1
|
Tamori M, Yamada A. Possible Mechanisms of Stiffness Changes Induced by Stiffeners and Softeners in Catch Connective Tissue of Echinoderms. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030140. [PMID: 36976189 PMCID: PMC10053443 DOI: 10.3390/md21030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The catch connective, or mutable collagenous, tissue of echinoderms changes its mechanical properties in response to stimulation. The body wall dermis of sea cucumbers is a typical catch connective tissue. The dermis assumes three mechanical states: soft, standard, and stiff. Proteins that change the mechanical properties have been purified from the dermis. Tensilin and the novel stiffening factor are involved in the soft to standard and standard to stiff transitions, respectively. Softenin softens the dermis in the standard state. Tensilin and softenin work directly on the extracellular matrix (ECM). This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding such stiffeners and softeners. Attention is also given to the genes of tensilin and its related proteins in echinoderms. In addition, we provide information on the morphological changes of the ECM associated with the stiffness change of the dermis. Ultrastructural study suggests that tensilin induces an increase in the cohesive forces with the lateral fusion of collagen subfibrils in the soft to standard transition, that crossbridge formation between fibrils occurs in both the soft to standard and standard to stiff transitions, and that the bond which accompanies water exudation produces the stiff dermis from the standard state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tamori
- School of Life Science and Technology, W3-42, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Akira Yamada
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1, Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oulhen N, Byrne M, Duffin P, Gomez-Chiarri M, Hewson I, Hodin J, Konar B, Lipp EK, Miner BG, Newton AL, Schiebelhut LM, Smolowitz R, Wahltinez SJ, Wessel GM, Work TM, Zaki HA, Wares JP. A Review of Asteroid Biology in the Context of Sea Star Wasting: Possible Causes and Consequences. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:50-75. [PMID: 36108034 PMCID: PMC10642522 DOI: 10.1086/719928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSea star wasting-marked in a variety of sea star species as varying degrees of skin lesions followed by disintegration-recently caused one of the largest marine die-offs ever recorded on the west coast of North America, killing billions of sea stars. Despite the important ramifications this mortality had for coastal benthic ecosystems, such as increased abundance of prey, little is known about the causes of the disease or the mechanisms of its progression. Although there have been studies indicating a range of causal mechanisms, including viruses and environmental effects, the broad spatial and depth range of affected populations leaves many questions remaining about either infectious or non-infectious mechanisms. Wasting appears to start with degradation of mutable connective tissue in the body wall, leading to disintegration of the epidermis. Here, we briefly review basic sea star biology in the context of sea star wasting and present our current knowledge and hypotheses related to the symptoms, the microbiome, the viruses, and the associated environmental stressors. We also highlight throughout the article knowledge gaps and the data needed to better understand sea star wasting mechanistically, its causes, and potential management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Oulhen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paige Duffin
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Marta Gomez-Chiarri
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Ian Hewson
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jason Hodin
- Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington
| | - Brenda Konar
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Erin K. Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Benjamin G. Miner
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
| | | | - Lauren M. Schiebelhut
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Roxanna Smolowitz
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
| | - Sarah J. Wahltinez
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gary M. Wessel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Thierry M. Work
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Hossam A. Zaki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - John P. Wares
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marmo F, Perricone V, Cutolo A, Daniela Candia Carnevali M, Langella C, Rosati L. Flexible sutures reduce bending moments in shells: from the echinoid test to tessellated shell structures. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211972. [PMID: 35592761 PMCID: PMC9066305 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the field of structural engineering, lightweight and resistant shell structures can be designed by efficiently integrating and optimizing form, structure and function to achieve the capability to sustain a variety of loading conditions with a reduced use of resources. Interestingly, a limitless variety of high-performance shell structures can be found in nature. Their study can lead to the acquisition of new functional solutions that can be employed to design innovative bioinspired constructions. In this framework, the present study aimed to illustrate the main results obtained in the mechanical analysis of the echinoid test in the common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) and to employ its principles to design lightweight shell structures. For this purpose, visual survey, photogrammetry, three-dimensional modelling, three-point bending tests and finite-element modelling were used to interpret the mechanical behaviour of the tessellated structure that characterize the echinoid test. The results achieved demonstrated that this structural topology, consisting of rigid plates joined by flexible sutures, allows for a significant reduction of bending moments. This strategy was generalized and applied to design both free-form and form-found shell structures for architecture exhibiting improved structural efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Marmo
- Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Arsenio Cutolo
- Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- LIMITS Laboratory, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Carla Langella
- Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Aversa, Italy
| | - Luciano Rosati
- Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bonneel M, Hennebert E, Aranko AS, Hwang DS, Lefevre M, Pommier V, Wattiez R, Delroisse J, Flammang P. Molecular mechanisms mediating stiffening in the mechanically adaptable connective tissues of sea cucumbers. Matrix Biol 2022; 108:39-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
5
|
Fassini D, Wilkie IC, Pozzolini M, Ferrario C, Sugni M, Rocha MS, Giovine M, Bonasoro F, Silva TH, Reis RL. Diverse and Productive Source of Biopolymer Inspiration: Marine Collagens. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1815-1834. [PMID: 33835787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine biodiversity is expressed through the huge variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species inhabiting intertidal to deep-sea environments. The extraordinary variety of "forms and functions" exhibited by marine animals suggests they are a promising source of bioactive molecules and provides potential inspiration for different biomimetic approaches. This diversity is familiar to biologists and has led to intensive investigation of metabolites, polysaccharides, and other compounds. However, marine collagens are less well-known. This review will provide detailed insight into the diversity of collagens present in marine species in terms of their genetics, structure, properties, and physiology. In the last part of the review the focus will be on the most common marine collagen sources and on the latest advances in the development of innovative materials exploiting, or inspired by, marine collagens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Fassini
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Iain C Wilkie
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Marina Pozzolini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferrario
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy, Center for Complexity & Biosystems, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy, Center for Complexity & Biosystems, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Miguel S Rocha
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marco Giovine
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonasoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy, Center for Complexity & Biosystems, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Tiago H Silva
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coppola D, Oliviero M, Vitale GA, Lauritano C, D’Ambra I, Iannace S, de Pascale D. Marine Collagen from Alternative and Sustainable Sources: Extraction, Processing and Applications. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E214. [PMID: 32326635 PMCID: PMC7230273 DOI: 10.3390/md18040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its unique properties, collagen is used in the growing fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical devices, as well as in the fields of nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, food and beverages. Collagen also represents a valid resource for bioplastics and biomaterials, to be used in the emerging health sectors. Recently, marine organisms have been considered as promising sources of collagen, because they do not harbor transmissible disease. In particular, fish biomass as well as by-catch organisms, such as undersized fish, jellyfish, sharks, starfish, and sponges, possess a very high collagen content. The use of discarded and underused biomass could contribute to the development of a sustainable process for collagen extraction, with a significantly reduced environmental impact. This addresses the European zero-waste strategy, which supports all three generally accepted goals of sustainability: sustainable economic well-being, environmental protection, and social well-being. A zero-waste strategy would use far fewer new raw materials and send no waste materials to landfills. In this review, we present an overview of the studies carried out on collagen obtained from by-catch organisms and fish wastes. Additionally, we discuss novel technologies based on thermoplastic processes that could be applied, likewise, as marine collagen treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Coppola
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.)
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Oliviero
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.O.); (S.I.)
| | - Giovanni Andrea Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Isabella D’Ambra
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Iannace
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.O.); (S.I.)
