1
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Williams TM, Blackwell SB, Tervo O, Garde E, Sinding MS, Richter B, Heide‐Jørgensen MP. Physiological responses of narwhals to anthropogenic noise: A case study with seismic airguns and vessel traffic in the Arctic. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terrie M. Williams
- Coastal Biology Building‐ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 130 McAllister Way University of California‐ Santa Cruz CA
| | | | - Outi Tervo
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources Copenhagen K Denmark
| | - Eva Garde
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources Copenhagen K Denmark
| | | | - Beau Richter
- Coastal Biology Building‐ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 130 McAllister Way University of California‐ Santa Cruz CA
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2
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Stanistreet JE, Beslin WAM, Kowarski K, Martin SB, Westell A, Moors-Murphy HB. Changes in the acoustic activity of beaked whales and sperm whales recorded during a naval training exercise off eastern Canada. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1973. [PMID: 35132140 PMCID: PMC8821608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental research has shown that beaked whales exhibit strong avoidance reactions to naval active sonars used during antisubmarine warfare training exercises, including cessation of echolocation and foraging activity. Behavioural responses to sonar have also been linked to strandings and mortality. Much of the research on the responses of beaked whales and other cetaceans to naval active sonar has occurred on or near U.S. naval training ranges, and the impacts of sonar in other regions remain poorly understood, particularly as these impacts, including mortality, are likely to go unobserved in offshore areas. In September 2016 the multinational naval exercise 'CUTLASS FURY 2016' (CF16) was conducted off eastern Canada. We used passive acoustic recordings collected in the region to quantify the occurrence and characteristics of sonar signals, measure ambient noise levels, and assess changes in the acoustic activity of beaked and sperm whales. The number of hours per day with echolocation clicks from Cuvier's beaked whales and sperm whales were significantly reduced during CF16, compared to the pre-exercise period in 2016 (sperm whales) and to control data from 2015 (both species). Clicks from an unidentified Mesoplodont beaked whale species, sporadically detected prior to CF16, were absent during the exercise and for 7 days afterward. These results suggest that beaked and sperm whales ceased foraging in the vicinity of CF16 and likely avoided the affected area. Such disturbance may have energetic, health, and fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E Stanistreet
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, NS, Canada.
| | - Wilfried A M Beslin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Katie Kowarski
- JASCO Applied Sciences, 32 Troop Avenue, Suite 202, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - S Bruce Martin
- JASCO Applied Sciences, 32 Troop Avenue, Suite 202, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Annabel Westell
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Hilary B Moors-Murphy
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
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3
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A fine-scale marine mammal movement model for assessing long-term aggregate noise exposure. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Czapanskiy MF, Savoca MS, Gough WT, Segre PS, Wisniewska DM, Cade DE, Goldbogen JA. Modelling short‐term energetic costs of sonar disturbance to cetaceans using high‐resolution foraging data. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max F. Czapanskiy
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
| | - Matthew S. Savoca
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
| | - William T. Gough
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
| | - Paolo S. Segre
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
| | - Danuta M. Wisniewska
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé CNRS‐Université de La Rochelle Villiers‐en‐Bois France
| | - David E. Cade
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Jeremy A. Goldbogen
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
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5
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Hubert J, Campbell JA, Slabbekoorn H. Effects of seismic airgun playbacks on swimming patterns and behavioural states of Atlantic cod in a net pen. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111680. [PMID: 33181953 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic sound can affect fish behaviour and physiology which may affect their well-being. However, it remains a major challenge to translate such effects to consequences for fitness at an individual and population level. For this, energy budget models have been developed, but suitable data to parametrize these models are lacking. A first step towards such parametrization concerns the objective quantification of behavioural states at high resolution. We experimentally exposed individual Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in a net pen to the playback of seismic airgun sounds. We demonstrated that individual cod in the net pen did not change their swimming patterns immediately at the onset of the sound exposure. However, several individuals changed their time spent in three different behavioural states during the 1 h exposure. This may be translated to changes in energy expenditure and provide suitable input for energy budget models that allow predictions about fitness and population consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Hubert
