grade glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Frosina
- Mutagenesis & Cancer Prevention Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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10
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Boccacino JM, Dos Santos Peixoto R, Fernandes CFDL, Cangiano G, Sola PR, Coelho BP, Prado MB, Melo-Escobar MI, de Sousa BP, Ayyadhury S, Bader GD, Shinjo SMO, Marie SKN, da Rocha EL, Lopes MH. Integrated transcriptomics uncovers an enhanced association between the prion protein gene expression and vesicle dynamics signatures in glioblastomas. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:199. [PMID: 38347462 PMCID: PMC10863147 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that exhibits resistance to current treatment, making the identification of novel therapeutic targets essential. In this context, cellular prion protein (PrPC) stands out as a potential candidate for new therapies. Encoded by the PRNP gene, PrPC can present increased expression levels in GBM, impacting cell proliferation, growth, migration, invasion and stemness. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms through which PRNP/PrPC modulates key aspects of GBM biology remain elusive. METHODS To elucidate the implications of PRNP/PrPC in the biology of this cancer, we analyzed publicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data of patient-derived GBMs from four independent studies. First, we ranked samples profiled by bulk RNA-seq as PRNPhigh and PRNPlow and compared their transcriptomic landscape. Then, we analyzed PRNP+ and PRNP- GBM cells profiled by single-cell RNA-seq to further understand the molecular context within which PRNP/PrPC might function in this tumor. We explored an additional proteomics dataset, applying similar comparative approaches, to corroborate our findings. RESULTS Functional profiling revealed that vesicular dynamics signatures are strongly correlated with PRNP/PrPC levels in GBM. We found a panel of 73 genes, enriched in vesicle-related pathways, whose expression levels are increased in PRNPhigh/PRNP+ cells across all RNA-seq datasets. Vesicle-associated genes, ANXA1, RAB31, DSTN and SYPL1, were found to be upregulated in vitro in an in-house collection of patient-derived GBM. Moreover, proteome analysis of patient-derived samples reinforces the findings of enhanced vesicle biogenesis, processing and trafficking in PRNPhigh/PRNP+ GBM cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, our findings shed light on a novel role for PrPC as a potential modulator of vesicle biology in GBM, which is pivotal for intercellular communication and cancer maintenance. We also introduce GBMdiscovery, a novel user-friendly tool that allows the investigation of specific genes in GBM biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Marcia Boccacino
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 room 431, Sao Paulo, 05508000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dos Santos Peixoto
- Department of Automation and Systems, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Camila Felix de Lima Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 room 431, Sao Paulo, 05508000, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Cangiano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 room 431, Sao Paulo, 05508000, Brazil
| | - Paula Rodrigues Sola
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Paranhos Coelho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 room 431, Sao Paulo, 05508000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brandão Prado
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 room 431, Sao Paulo, 05508000, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Melo-Escobar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 room 431, Sao Paulo, 05508000, Brazil
| | - Breno Pereira de Sousa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 room 431, Sao Paulo, 05508000, Brazil
| | - Shamini Ayyadhury
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sueli Mieko Oba Shinjo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edroaldo Lummertz da Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Marilene Hohmuth Lopes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 room 431, Sao Paulo, 05508000, Brazil.
