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Guo X, Huang M, Luo X, You W, Ke C. Impact of ocean acidification on shells of the abalone species Haliotis diversicolor and Haliotis discus hannai. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 192:106183. [PMID: 37820478 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) results from the absorption of anthropogenic CO2 emissions by the ocean and threatens the survival of many marine calcareous organisms including molluscs. We studied OA effects on adult shells of the abalone species Haliotis diversicolor and Haliotis discus hannai that were exposed to three pCO2 conditions (ambient, ∼880, and ∼1600 μatm) for 1 year. Shell periostracum corrosion under OA was observed for both species. OA reduced shell hardness and altered the nacre ultrastructure in H. diversicolor, making its shells more vulnerable to crushing force. OA exposure did not reduce the shell hardness of H. discus hannai and did not alter nacre ultrastructure. However, the reduced calcification also decreased its resistance to crushing force. Sr/Ca in the shell increased with rising calcification rate. Mg/Ca increased upon OA exposure could be due to a complimentary mechanism of preventing shell hardness further reduced. The Na/Ca distribution between the aragonite and calcite of abalone shells was also changed by OA. In general, both abalone species are at a greater risk in a more acidified ocean. Their shells may not provide sufficient protection from predators or to transportation stress in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, PR China; National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, PR China
| | - Miaoqin Huang
- National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei You
- National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China.
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Leung JYS, Zhang S, Connell SD. Is Ocean Acidification Really a Threat to Marine Calcifiers? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 980+ Studies Spanning Two Decades. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107407. [PMID: 35934837 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is considered detrimental to marine calcifiers, but mounting contradictory evidence suggests a need to revisit this concept. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to critically re-evaluate the prevailing paradigm of negative effects of ocean acidification on calcifiers. Based on 5153 observations from 985 studies, many calcifiers (e.g., echinoderms, crustaceans, and cephalopods) are found to be tolerant to near-future ocean acidification (pH ≈ 7.8 by the year 2100), but coccolithophores, calcifying algae, and corals appear to be sensitive. Calcifiers are generally more sensitive at the larval stage than adult stage. Over 70% of the observations in growth and calcification are non-negative, implying the acclimation capacity of many calcifiers to ocean acidification. This capacity can be mediated by phenotypic plasticity (e.g., physiological, mineralogical, structural, and molecular adjustments), transgenerational plasticity, increased food availability, or species interactions. The results suggest that the impacts of ocean acidification on calcifiers are less deleterious than initially thought as their adaptability has been underestimated. Therefore, in the forthcoming era of ocean acidification research, it is advocated that studying how marine organisms persist is as important as studying how they perish, and that future hypotheses and experimental designs are not constrained within the paradigm of negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y S Leung
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Sam Zhang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Martins M, Carreiro-Silva M, Martins GM, Barcelos E Ramos J, Viveiros F, Couto RP, Parra H, Monteiro J, Gallo F, Silva C, Teodósio A, Guilini K, Hall-Spencer JM, Leitão F, Chícharo L, Range P. Ervilia castanea (Mollusca, Bivalvia) populations adversely affected at CO 2 seeps in the North Atlantic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142044. [PMID: 33254890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sites with naturally high CO2 conditions provide unique opportunities to forecast the vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to ocean acidification, by studying the biological responses and potential adaptations to this increased environmental variability. In this study, we investigated the bivalve Ervilia castanea in coastal sandy sediments at reference sites and at volcanic CO2 seeps off the Azores, where the pH of bottom waters ranged from average oceanic levels of 8.2, along gradients, down to 6.81, in carbonated seawater at the seeps. The bivalve population structure changed markedly at the seeps. Large individuals became less abundant as seawater CO2 levels rose and were completely absent from the most acidified sites. In contrast, small bivalves were most abundant at the CO2 seeps. We propose that larvae can settle and initially live in high abundances under elevated CO2 levels, but that high rates of post-settlement dispersal and/or mortality occur. Ervilia castanea were susceptible to elevated CO2 levels and these effects were consistently associated with lower food supplies. This raises concerns about the effects of ocean acidification on the brood stock of this species and other bivalve molluscs with similar life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martins
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental - Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marina Carreiro-Silva
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar & OKEANOS Research Unit, Universidade dos Açores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | | | | | - Fátima Viveiros
- Research Institute for Volcanology and Risk Assessment, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Ruben P Couto
- cE3c - Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Hugo Parra
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar & OKEANOS Research Unit, Universidade dos Açores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - João Monteiro