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
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6
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Dunlop RA, McCauley RD, Noad MJ. Ships and air guns reduce social interactions in humpback whales at greater ranges than other behavioral impacts. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 154:111072. [PMID: 32319903 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between human activity in the ocean and marine mammals is a fundamental step to developing responsible mitigation measures and informing policy. Here, the response of migrating humpback whales to vessels towing seismic air gun arrays (on or off) was quantified as a reduction in their likelihood of socially interacting (joining together). Groups were significantly less likely to participate in a joining interaction in the presence of a vessel, regardless of whether or not the air guns were active. This reduction was especially pronounced in groups within a social environment that favored joining, that is, when singing whales or other groups were nearby. Seismic survey mitigation practices are designed primarily to prevent damage to whales' hearing from close-by sources. Here, we found potentially detrimental behavioral changes at much greater ranges, and much lower received levels, than those used for current mitigation recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dunlop
- Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
| | - Robert D McCauley
- Centre Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845, WA, Australia
| | - Michael J Noad
- Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
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7
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von Benda-Beckmann AM, Wensveen PJ, Prior M, Ainslie MA, Hansen RR, Isojunno S, Lam FPA, Kvadsheim PH, Miller PJO. Predicting acoustic dose associated with marine mammal behavioural responses to sound as detected with fixed acoustic recorders and satellite tags. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:1401. [PMID: 31067938 DOI: 10.1121/1.5093543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To understand the consequences of underwater noise exposure for cetaceans, there is a need for assessments of behavioural responses over increased spatial and temporal scales. Bottom-moored acoustic recorders and satellite tags provide such long-term and large spatial coverage of behaviour compared to short-duration acoustic-recording tags. However, these tools result in a decreased resolution of data from which an animal response can be inferred, and no direct recording of the sound received at the animal. This study discusses the consequence of the decreased resolution of data from satellite tags and fixed acoustic recorders on the acoustic dose estimated by propagation modelling and presents a method for estimating the range of sound levels that animals observed with these methods have received. This problem is illustrated using experimental results obtained during controlled exposures of northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) exposed to naval sonar, carried out near Jan Mayen, Norway. It is shown that variability and uncertainties in the sound field, resulting from limited sampling of the acoustic environment, as well as decreased resolution in animal locations, can lead to quantifiable uncertainties in the estimated acoustic dose associated with the behavioural response (in this case avoidance and cessation of foraging).
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Affiliation(s)
- A M von Benda-Beckmann
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - P J Wensveen
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - M Prior
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - M A Ainslie
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - R R Hansen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Isojunno
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - F P A Lam
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - P H Kvadsheim
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Defence Systems, Horten, Norway
| | - P J O Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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8
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Verfuss UK, Aniceto AS, Harris DV, Gillespie D, Fielding S, Jiménez G, Johnston P, Sinclair RR, Sivertsen A, Solbø SA, Storvold R, Biuw M, Wyatt R. A review of unmanned vehicles for the detection and monitoring of marine fauna. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 140:17-29. [PMID: 30803631 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent technology developments have turned present-day unmanned systems into realistic alternatives to traditional marine animal survey methods. Benefits include longer survey durations, improved mission safety, mission repeatability, and reduced operational costs. We review the present status of unmanned vehicles suitable for marine animal monitoring conducted in relation to industrial offshore activities, highlighting which systems are suitable for three main monitoring types: population, mitigation, and focal animal monitoring. We describe the technical requirements for each of these monitoring types and discuss the operational aspects. The selection of a specific sensor/platform combination depends critically on the target species and its behaviour. The technical specifications of unmanned platforms and sensors also need to be selected based on the surrounding conditions of a particular offshore project, such as the area of interest, the survey requirements and operational constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula K Verfuss
- SMRU Consulting, New Technology Centre, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SR, UK.