| | - Donatella de Pascale
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dong X, Liu W, Song X, Lin X, Yu D, Yu C, Zhu B. Characterization of Heat-Induced Water Adsorption of Sea Cucumber Body Wall. J Food Sci 2018; 84:92-100. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology; Dalian Polytechnic Univ., National Engineering Research Center of Seafood; 1 Qinggongyuan Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| | - Wentao Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology; Dalian Polytechnic Univ., National Engineering Research Center of Seafood; 1 Qinggongyuan Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| | - Xue Song
- School of Food Science and Technology; Dalian Polytechnic Univ., National Engineering Research Center of Seafood; 1 Qinggongyuan Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- School of Food Science and Technology; Dalian Polytechnic Univ., National Engineering Research Center of Seafood; 1 Qinggongyuan Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| | - Da Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology; Dalian Polytechnic Univ., National Engineering Research Center of Seafood; 1 Qinggongyuan Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| | - Chenxu Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology; Dalian Polytechnic Univ., National Engineering Research Center of Seafood; 1 Qinggongyuan Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
- Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering; Iowa State Univ.; Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology; Dalian Polytechnic Univ., National Engineering Research Center of Seafood; 1 Qinggongyuan Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Clark EG, Hutchinson JR, Darroch SAF, Mongiardino Koch N, Brady TR, Smith SA, Briggs DEG. Integrating morphology and in vivo skeletal mobility with digital models to infer function in brittle star arms. J Anat 2018; 233:696-714. [PMID: 30353539 PMCID: PMC6231174 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brittle stars (Phylum Echinodermata, Class Ophiuroidea) have evolved rapid locomotion employing muscle and skeletal elements within their (usually) five arms to apply forces in a manner analogous to that of vertebrates. Inferring the inner workings of the arm has been difficult as the skeleton is internal and many of the ossicles are sub-millimeter in size. Advances in 3D visualization and technology have made the study of movement in ophiuroids possible. We developed six virtual 3D skeletal models to demonstrate the potential range of motion of the main arm ossicles, known as vertebrae, and six virtual 3D skeletal models of non-vertebral ossicles. These models revealed the joint center and relative position of the arm ossicles during near-maximal range of motion. The models also provide a platform for the comparative evaluation of functional capabilities between disparate ophiuroid arm morphologies. We made observations on specimens of Ophioderma brevispina and Ophiothrix angulata. As these two taxa exemplify two major morphological categories of ophiuroid vertebrae, they provide a basis for an initial assessment of the functional consequences of these disparate vertebral morphologies. These models suggest potential differences in the structure of the intervertebral articulations in these two species, implying disparities in arm flexion mechanics. We also evaluated the differences in the range of motion between segments in the proximal and distal halves of the arm length in a specimen of O. brevispina, and found that the morphology of vertebrae in the distal portion of the arm allows for higher mobility than in the proximal portion. Our models of non-vertebral ossicles show that they rotate further in the direction of movement than the vertebrae themselves in order to accommodate arm flexion. These findings raise doubts over previous hypotheses regarding the functional consequences of ophiuroid arm disparity. Our study demonstrates the value of integrating experimental data and visualization of articulated structures when making functional interpretations instead of relying on observations of vertebral or segmental morphology alone. This methodological framework can be applied to other ophiuroid taxa to enable comparative functional analyses. It will also facilitate biomechanical analyses of other invertebrate groups to illuminate how appendage or locomotor function evolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion LaboratoryDepartment of Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHertfordshireUK
| | - Simon A. F. Darroch
- Department of Earth and Environmental ScienceVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Travis R. Brady
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Sloane A. Smith
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Derek E. G. Briggs
- Department of Geology and GeophysicsYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural HistoryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Proteomic analysis reveals the important roles of alpha-5-collagen and ATP5β during skin ulceration syndrome progression of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. J Proteomics 2018; 175:136-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
10
|
Ferrario C, Leggio L, Leone R, Di Benedetto C, Guidetti L, Coccè V, Ascagni M, Bonasoro F, La Porta CAM, Candia Carnevali MD, Sugni M. Marine-derived collagen biomaterials from echinoderm connective tissues. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 128:46-57. [PMID: 27063846 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of marine collagens is a hot topic in the field of tissue engineering. Echinoderms possess unique connective tissues (Mutable Collagenous Tissues, MCTs) which can represent an innovative source of collagen to develop collagen barrier-membranes for Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR). In the present work we used MCTs from different echinoderm models (sea urchin, starfish and sea cucumber) to produce echinoderm-derived collagen membranes (EDCMs). Commercial membranes for GTR or soluble/reassembled (fibrillar) bovine collagen substrates were used as controls. The three EDCMs were similar among each other in terms of structure and mechanical performances and were much thinner and mechanically more resistant than the commercial membranes. Number of fibroblasts seeded on sea-urchin membranes were comparable to the bovine collagen substrates. Cell morphology on all EDCMs was similar to that of structurally comparable (reassembled) bovine collagen substrates. Overall, echinoderms, and sea urchins particularly, are alternative collagen sources to produce efficient GTR membranes. Sea urchins display a further advantage in terms of eco-sustainability by recycling tissues from food wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Ferrario