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11
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Dai J, Jiang Y, Hu H, Zhang S, Chen Y. Extracellular vesicles as modulators of glioblastoma progression and tumor microenvironment. Pathol Oncol Res 2024; 30:1611549. [PMID: 38379858 PMCID: PMC10876843 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2024.1611549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor with extremely poor prognosis in adults. Routine treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; however, these may lead to rapid relapse and development of therapy-resistant tumor. Glioblastoma cells are known to communicate with macrophages, microglia, endothelial cells, astrocytes, and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumor preservation. It was recently demonstrated that Glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in bidirectional intercellular communication in the TME. Apart from promoting glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, EVs and their cargos (primarily proteins and miRNAs) can act as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, they can be used as therapeutic tools. In this review, the mechanisms of Glioblastoma-EVs biogenesis and intercellular communication with TME have been summarized. Moreover, there is discussion surrounding EVs as novel diagnostic structures and therapeutic tools for glioblastoma. Finally, unclear questions that require future investigation have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dai
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoyue Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Zheng X, Yang J, Hou Y, Shi X, Liu K. Prediction of clinical progression in nervous system diseases: plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:51. [PMID: 38216970 PMCID: PMC10785482 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an intracellular type III intermediate filament protein, provides structural support and maintains the mechanical integrity of astrocytes. It is predominantly found in the astrocytes which are the most abundant subtypes of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. As a marker protein of astrocytes, GFAP may exert a variety of physiological effects in neurological diseases. For example, previous published literatures showed that autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, the studies of GFAP in brain tumors mainly focus on the predictive value of tumor volume. Furthermore, using biomarkers in the early setting will lead to a simplified and standardized way to estimate the poor outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ischemic stroke. Recently, observational studies revealed that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) GFAP, as a valuable potential diagnostic biomarker for neurosyphilis, had a sensitivity of 76.60% and specificity of 85.56%. The reason plasma GFAP could serve as a promising biomarker for diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is that it effectively distinguished AD dementia from multiple neurodegenerative diseases and predicted the individual risk of AD progression. In addition, GFAP can be helpful in differentiating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) versus progressive MS (PMS). This review article aims to provide an overview of GFAP in the prediction of clinical progression in neuroinflammation, brain tumors, TBI, ischemic stroke, genetic disorders, neurodegeneration and other diseases in the CNS and to explore the potential therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyao Yang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiwei Hou
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, China
| | - Xinye Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Yingkang Yisheng General Hospital, Renmin North Road 5188#, Yuncheng, China
| | - Kangding Liu
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, China.
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13
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Huang R, Lu X, Sun X, Wu H. A novel immune cell signature for predicting glioblastoma after radiotherapy prognosis and guiding therapy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2024; 38:3946320241249395. [PMID: 38687369 PMCID: PMC11062235 DOI: 10.1177/03946320241249395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma, a highly aggressive brain tumor, poses a significant clinical challenge, particularly in the context of radiotherapy. In this study, we aimed to explore infiltrating immune cells and identify immune-related genes associated with glioblastoma radiotherapy prognosis. Subsequently, we constructed a signature based on these genes to discern differences in molecular and tumor microenvironment immune characteristics, ultimately informing potential therapeutic strategies for patients with varying risk profiles. Methods: We leveraged UCSC Xena and CGGA gene expression profiles from post-radiotherapy glioblastoma as verification cohorts. Infiltration ratios were stratified into high and low groups based on the median value. Differential gene expression was determined through Limma differential analysis. A signature comprising four genes was constructed, guided by Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment results and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. We evaluated differences in cell infiltration levels, Immune Score, Stromal Score, and ESTIMATE Score and their Pearson correlations with the signature. Spearman's correlation was computed between the signature and patient drug sensitivity (IC50), predicted using Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) and CCLE databases. Results: Notably, the infiltration of central memory CD8+T cells exhibited a significant correlation with glioblastoma radiotherapy prognosis. Samples were dichotomized into high- and low-risk groups based on the optimal signature threshold (2.466642). Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival analysis revealed that the high-risk group experienced a significantly poorer prognosis (p = .0068), with AUC values exceeding 0.82 at 1, 3, and 5 years, underscoring the robust predictive potential of the signature scoring system. Independent validation sets substantiated the validity of the signature. Statistically significant differences in tumor microenvironments (p < .05) were observed between high- and low-risk groups, and these differences were significantly correlated with the signature (p < .05). Furthermore, there were significant correlations between high and low-risk groups regarding immune checkpoint expressions, Immune Prognostic Score (IPS), and Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) scores. Conclusion: The immune cell signature, comprising SDC-1, PLAUR, FN1, and CXCL13, holds promise as a predictive tool for assessing glioblastoma prognosis following radiotherapy. This signature also offers valuable guidance for tailoring treatment strategies, emphasizing its potential clinical relevance in improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xueming Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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Zanganeh S, Abbasgholinejad E, Doroudian M, Esmaelizad N, Farjadian F, Benhabbour SR. The Current Landscape of Glioblastoma Biomarkers in Body Fluids. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3804. [PMID: 37568620 PMCID: PMC10416862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal primary brain cancer that necessitates early detection and accurate diagnosis for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as imaging techniques and tissue biopsies, have limitations in providing real-time information and distinguishing treatment-related changes from tumor progression. Liquid biopsies, used to analyze biomarkers in body fluids, offer a non-invasive and dynamic approach to detecting and monitoring GBM. This article provides an overview of GBM biomarkers in body fluids, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), cell-free RNA (cfRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and extracellular vesicles. It explores the clinical utility of these biomarkers for GBM detection, monitoring, and prognosis. Challenges and limitations in implementing liquid biopsy strategies in clinical practice are also discussed. The article highlights the potential of liquid biopsies as valuable tools for personalized GBM management but underscores the need for standardized protocols and further research to optimize their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Zanganeh
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Elham Abbasgholinejad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran; (E.A.); (N.E.)
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran; (E.A.); (N.E.)
| | - Nazanin Esmaelizad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran; (E.A.); (N.E.)
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran;
| | - Soumya Rahima Benhabbour
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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15
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Wang J, Liu Y, Liu F, Gan S, Roy S, Hasan I, Zhang B, Guo B. Emerging extracellular vesicle-based carriers for glioblastoma diagnosis and therapy. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37337814 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01667f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) treatment is still a big clinical challenge because of its highly malignant, invasive, and lethal characteristics. After treatment with the conventional therapeutic paradigm of surgery combined with radio- and chemotherapy, patients bearing GBMs generally exhibit a poor prognosis, with high mortality and a high disability rate. The main reason is the existence of the formidable blood-brain barrier (BBB), aggressive growth, and the infiltration nature of GBMs. Especially, the BBB suppresses the delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents to lesion sites, and thus this leads to difficulties in achieving a timely diagnosis and treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit favorable merits including good biocompatibility, a strong drug loading capacity, long circulation time, good BBB crossing efficiency, specific targeting to lesion sites, and high efficiency in the delivery of a variety of cargos for GBM therapy. Importantly, EVs inherit physiological and pathological molecules from the source cells, which are ideal biomarkers for molecularly tracking the malignant progression of GBMs. Herein, we start by introducing the pathophysiology and physiology of GBMs, followed by presenting the biological functions of EVs in GBMs with a special focus on their role as biomarkers for GBM diagnosis and as messengers in the modulation of the GBM microenvironment. Furthermore, we provide an update on the recent progress of using EVs in biology, functionality, and isolation applications. More importantly, we systematically summarize the most recent advances of EV-based carriers for GBM therapy by delivering different drugs including gene/RNA-based drugs, chemotherapy drugs, imaging agents, and combinatory drugs. Lastly, we point out the challenges and prospects of future research on EVs for diagnosing and treating GBMs. We hope this review will stimulate interest from researchers with different backgrounds and expedite the progress of GBM treatment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Carbon Materials Research and Comprehensive Application, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, and School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Carbon Materials Research and Comprehensive Application, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, and School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fengbo Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Carbon Materials Research and Comprehensive Application, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, and School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shaoyan Gan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Carbon Materials Research and Comprehensive Application, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, and School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shubham Roy
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Carbon Materials Research and Comprehensive Application, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, and School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ikram Hasan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Carbon Materials Research and Comprehensive Application, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, and School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baozhu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Bing Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Carbon Materials Research and Comprehensive Application, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, and School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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