| | - Ana Sofia Aniceto
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Danielle V Harris
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, The Observatory, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Douglas Gillespie
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Sophie Fielding
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Guillermo Jiménez
- Seiche Ltd., Bradworthy Industrial Estate, Langdon Road, Bradworthy, Holsworthy, Devon EX22 7SF, UK
| | - Phil Johnston
- Seiche Ltd., Bradworthy Industrial Estate, Langdon Road, Bradworthy, Holsworthy, Devon EX22 7SF, UK
| | - Rachael R Sinclair
- SMRU Consulting, New Technology Centre, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SR, UK
| | - Agnar Sivertsen
- Norut - Northern Research Institute, Postboks 6434 Forskningsparken, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stian A Solbø
- Norut - Northern Research Institute, Postboks 6434 Forskningsparken, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune Storvold
- Norut - Northern Research Institute, Postboks 6434 Forskningsparken, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martin Biuw
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roy Wyatt
- Seiche Ltd., Bradworthy Industrial Estate, Langdon Road, Bradworthy, Holsworthy, Devon EX22 7SF, UK
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9
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Isojunno S, Aoki K, Curé C, Kvadsheim PH, Miller PJO. Breathing Patterns Indicate Cost of Exercise During Diving and Response to Experimental Sound Exposures in Long-Finned Pilot Whales. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1462. [PMID: 30459631 PMCID: PMC6232938 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Air-breathing marine predators that target sub-surface prey have to balance the energetic benefit of foraging against the time, energetic and physiological costs of diving. Here we use on-animal data loggers to assess whether such trade-offs can be revealed by the breathing rates (BR) and timing of breaths in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephela melas). We used the period immediately following foraging dives in particular, for which respiratory behavior can be expected to be optimized for gas exchange. Breath times and fluke strokes were detected using onboard sensors (pressure, 3-axis acceleration) attached to animals using suction cups. The number and timing of breaths were quantified in non-linear mixed models that incorporated serial correlation and individual as a random effect. We found that pilot whales increased their BR in the 5–10 min period prior to, and immediately following, dives that exceeded 31 m depth. While pre-dive BRs did not vary with dive duration, the initial post-dive BR was linearly correlated with duration of >2 min dives, with BR then declining exponentially. Apparent net diving costs were 1.7 (SE 0.2) breaths per min of diving (post-dive number of breaths, above pre-dive breathing rate unrelated to dive recovery). Every fluke stroke was estimated to cost 0.086 breaths, which amounted to 80–90% average contribution of locomotion to the net diving costs. After accounting for fluke stroke rate, individuals in the small body size class took a greater number of breaths per diving minute. Individuals reduced their breathing rate (from the rate expected by diving behavior) by 13–16% during playbacks of killer whale sounds and their first exposure to 1–2 kHz naval sonar, indicating similar responses to interspecific competitor/predator and anthropogenic sounds. Although we cannot rule out individuals increasing their per-breath O2 uptake to match metabolic demand, our results suggest that behavioral responses to experimental sound exposures were not associated with increased metabolic rates in a stress response, but metabolic rates instead appear to decrease. Our results support the hypothesis that maximal performance leads to predictable (optimized) breathing patterns, which combined with further physiological measurements could improve proxies of field metabolic rates and per-stroke energy costs from animal-borne behavior data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saana Isojunno
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Kagari Aoki
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Patrick James O'Malley Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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10
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Dunlop RA, Noad MJ, McCauley RD, Kniest E, Slade R, Paton D, Cato DH. A behavioural dose-response model for migrating humpback whales and seismic air gun noise. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:506-516. [PMID: 30041344 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The behavioural responses of migrating humpback whales to an air gun, a small clustered seismic array and a commercial array were used to develop a dose-response model, accounting for the presence of the vessel, array towpath relative to the migration and social and environmental parameters. Whale groups were more likely to show an avoidance response (increasing their distance from the source) when the received sound exposure level was over 130 dB re 1 μPa2·s and they were within 4 km of the source. The 50% probability of response occurred where received levels were 150-155 dB re 1 μPa2·s and they were within 2.5 km of the source. A small number of whales moving rapidly close to the source vessel did not exhibit an avoidance response at the highest received levels (160-170 dB re 1 μPa2·s) meaning it was not possible to estimate the maximum response threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dunlop
- Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
| | - Michael J Noad
- Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | | | - Eric Kniest
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Robert Slade
- Blue Planet Marine, P.O. Box 919, Canberra ACT 2614, Australia
| | - David Paton
- Blue Planet Marine, P.O. Box 919, Canberra ACT 2614, Australia
| | - Douglas H Cato