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Livio Leggio
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Leone
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Di Benedetto
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Luca Guidetti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Coccè
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Maxillofacial and Dental Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Commenda, 10, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Miriam Ascagni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bonasoro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Caterina A M La Porta
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Goh KL, Holmes DF. Collagenous Extracellular Matrix Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering: Lessons from the Common Sea Urchin Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050901. [PMID: 28441344 PMCID: PMC5454814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolds for tissue engineering application may be made from a collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissues because the ECM can mimic the functions of the target tissue. The primary sources of collagenous ECM material are calf skin and bone. However, these sources are associated with the risk of having bovine spongiform encephalopathy or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Alternative sources for collagenous ECM materials may be derived from livestock, e.g., pigs, and from marine animals, e.g., sea urchins. Collagenous ECM of the sea urchin possesses structural features and mechanical properties that are similar to those of mammalian ones. However, even more intriguing is that some tissues such as the ligamentous catch apparatus can exhibit mutability, namely rapid reversible changes in the tissue mechanical properties. These tissues are known as mutable collagenous tissues (MCTs). The mutability of these tissues has been the subject of on-going investigations, covering the biochemistry, structural biology and mechanical properties of the collagenous components. Recent studies point to a nerve-control system for regulating the ECM macromolecules that are involved in the sliding action of collagen fibrils in the MCT. This review discusses the key attributes of the structure and function of the ECM of the sea urchin ligaments that are related to the fibril-fibril sliding action-the focus is on the respective components within the hierarchical architecture of the tissue. In this context, structure refers to size, shape and separation distance of the ECM components while function is associated with mechanical properties e.g., strength and stiffness. For simplicity, the components that address the different length scale from the largest to the smallest are as follows: collagen fibres, collagen fibrils, interfibrillar matrix and collagen molecules. Application of recent theories of stress transfer and fracture mechanisms in fibre reinforced composites to a wide variety of collagen reinforcing (non-mutable) connective tissue, has allowed us to draw general conclusions concerning the mechanical response of the MCT at specific mechanical states, namely the stiff and complaint states. The intent of this review is to provide the latest insights, as well as identify technical challenges and opportunities, that may be useful for developing methods for effective mechanical support when adapting decellularised connective tissues from the sea urchin for tissue engineering or for the design of a synthetic analogue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kheng Lim Goh
- Newcastle University Singapore, SIT Building at Nanyang Polytechnic, 172A Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8 #05-01, Singapore 567739, Singapore.
- Newcastle University, School of Mechanical & Systems Engineering, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - David F Holmes
- Manchester University, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, B.3016 Michael Smith Building, Faculty of Life Sciences, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Demeuldre M, Hennebert E, Bonneel M, Lengerer B, Van Dyck S, Wattiez R, Ladurner P, Flammang P. Mechanical adaptability of sea cucumber Cuvierian tubules involves a mutable collagenous tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:2108-2119. [PMID: 28373597 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.145706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite their soft body and slow motion, sea cucumbers present a low predation rate, reflecting the presence of efficient defence systems. For instance, members of the family Holothuriidae rely on Cuvierian tubules for their defence. These tubules are normally stored in the posterior coelomic cavity of the animal, but when the sea cucumber is threatened by a potential predator, they are expelled through the cloacal aperture, elongate, become sticky and entangle and immobilise the predator in a matter of seconds. The mechanical properties (extensibility, tensile strength, stiffness and toughness) of quiescent (i.e. in the body cavity) and elongated (i.e. after expulsion) Cuvierian tubules were investigated in the species Holothuria forskali using traction tests. Important mechanical differences were measured between the two types of tubules, reflecting adaptability to their operating mode: to ease elongation, quiescent tubules present a low resistance to extension, while elongated tubules present a high toughness to resist tractions generated by the predator. We demonstrate that a mutable collagenous tissue (MCT) is involved in the functioning of these organs: (1) some mechanical properties of Cuvierian tubules are modified by incubation in a cell-disrupting solution; (2) the connective tissue layer encloses juxtaligamental-like cells, a cell type present in all MCTs; and (3) tensilin, a MCT stiffening protein, was localised inside these cells. Cuvierian tubules thus appear to enclose a new type of MCT which shows irreversible stiffening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Demeuldre
