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Gaylarde CC, Neto JAB, da Fonseca EM. Paint fragments as polluting microplastics: A brief review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111847. [PMID: 33338929 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Paint particles are part of the increasingly important microplastics (MPs) pollution of our oceans. They contain polyurethanes, polyesters, polyacrylates, polystyrenes, alkyls and epoxies. In spite of their prevalence, paint fragments are often excluded from MP audits. This review, citing 127 references, discusses detection, characteristics, sources and ecological effects of paint fragments in our oceans, as well as the abundance of paint fragments in MP samples around the world and their colonization by marine microorganisms, which differs from that of non-paint MPs. Paint MPs arise from shipping and boating activities, road markings and external surfaces of buildings. Many paint fragments come from antifouling paints used on commercial vessels and leisure boats; these may be regarded as particular pollutants, not only containing but also leaching heavy metals and biocides. Some effects of antifouling paint particles on aquatic biota are caused by these toxins. Paint particles are an understudied portion of marine MP pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Gaylarde
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Oklahoma University, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - José Antonio Baptista Neto
- Department of Geology and Geophysics/LAGEMAR, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Avenida Litorânea s/n, 24210-340 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Estefan Monteiro da Fonseca
- Department of Geology and Geophysics/LAGEMAR, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Avenida Litorânea s/n, 24210-340 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Booster Biocides Levels in the Major Blood Cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) Cultivation Areas along the Coastal Area of Peninsular Malaysia. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Booster biocides have been rapidly growing in use, mainly in the shipping industry and in agricultural activities. The use of booster biocides is known to cause adverse effects on marine ecosystems, such as by inhibiting the photosynthesis process in marine plants, and they have the potential to accumulate in marine organisms. In the present study, booster biocides of Irgarol 1051, diuron, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and chlorothalonil were measured in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) cultivation areas along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The highest Irgarol 1051 mean was found in the blood cockle with a value of 98.92 ± 13.65 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor, while the means of diuron and its metabolites and 3,4-DCA showed the highest values of 40.31 ± 7.61 and 41.42 ± 21.58 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor and Sungai Ayam, Johor, respectively. Sungai Ayam, Johor also exhibited the highest amount of chlorothalonil of 29.76 ± 8.80 µg/kg. By referring to sediment quality guidelines, about 72% and more than 90% of sediment samples exceeded the environmental risk limits (ERLs) and maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for Irgarol 1051 and diuron, respectively. However, referring to the risk characterization ratio (RCR), none of the blood cockle samples exceeded 1, which means that there is no potential for adverse effects to occur. Thus, the contaminants in the marine ecosystem caused by booster biocides are highlighted as a serious issue, mainly in sediment.
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García E, Giráldez I, Montoya MR, Morales E. Determination of booster biocides in sediments by focused ultrasound-assisted extraction and stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Viana JLM, Dos Santos SRV, Dos Santos Franco TCR, Almeida MAP. Occurrence and partitioning of antifouling booster biocides in sediments and porewaters from Brazilian Northeast. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:112988. [PMID: 31541816 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fouling organisms attach and grow on submerged surfaces causing several economic losses. Thus, biocides have been introduced in antifouling paints in order to avoid this phenomenon, but their widespread use became a global problem, mainly in ports, leisure and fishing boat harbors, since these substances can be highly toxic to non-target organisms. The occurrence and environmental behavior of antifouling biocides are especially unknown in some peculiar regions, such as Amazon areas. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate, for the first time, levels and the partitioning behavior of the antifouling organic biocides irgarol, diuron and also stable degradation products of dichlofluanid and diuron (DMSA and DCPMU, respectively) in sediments and porewaters from a high boat traffic area located in the Northeast of Brazil, a pre-Amazon region. Our results showed high concentrations of irgarol (<1.0-89.7 μg kg-1) and diuron (<5.0-55.2 μg kg-1) in sediments. In porewater, DCPMU (<0.03-0.67 μg L-1) and DMSA (<0.008-0.263 μg L-1) were the mainly substances detected. High Kd and Koc obtained for both irgarol and diuron showed a partitioning preference in the solid phase. This work represents one of the few registers of contamination by antifouling substances in Amazonian areas, despite their environmental relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lucas Martins Viana