- School of Geosciences, University of Sydney and Defence Science and Technology Group, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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11
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Isojunno S, Sadykova D, DeRuiter S, Curé C, Visser F, Thomas L, Miller PJO, Harris CM. Individual, ecological, and anthropogenic influences on activity budgets of long‐finned pilot whales. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Isojunno
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB UK
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling (CREEM) The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens University of St Andrews St Andrews, Fife KY169LZ UK
| | - D. Sadykova
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Tillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
- School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - S. DeRuiter
- Mathematics and Statistics Department Calvin College Grand Rapids Michigan 49546 USA
| | - C. Curé
- Cerema, DTer Est Acoustics Group F‐67035 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - F. Visser
- Kelp Marine Research Loniusstraat 9 1624 CJ Hoorn The Netherlands
- Behavioural Biology Institute of Biology Leiden University P.O. Box 9505 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - L. Thomas
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling (CREEM) The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens University of St Andrews St Andrews, Fife KY169LZ UK
| | - P. J. O. Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB UK
| | - C. M. Harris
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling (CREEM) The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens University of St Andrews St Andrews, Fife KY169LZ UK
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12
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Kvadsheim PH, DeRuiter S, Sivle LD, Goldbogen J, Roland-Hansen R, Miller PJO, Lam FPA, Calambokidis J, Friedlaender A, Visser F, Tyack PL, Kleivane L, Southall B. Avoidance responses of minke whales to 1-4kHz naval sonar. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 121:60-68. [PMID: 28552251 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Minke whales are difficult to study and little information exists regarding their responses to anthropogenic sound. This study pools data from behavioural response studies off California and Norway. Data are derived from four tagged animals, of which one from each location was exposed to naval sonar signals. Statistical analyses were conducted using Mahalanobis distance to compare overall changes in parameters summarising dive behaviour, avoidance behaviour, and potential energetic costs of disturbance. Our quantitative analysis showed that both animals initiated avoidance behaviour, but responses were not associated with unusual dive behaviour. In one exposed animal the avoidance of the sonar source included a 5-fold increase in horizontal speed away from the source, implying a significant increase in metabolic rate. Despite the different environmental settings and exposure contexts, clear changes in behaviour were observed providing the first insights into the nature of responses to human noise for this wide-ranging species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacy DeRuiter
- Calvin College, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Grand Rapids, MI 49546-4301, USA
| | - Lise D Sivle
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jeremy Goldbogen
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick J O Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LB, UK
| | - Frans-Peter A Lam
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ari Friedlaender
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, 2030 Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA; Southall Environmental Associates Inc., Aptos, CA 95003, USA
| | - Fleur Visser
- Kelp Marine Research (KMR), 1624 CJ Hoorn, The Netherlands; Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Tyack
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LB, UK
| | - Lars Kleivane
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), NO-3191 Horten, Norway
| | - Brandon Southall
- Southall Environmental Associates Inc., Aptos, CA 95003, USA; Long Marine Laboratory, University of California, Santa Cruz, Institute of Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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13
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Dunlop RA, Noad MJ, McCauley RD, Scott-Hayward L, Kniest E, Slade R, Paton D, Cato DH. Determining the behavioural dose–response relationship of marine mammals to air gun noise and source proximity. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2878-2886. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The effect of various anthropogenic sources of noise (e.g. sonar, seismic surveys) on the behaviour of marine mammals is sometimes quantified as a dose–response relationship, where the probability of an animal behaviourally ‘responding’ (e.g. avoiding the source) increases with ‘dose’ (or received level of noise). To do this, however, requires a definition of a ‘significant’ response (avoidance), which can be difficult to quantify. There is also the potential that the animal ‘avoids’ not only the source of noise but also the vessel operating the source, complicating the relationship. The proximity of the source is an important variable to consider in the response, yet difficult to account for given that received level and proximity are highly correlated. This study used the behavioural response of humpback whales to noise from two different air gun arrays (20 and 140 cubic inch air gun array) to determine whether a dose–response relationship existed. To do this, a measure of avoidance of the source was developed, and the magnitude (rather than probability) of this response was tested against dose. The proximity to the source, and the vessel itself, was included within the one-analysis model. Humpback whales were more likely to avoid the air gun arrays (but not the controls) within 3 km of the source at levels over 140 re. 1 µPa2 s−1, meaning that both the proximity and the received level were important factors and the relationship between dose (received level) and response is not a simple one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Dunlop