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Elise Hennebert
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Mons 7000, Belgium.,University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Marie Bonneel
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Birgit Lengerer
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Séverine Van Dyck
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Peter Ladurner
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Patrick Flammang
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Mons 7000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wilkie IC. Functional Morphology of the Arm Spine Joint and Adjacent Structures of the Brittlestar Ophiocomina nigra (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167533. [PMID: 27974856 PMCID: PMC5156572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal morphology of the arm spine joint of the brittlestar Ophiocomina nigra was examined by scanning electron microscopy and the associated epidermis, connective tissue structures, juxtaligamental system and muscle by optical and transmission electron microscopy. The behaviour of spines in living animals was observed and two experiments were conducted to establish if the spine ligament is mutable collagenous tissue: these determined (1) if animals could detach spines to which plastic tags had been attached and (2) if the extension under constant load of isolated joint preparations was affected by high potassium stimulation. The articulation normally operates as a flexible joint in which the articular surfaces are separated by compliant connective tissue. The articular surfaces comprise a reniform apposition and peg-in-socket mechanical stop, and function primarily to stabilise spines in the erect position. Erect spines can be completely immobilised, which depends on the ligament having mutable tensile properties, as was inferred from the ability of animals to detach tagged spines and the responsiveness of isolated joint preparations to high potassium. The epidermis surrounding the joint has circumferential constrictions that facilitate compression folding and unfolding when the spine is inclined. The interarticular connective tissue is an acellular meshwork of collagen fibril bundles and may serve to reduce frictional forces between the articular surfaces. The ligament consists of parallel bundles of collagen fibrils and 7-14 nm microfibrils. Its passive elastic recoil contributes to the re-erection of inclined spines. The ligament is permeated by cell processes containing large dense-core vesicles, which belong to two types of juxtaligamental cells, one of which is probably peptidergic. The spine muscle consists of obliquely striated myocytes that are linked to the skeleton by extensions of their basement membranes. Muscle contraction may serve mainly to complete the process of spine erection by ensuring close contact between the articular surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain C. Wilkie
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mo J, Prévost SF, Blowes LM, Egertová M, Terrill NJ, Wang W, Elphick MR, Gupta HS. Interfibrillar stiffening of echinoderm mutable collagenous tissue demonstrated at the nanoscale. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6362-E6371. [PMID: 27708167 PMCID: PMC5081653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609341113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutable collagenous tissue (MCT) of echinoderms (e.g., sea cucumbers and starfish) is a remarkable example of a biological material that has the unique attribute, among collagenous tissues, of being able to rapidly change its stiffness and extensibility under neural control. However, the mechanisms of MCT have not been characterized at the nanoscale. Using synchrotron small-angle X-ray diffraction to probe time-dependent changes in fibrillar structure during in situ tensile testing of sea cucumber dermis, we investigate the ultrastructural mechanics of MCT by measuring fibril strain at different chemically induced mechanical states. By measuring a variable interfibrillar stiffness (EIF), the mechanism of mutability at the nanoscale can be demonstrated directly. A model of stiffness modulation via enhanced fibrillar recruitment is developed to explain the biophysical mechanisms of MCT. Understanding the mechanisms of MCT quantitatively may have applications in development of new types of mechanically tunable biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Mo
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain F Prévost
- Beamline ID02, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Liisa M Blowes
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Egertová
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Maurice R Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom;
| | - Himadri S Gupta