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Francesca Gallo
- IITAA - University of the Azores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Catarina Silva
- Research Institute for Volcanology and Risk Assessment, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal; Center for Information and Seismovolcanic Surveillance of the Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Teodósio
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Katja Guilini
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom; Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Francisco Leitão
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Range
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Chandra Rajan K, Vengatesen T. Molecular adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation to high-CO 2 oceans - The known and the unknown. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 155:104883. [PMID: 32072987 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-CO2 induced ocean acidification (OA) reduces the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation level (Ω) and the pH of oceans. Consequently, OA is causing a serious threat to several ecologically and economically important biomineralising molluscs. Biomineralisation is a highly controlled biochemical process by which molluscs deposit their calcareous structures. In this process, shell matrix proteins aid the nucleation, growth and assemblage of the CaCO3 crystals in the shell. These molluscan shell proteins (MSPs) are, ultimately, responsible for determination of the diverse shell microstructures and mechanical strength. Recent studies have attempted to integrate gene and protein expression data of MSPs with shell structure and mechanical properties. These advances made in understanding the molecular mechanism of biomineralisation suggest that molluscs either succumb or adapt to OA stress. In this review, we discuss the fate of biomineralisation process in future high-CO2 oceans and its ultimate impact on the mineralised shell's structure and mechanical properties from the perspectives of limited substrate availability theory, proton flux limitation model and the omega myth theory. Furthermore, studying the interplay of energy availability and differential gene expression is an essential first step towards understanding adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation to OA, because if there is a need to change gene expression under stressors, any living system would require more energy than usual. To conclude, we have listed, four important future research directions for molecular adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation in high-CO2 oceans: 1) Including an energy budgeting factor while understanding differential gene expression of MSPs and ion transporters under OA. 2) Unraveling the genetic or epigenetic changes related to biomineralisation under stressors to help solving a bigger picture about future evolution of molluscs, and 3) Understanding Post Translational Modifications of MSPs with and without stressors. 4) Understanding carbon uptake mechanisms across taxa with and without OA to clarify the OA theories on Ω.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanmani Chandra Rajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Thiyagarajan Vengatesen
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Byrne M, Fitzer S. The impact of environmental acidification on the microstructure and mechanical integrity of marine invertebrate skeletons. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz062. [PMID: 31737270 PMCID: PMC6846232 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), from seawater uptake of anthropogenic CO2, has a suite of negative effects on the ability of marine invertebrates to produce and maintain their skeletons. Increased organism pCO2 causes hypercapnia, an energetically costly physiological stress. OA alters seawater carbonate chemistry, limiting the carbonate available to form the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals used to build skeletons. The reduced saturation state of CaCO3 also causes corrosion of CaCO3 structures. Global change is also accelerating coastal acidification driven by land-run off (e.g. acid soil leachates, tannic acid). Building and maintaining marine biomaterials in the face of changing climate will depend on the balance between calcification and dissolution. Overall, in response to environmental acidification, many calcifiers produce less biomineral and so have smaller body size. Studies of skeleton development in echinoderms and molluscs across life stages show the stunting effect of OA. For corals, linear extension may be maintained, but at the expense of less dense biomineral. Conventional metrics used to quantify growth and calcification need to be augmented by characterisation of the changes to biomineral structure and mechanical integrity caused by environmental acidification. Scanning electron microscopy and microcomputed tomography of corals, tube worms and sea urchins exposed to experimental (laboratory) and natural (vents, coastal run off) acidification show a less dense biomineral with greater porosity and a larger void space. For bivalves, CaCO3 crystal deposition is more chaotic in response to both ocean and coastal acidification. Biomechanics tests reveal that these changes result in weaker, more fragile skeletons, compromising their vital protective roles. Vulnerabilities differ among taxa and depend on acidification level. Climate warming has the potential to ameliorate some of the negative effects of acidification but may also make matters worse. The integrative morphology-ecomechanics approach is key to understanding how marine biominerals will perform in the face of changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Science and School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Corresponding author: School of Medical Science and School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Susan Fitzer
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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