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Michael J. Noad
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | | | - Lindsay Scott-Hayward
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Eric Kniest
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Robert Slade
- Blue Planet Marine, PO Box 919, Canberra, ACT 2614, Australia
| | - David Paton
- Blue Planet Marine, PO Box 919, Canberra, ACT 2614, Australia
| | - Douglas H. Cato
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Sydney and Defence Science and Technology Group, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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14
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Harris CM, Thomas L, Falcone EA, Hildebrand J, Houser D, Kvadsheim PH, Lam FA, Miller PJO, Moretti DJ, Read AJ, Slabbekoorn H, Southall BL, Tyack PL, Wartzok D, Janik VM. Marine mammals and sonar: Dose‐response studies, the risk‐disturbance hypothesis and the role of exposure context. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona M. Harris
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling The Observatory University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Len Thomas
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling The Observatory University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | | | - John Hildebrand
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography UC San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | | | - Petter H. Kvadsheim
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) Maritime Systems Horten Norway
| | - Frans‐Peter A. Lam
- Acoustics & Sonar Research Group Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) The Hague The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J. O. Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter L. Tyack
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Douglas Wartzok
- Department of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFLUSA
| | - Vincent M. Janik
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
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Houser DS, Yost W, Burkard R, Finneran JJ, Reichmuth C, Mulsow J. A review of the history, development and application of auditory weighting functions in humans and marine mammals. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 141:1371. [PMID: 28372133 DOI: 10.1121/1.4976086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This document reviews the history, development, and use of auditory weighting functions for noise impact assessment in humans and marine mammals. Advances from the modern era of electroacoustics, psychophysical studies of loudness, and other related hearing studies are reviewed with respect to the development and application of human auditory weighting functions, particularly A-weighting. The use of auditory weighting functions to assess the effects of environmental noise on humans-such as hearing damage-risk criteria-are presented, as well as lower-level effects such as annoyance and masking. The article also reviews marine mammal auditory weighting functions, the development of which has been fundamentally directed by the objective of predicting and preventing noise-induced hearing loss. Compared to the development of human auditory weighting functions, the development of marine mammal auditory weighting functions have faced additional challenges, including a large number of species that must be considered, a lack of audiometric information on most species, and small sample sizes for nearly all species for which auditory data are available. The review concludes with research recommendations to address data gaps and assumptions underlying marine mammal auditory weighting function design and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian S Houser
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92106, USA
| | - William Yost
- Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Robert Burkard
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University at Buffalo, 510 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | - James J Finneran
- United States Navy Marine Mammal Program, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, Code 71510, 53560 Hull Street, San Diego, California 92152, USA
| | - Colleen Reichmuth
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | - Jason Mulsow
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92106, USA
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DeRuiter SL, Langrock R, Skirbutas T, Goldbogen JA, Calambokidis J, Friedlaender AS, Southall BL. A multivariate mixed hidden Markov model for blue whale behaviour and responses to sound exposure. Ann Appl Stat 2017. [DOI: 10.1214/16-aoas1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Southall BL, Nowacek DP, Miller PJO, Tyack PL. Experimental field studies to measure behavioral responses of cetaceans to sonar. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Gomez C, Lawson J, Wright A, Buren A, Tollit D, Lesage V. A systematic review on the behavioural responses of wild marine mammals to noise: the disparity between science and policy. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Noise can cause marine mammals to interrupt their feeding, alter their vocalizations, or leave important habitat, among other behavioural responses. The current North American paradigm for regulating activities that may result in behavioural responses identifies received levels (RL) of sound at which individuals are predicted to display significant behavioural responses (often termed harassment). The recurrent conclusion about the need for considering context of exposure, in addition to RL, when assessing probability and severity of behavioural responses led us to conduct a systematic literature review (370 papers) and analysis (79 studies, 195 data cases). The review summarized the critical and complex role of context of exposure. The analysis emphasized that behavioural responses in cetaceans (measured via a linear severity scale) were best explained by the interaction between sound source type (continuous, sonar, or seismic/explosion) and functional hearing group (a proxy for hearing capabilities). Importantly, more severe behavioural responses were not consistently associated with higher RL and vice versa. This indicates that monitoring and regulation of acoustic effects from activities on cetacean behaviour should not exclusively rely upon generic multispecies RL thresholds. We recommend replacing the behavioural response severity score with a response/no response dichotomous approach that can represent a measure of impact in terms of habitat loss and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Gomez