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of mechanically adaptable collagenous structures in the edible sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. ZOOLOGY 2015; 118:147-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Wilkie IC, Fassini D, Cullorà E, Barbaglio A, Tricarico S, Sugni M, Del Giacco L, Candia Carnevali MD. Mechanical properties of the compass depressors of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and the effects of enzymes, neurotransmitters and synthetic tensilin-like protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120339. [PMID: 25786033 PMCID: PMC4365025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The compass depressors (CDs) of the sea-urchin lantern are ligaments consisting mainly of discontinuous collagen fibrils associated with a small population of myocytes. They are mutable collagenous structures, which can change their mechanical properties rapidly and reversibly under nervous control. The aims of this investigation were to characterise the baseline (i.e. unmanipulated) static mechanical properties of the CDs of Paracentrotus lividus by means of creep tests and incremental force-extension tests, and to determine the effects on their mechanical behaviour of a range of agents. Under constant load the CDs exhibited a three-phase creep curve, the mean coefficient of viscosity being 561±365 MPa.s. The stress-strain curve showed toe, linear and yield regions; the mean strain at the toe-linear inflection was 0.86±0.61; the mean Young's modulus was 18.62±10.30 MPa; and the mean tensile strength was 8.14±5.73 MPa. Hyaluronidase from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus had no effect on creep behaviour, whilst chondroitinase ABC prolonged primary creep but had no effect on secondary creep or on any force-extension parameters; it thus appears that neither hyaluronic acid nor sulphated glycosaminoglycans have an interfibrillar load transfer function in the CD. Acetylcholine, the muscarinic agonists arecoline and methacholine, and the nicotinic agonists nicotine and 1-[1-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazine produced an abrupt increase in CD viscosity; the CDs were not differentially sensitive to muscarinic or nicotinic agonists. CDs showed either no, or no consistent, response to adrenaline, L-glutamic acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Synthetic echinoid tensilin-like protein had a weak and inconsistent stiffening effect, indicating that, in contrast to holothurian tensilins, the echinoid molecule may not be involved in the regulation of collagenous tissue tensility. We compare in detail the mechanical behaviour of the CD with that of mammalian tendon and highlight its potential as a model system for investigating poorly understood aspects of the ontogeny and phylogeny of vertebrate collagenous tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain C. Wilkie
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Fassini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cullorà
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Barbaglio
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Tricarico
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Del Giacco
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Benedetto CD, Barbaglio A, Martinello T, Alongi V, Fassini D, Cullorà E, Patruno M, Bonasoro F, Barbosa MA, Carnevali MDC, Sugni M. Production, characterization and biocompatibility of marine collagen matrices from an alternative and sustainable source: the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4912-33. [PMID: 25255130 PMCID: PMC4178497 DOI: 10.3390/md12094912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen has become a key-molecule in cell culture studies and in the tissue engineering field. Industrially, the principal sources of collagen are calf skin and bones which, however, could be associated to risks of serious disease transmission. In fact, collagen derived from alternative and riskless sources is required, and marine organisms are among the safest and recently exploited ones. Sea urchins possess a circular area of soft tissue surrounding the mouth, the peristomial membrane (PM), mainly composed by mammalian-like collagen. The PM of the edible sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus therefore represents a potential unexploited collagen source, easily obtainable as a food industry waste product. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to extract native collagen fibrils from the PM and produce suitable substrates for in vitro system. The obtained matrices appear as a homogeneous fibrillar network (mean fibril diameter 30-400 nm and mesh < 2 μm) and display remarkable mechanical properties in term of stiffness (146 ± 48 MPa) and viscosity (60.98 ± 52.07 GPa·s). In vitro tests with horse pbMSC show a good biocompatibility in terms of overall cell growth. The obtained results indicate that the sea urchin P. lividus can be a valuable low-cost collagen source for mechanically resistant biomedical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Barbaglio
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Martinello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Valentina Alongi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Dario Fassini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Cullorà
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Francesco Bonasoro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Mario Adolfo Barbosa
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The reaction of the sponge Chondrosia reniformis to mechanical stimulation is mediated by the outer epithelium and the release of stiffening factor(s). ZOOLOGY 2014; 117:282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Sugni M, Fassini D, Barbaglio A, Biressi A, Di Benedetto C, Tricarico S, Bonasoro F, Wilkie IC, Candia Carnevali MD. Comparing dynamic connective tissue in echinoderms and sponges: morphological and mechanical aspects and environmental sensitivity. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 93:123-132. [PMID: 24008006 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Echinoderms and sponges share a unique feature that helps them face predators and other environmental pressures. They both possess collagenous tissues with adaptable viscoelastic properties. In terms of morphology these structures are typical connective tissues containing collagen fibrils, fibroblast- and fibroclast-like cells, as well as unusual components such as, in echinoderms, neurosecretory-like cells that receive motor innervation. The mechanisms underpinning the adaptability of these tissues are not completely understood. Biomechanical changes can lead to an abrupt increase in stiffness (increasing protection against predation) or to the detachment of body parts (in response to a predator or to adverse environmental conditions) that are regenerated. Apart from these advantages, the responsiveness of echinoderm and sponge collagenous tissues to ionic composition and temperature makes them potentially vulnerable to global environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sugni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Dario Fassini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alice Barbaglio