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ecotoxicologia (LAEC), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. Dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Sara Raiane Viana Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ecotoxicologia (LAEC), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. Dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Zhang AQ, Zhou GJ, Lam MHW, Leung KMY. Toxicities of Irgarol 1051 derivatives, M2 and M3, to two marine diatom species. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109455. [PMID: 31344592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Irgarol 1051 is highly toxic to marine autotrophs and has been widely used as an antifouling booster biocide. This study tested the toxicities of two s-triazine derivatives of Irgarol, namely M2 (3-[4-tert-butylamino-6-methylthiol-s-triazin-2-ylamino]propionaldehyde) and M3 (2-methylthio-4,6-bis-tert-butylamino-s-triazine) to two marine diatom species, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira pseudonana through standard acute (96h) and chronic (7d) growth inhibition tests. Results showed that both of the two chemicals significantly inhibited the growth of S. costatum (M2: 96h-EC50 = 6789.7 μg L-1, 7d-EC50 = 3503.7 μg L-1; M3: 96h-EC50 = 45193.9 μg L-1, 7d-EC50 = 5330.0 μg L-1) and T. pseudonana (M2: 96h-EC50 = 366.2 μg L-1, 7d-EC50 = 312.5 μg L-1; M3: 96h-EC50 = 2633.4 μg L-1, 7d-EC50 = 710.5 μg L-1), while their toxicity effects were much milder than Irgarol and its major degradation product M1. By comparing with previous findings, the susceptibilities of these s-triazine compounds to two tested species were ranked as: Irgarol > M1 ≫ M2 > M3. This study promotes future research efforts on better understanding of the ecotoxicities of M2 and M3, and incorporating such information to improve the current monitoring, risk assessment and regulation of the use of Irgarol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Q Zhang
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Michael H W Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (City University of Hong Kong), Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (City University of Hong Kong), Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhang AQ, Zhou GJ, Lam MHW, Leung KMY. Toxicities of the degraded mixture of Irgarol 1051 to marine organisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:565-573. [PMID: 30901651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Antifoulant Irgarol 1051 (2-methythiol-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine) can be photodegraded into M1 (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-amino-s-triazine) and M2 (3-4-tert-butylamino-6-methylthiol-s-triazin-2-ylamino]propion-aldehyde). M3 (2-methylthio-4,6-bis-tert-butylamino-s-triazine) was also detected as a side-product in Irgarol. This study aimed to investigate the combined toxicity of a mixture of these s-triazine compounds to eight marine organisms. A degraded mixture of Irgarol in artificial seawater was obtained by photolysis over 42 d and its composition was quantified by HPLC-UV analyses. Based on short-term toxicity tests on eight selected marine species, the mixture posed significant phytotoxic effects to the cyanobacteria (Chroococcus minor and Synechococcus sp.), the diatoms (Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira pseudonana), the macroalgae (Ulva lactuca and Caulerpa peltata) and the dinoflagellate (Prorocentrum dentatum), though the mixture was less toxic to the copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Both Independent Action and Concentration Addition models can generate reasonably satisfactory predictions on the overall mixture toxicity to the two diatoms, implying that the four compounds likely share a similar mode of action and resemble an additive effect in the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Q Zhang
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Michael H W Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (City University of Hong Kong), Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (City University of Hong Kong), Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Caldas SS, Soares BM, Abreu F, Castro ÍB, Fillmann G, Primel EG. Antifouling booster biocide extraction from marine sediments: a fast and simple method based on vortex-assisted matrix solid-phase extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:7553-7565. [PMID: 29282665 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of an analytical method employing vortex-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) for the extraction of diuron, Irgarol 1051, TCMTB (2-thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole), DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3-(2H)-isothiazolin-3-one), and dichlofluanid from sediment samples. Separation and determination were performed by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. Important MSPD parameters, such as sample mass, mass of C18, and type and volume of extraction solvent, were investigated by response surface methodology. Quantitative recoveries were obtained with 2.0 g of sediment sample, 0.25 g of C18 as the solid support, and 10 mL of methanol as the extraction solvent. The MSPD method was suitable for the extraction and determination of antifouling biocides in sediment samples, with recoveries between 61 and 103% and a relative standard deviation lower than 19%. Limits of quantification between 0.5 and 5 ng g-1 were obtained. Vortex-assisted MPSD was shown to be fast and easy to use, with the advantages of low cost and reduced solvent consumption compared to the commonly employed techniques for the extraction of booster biocides from sediment samples. Finally, the developed method was applied to real samples. Results revealed that the developed extraction method is effective and simple, thus allowing the determination of biocides in sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiane Souza Caldas
- Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Meira Soares
- Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Fiamma Abreu
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96201-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Contaminação Marinha, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Almirante Saldanha da Gama 89, Santos, São Paulo, 11030400, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96201-900, Brazil.