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Marine Mammal Section, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John’s, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - J.W. Lawson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Marine Mammal Section, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John’s, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - A.J. Wright
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - A.D. Buren
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Marine Mammal Section, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John’s, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - D. Tollit
- SMRU Consulting North America, 510-1529 West 6th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V6J 1R1, Canada
| | - V. Lesage
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
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Visser F, Curé C, Kvadsheim PH, Lam FPA, Tyack PL, Miller PJO. Disturbance-specific social responses in long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28641. [PMID: 27353529 PMCID: PMC4926103 DOI: 10.1038/srep28641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interactions among animals can influence their response to disturbance. We investigated responses of long-finned pilot whales to killer whale sound playbacks and two anthropogenic sources of disturbance: tagging effort and naval sonar exposure. The acoustic scene and diving behaviour of tagged individuals were recorded along with the social behaviour of their groups. All three disturbance types resulted in larger group sizes, increasing social cohesion during disturbance. However, the nature and magnitude of other responses differed between disturbance types. Tagging effort resulted in a clear increase in synchrony and a tendency to reduce surface logging and to become silent (21% of cases), whereas pilot whales increased surface resting during sonar exposure. Killer whale sounds elicited increased calling rates and the aggregation of multiple groups, which approached the sound source together. This behaviour appears to represent a mobbing response, a likely adaptive social defence against predators or competitors. All observed response-tactics would reduce risk of loss of group coordination, suggesting that, in social pilot whales, this could drive behavioural responses to disturbance. However, the behavioural means used to achieve social coordination depends upon other considerations, which are disturbance-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Visser
- Kelp Marine Research, Loniusstraat 9, 1624 CJ, Hoorn, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Biology Group, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Curé
- CEREMA–DTer Est, Acoustics Group, F-67035, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Petter H. Kvadsheim
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment FFI, Maritime Systems Division, NO-3191, Horten, Norway
| | - Frans-Peter A. Lam
- Acoustics and Sonar, TNO, PO Box 96864, The Hague, 2509 JG, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L. Tyack
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Patrick J. O. Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
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Götz T, Janik VM. Non-lethal management of carnivore predation: long-term tests with a startle reflex-based deterrence system on a fish farm. Anim Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Götz
- Sea Mammal Research Unit; Scottish Oceans Institute; University of St Andrews; St Andrews Scotland UK
| | - V. M. Janik
- Sea Mammal Research Unit; Scottish Oceans Institute; University of St Andrews; St Andrews Scotland UK
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Lam FPA, Kvadsheim PH, Miller PJO, Tyack PL, Ainslie MA, Curé C, Kleivane L, Sivle LD, van Ijsselmuide SP, Visser F, von Benda-Beckmann AM, Wensveen PJ, Dekeling RPA. Controlled Sonar Exposure Experiments on Cetaceans in Norwegian Waters: Overview of the 3S-Project. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 875:589-98. [PMID: 26611008 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In mitigating the risk of sonar operations, the behavioral response of cetaceans is one of the major knowledge gaps that needs to be addressed. The 3S-Project has conducted a number of controlled exposure experiments with a realistic sonar source in Norwegian waters from 2006 to 2013. In total, the following six target species have been studied: killer, long-finned pilot, sperm, humpback, minke, and northern bottlenose whales. A total of 38 controlled sonar exposures have been conducted on these species. Responses from controlled and repeated exposure runs have been recorded using acoustic and visual observations as well as with electronic tags on the target animal. So far, the first dose-response curves as well as an overview of the scored severity of responses have been revealed. In this paper, an overview is presented of the approach for the study, including the results so far as well as the current status of the ongoing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans-Peter A Lam
- Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 AK, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Patrick J O Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU), University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK.