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Biressi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Serena Tricarico
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonasoro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Iain C Wilkie
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Rd, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ribeiro AR, Barbaglio A, Oliveira MJ, Ribeiro CC, Wilkie IC, Candia Carnevali MD, Barbosa MA. Matrix metalloproteinases in a sea urchin ligament with adaptable mechanical properties. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49016. [PMID: 23173042 PMCID: PMC3500250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutable collagenous tissues (MCTs) of echinoderms show reversible changes in tensile properties (mutability) that are initiated and modulated by the nervous system via the activities of cells known as juxtaligamental cells. The molecular mechanism underpinning this mechanical adaptability has still to be elucidated. Adaptable connective tissues are also present in mammals, most notably in the uterine cervix, in which changes in stiffness result partly from changes in the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). There have been no attempts to assess the potential involvement of MMPs in the echinoderm mutability phenomenon, apart from studies dealing with a process whose relationship to the latter is uncertain. In this investigation we used the compass depressor ligaments (CDLs) of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The effect of a synthetic MMP inhibitor - galardin - on the biomechanical properties of CDLs in different mechanical states (“standard”, “compliant” and “stiff”) was evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis, and the presence of MMPs in normal and galardin-treated CDLs was determined semi-quantitatively by gelatin zymography. Galardin reversibly increased the stiffness and storage modulus of CDLs in all three states, although its effect was significantly lower in stiff than in standard or compliant CDLs. Gelatin zymography revealed a progressive increase in total gelatinolytic activity between the compliant, standard and stiff states, which was possibly due primarily to higher molecular weight components resulting from the inhibition and degradation of MMPs. Galardin caused no change in the gelatinolytic activity of stiff CDLs, a pronounced and statistically significant reduction in that of standard CDLs, and a pronounced, but not statistically significant, reduction in that of compliant CDLs. Our results provide evidence that MMPs may contribute to the variable tensility of the CDLs, in the light of which we provide an updated hypothesis for the regulatory mechanism controlling MCT mutability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Ribeiro
- INEB- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, NEWTherapies Group, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (ARR); (MAB)
| | - Alice Barbaglio
- Life Sciences Department, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria J. Oliveira
- INEB- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, NEWTherapies Group, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina C. Ribeiro
- INEB- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, NEWTherapies Group, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ISEP-Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Departamento de Física, Porto, Portugal
| | - Iain C. Wilkie
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Mário A. Barbosa
- INEB- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, NEWTherapies Group, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (ARR); (MAB)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Matranga V, Pinsino A, Randazzo D, Giallongo A, Dubois P. Long-term environmental exposure to metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn) activates the immune cell stress response in the common European sea star (Asterias rubens). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 76:122-127. [PMID: 22000270 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The common sea star Asterias rubens represents a key-species of the North-Eastern Atlantic macro benthic community. The cells of their immune system, known as coelomocytes, are the first line of defence against environmental hazards. Here, we report the results of investigations on the immune cells response of sea stars exposed to marine environmental pollution for long periods. We show that levels of the heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70) in coelomocytes from A. rubens, which were collected during a field study in the Sǿrfjord (North Sea, SW coast of Norway) along a contamination gradient, are directly associated with the long-term accumulation of Cd, Cu heavy metals exclusively in the tegument. Conversely, Pb and Zn accumulation in the tegument did not relate to HSC70 levels and none of the metals were found accumulated in the pyloric coeca. In addition the coelomocytes from A. rubens, collected in high and low metal impacted stations were examined by a proteomic approach using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). By comparison of the proteomic maps, we observed that 31 protein spots differed in their relative abundance, indicating a gene expression response to the metal mixture exposure. All together, our results confirm that the echinoderm immune cells are a suitable model for the assessment of long-term exposure to environmental pollution, moreover that the increased level of HSC70 can be considered a signal of an acquired tolerance within a large spectrum of protein profile changes occurring in response to metal contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Matranga
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia, Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|