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Environmentally friendly procedure based on VA-MSPD for the determination of booster biocides in fish tissue. Food Chem 2018; 242:475-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kamtsikakis A, Kavetsou E, Chronaki K, Kiosidou E, Pavlatou E, Karana A, Papaspyrides C, Detsi A, Karantonis A, Vouyiouka S. Encapsulation of Antifouling Organic Biocides in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4040081. [PMID: 28952560 PMCID: PMC5746748 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of the current research was to assess the feasibility of encapsulating three commercial antifouling compounds, Irgarol 1051, Econea and Zinc pyrithione, in biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles. The emulsification–solvent evaporation technique was herein utilized to manufacture nanoparticles with a biocide:polymer ratio of 40%. The loaded nanoparticles were analyzed for their size and size distribution, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and thermal properties, while the relevant physicochemical characteristics were correlated to biocide–polymer system. In addition, the encapsulation process was scaled up and the prepared nanoparticles were dispersed in a water-based antifouling paint in order to examine the viability of incorporating nanoparticles in such coatings. Metallic specimens were coated with the nanoparticles-containing paint and examined regarding surface morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis Kamtsikakis
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Eleni Kavetsou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantina Chronaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Kiosidou
- Shipbuilding Technology Laboratory, School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Pavlatou
- Laboratory of General Chemistry, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Karana
- Department of Wood and Two Pack Coatings, CHROTEX S.A. Hellenic Industry of Paints & Varnishes 19th Km National Road Athens-Corinth, 19300 Aspropyrgos, Greece.
| | - Constantine Papaspyrides
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Detsi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Antonis Karantonis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Stamatina Vouyiouka
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
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Hannachi A, Elarbaoui S, Khazri A, Sellami B, Rastelli E, D'Agostino F, Beyrem H, Mahmoudi E, Corinaldesi C, Danovaro R. Impact of the biocide Irgarol on meiofauna and prokaryotes from the sediments of the Bizerte lagoon-an experimental study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7712-7721. [PMID: 26746401 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The biocide Irgarol 1051 has been reported to have negative effects on a large number of living components including non-target organisms, but information on its impact on the marine meiofauna and benthic prokaryotes is completely lacking. Here, we report the results of long-term experimental studies in which we determined the effects of increasing Irgarol concentrations (from 11.5 to 315 ng g(-1) sediment dry weight) on meiofauna and benthic prokaryotes. We found that this biocide had a significant impact on meiofauna abundance, even at the lowest concentrations, causing a drastic decline in the abundance of nematodes (the dominant meiofaunal taxon) and an increase of the relative importance of oligochaetes. Even if no direct effects of Irgarol were found on prokaryotic abundance and biomass, the molecular fingerprinting analyses (automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis) showed that the prokaryotic diversity was significantly altered by the biocide. The results of the present study indicate that Irgarol 1051 in marine sediments has a significant impact on the smallest eukaryotic and microbial components also at very low concentrations (ca 12 ng g(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Hannachi
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Soumaya Elarbaoui
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhafidh Khazri
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Badreddine Sellami
- Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, 28 rue de 2 mars 1934, 2025, Salammbô, Tunisia
| | - Eugenio Rastelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio D'Agostino
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC)-CNR, Via del Mare 3, 91021, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Italy
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
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Park JS, Cho HR, Kang MJ, Choi YS. A rapid and sensitive method to determine tacrolimus in rat whole blood using liquid–liquid extraction with mild temperature ultrasonication and LC–MS/MS. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 39:73-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Concentration of antifouling biocides and metals in sediment core samples in the northern part of Hiroshima Bay. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9991-10004. [PMID: 24901529 PMCID: PMC4100135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of Ot alternative antifoulants in sediment is the focus of this research. Much research had been done on surface sediment, but in this report, the accumulation in the sediment core was studied. The Ot alternative antifoulants, Diuron, Sea-Nine211, and Irgarol 1051, and the latter’s degradation product, M1, were investigated in five samples from the northern part of Hiroshima Bay. Ot compounds (tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT)) were also investigated for comparison. In addition, metal (Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) levels and chronology were measured to better understand what happens after accumulation on the sea floor. It was discovered that Ot alternative antifoulant accumulation characteristics in sediment were like Ot compounds, with the concentration in the sediment core being much higher than surface sediment. The concentration in sediment seems to have been affected by the regulation of Ot compounds in 1990, due to the concentration of Ot alternative antifoulants and Ot compounds at the survey point in front of the dock, showing an increase from almost the same layer after the regulation.
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Abstract
AbstractBooster biocides are organic compounds that are added to antifouling copper-based paints to improve their efficacy. Due to their widespread use, they are common pollutants of marine ecosystems. Some of these compounds show acute and chronic toxic effects in non-targeted organisms at concentrations as low as ng L−1. The determination of these compounds is therefore important, and for some, which are prioritized in the EU water framework directive, a necessity. Because of their low concentrations and the matrix effect, these contaminants often require a suitable sample preparation step (extraction/pre-concentration) prior to chromatographic determination. The aim of the present article is to review extraction and chromatographic methodologies related to the determination of common booster biocides in marine samples published in the scientific literature. These methodologies include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME), single drop microextraction (SDME), Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) as extraction methods, and both gas and liquid chromatography as determination techniques.
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Besse JP, Geffard O, Coquery M. Relevance and applicability of active biomonitoring in continental waters under the Water Framework Directive. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mou RX, Chen MX, Cao ZY, Zhu ZW. Simultaneous determination of triazine herbicides in rice by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution and high mass accuracy hybrid linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:149-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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