| | - Peter L Tyack
- Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU), University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK.
| | - Michael A Ainslie
- Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 AK, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte Curé
- Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU), University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK.
| | - Lars Kleivane
- Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI), Horten, 3191, Norway.
| | | | - Sander P van Ijsselmuide
- Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 AK, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Fleur Visser
- Kelp Marine Research, Hoorn, 1624 CJ, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander M von Benda-Beckmann
- Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 AK, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul J Wensveen
- Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU), University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK.
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Isojunno S, Cure C, Kvadsheim PH, Lam FPA, Tyack PL, Wensveen PJ, Miller PJO. Sperm whales reduce foraging effort during exposure to 1-2 kHz sonar and killer whale sounds. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:77-93. [PMID: 27039511 DOI: 10.1890/15-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The time and energetic costs of behavioral responses to incidental and experimental sonar exposures, as well as control stimuli, were quantified using hidden state analysis of time series of acoustic and movement data recorded by tags (DTAG) attached to 12 sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) using suction cups. Behavioral state transition modeling showed that tagged whales switched to a non-foraging, non-resting state during both experimental transmissions of low-frequency active sonar from an approaching vessel (LFAS; 1-2 kHz, source level 214 dB re 1 µPa m, four tag records) and playbacks of potential predator (killer whale, Orcinus orca) sounds broadcast at naturally occurring sound levels as a positive control from a drifting boat (five tag records). Time spent in foraging states and the probability of prey capture attempts were reduced during these two types of exposures with little change in overall locomotion activity, suggesting an effect on energy intake with no immediate compensation. Whales switched to the active non-foraging state over received sound pressure levels of 131-165 dB re 1 µPa during LFAS exposure. In contrast, no changes in foraging behavior were detected in response to experimental negative controls (no-sonar ship approach or noise control playback) or to experimental medium-frequency active sonar exposures (MFAS; 6-7 kHz, source level 199 re 1 µPa m, received sound pressure level [SPL] = 73-158 dB re 1 µPa). Similarly, there was no reduction in foraging effort for three whales exposed to incidental, unidentified 4.7-5.1 kHz sonar signals received at lower levels (SPL = 89-133 dB re 1 µPa). These results demonstrate that similar to predation risk, exposure to sonar can affect functional behaviors, and indicate that increased perception of risk with higher source level or lower frequency may modulate how sperm whales respond to anthropogenic sound.
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Harris CM, Sadykova D, DeRuiter SL, Tyack PL, Miller PJO, Kvadsheim PH, Lam FPA, Thomas L. Dose response severity functions for acoustic disturbance in cetaceans using recurrent event survival analysis. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00242.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Wensveen PJ, von Benda-Beckmann AM, Ainslie MA, Lam FPA, Kvadsheim PH, Tyack PL, Miller PJO. How effectively do horizontal and vertical response strategies of long-finned pilot whales reduce sound exposure from naval sonar? MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 106:68-81. [PMID: 25795075 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of a marine mammal near a noise source can modulate the sound exposure it receives. We demonstrate that two long-finned pilot whales both surfaced in synchrony with consecutive arrivals of multiple sonar pulses. We then assess the effect of surfacing and other behavioural response strategies on the received cumulative sound exposure levels and maximum sound pressure levels (SPLs) by modelling realistic spatiotemporal interactions of a pilot whale with an approaching source. Under the propagation conditions of our model, some response strategies observed in the wild were effective in reducing received levels (e.g. movement perpendicular to the source's line of approach), but others were not (e.g. switching from deep to shallow diving; synchronous surfacing after maximum SPLs). Our study exemplifies how simulations of source-whale interactions guided by detailed observational data can improve our understanding about motivations behind behaviour responses observed in the wild (e.g., reducing sound exposure, prey movement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wensveen
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, United Kingdom; Acoustics & Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), PO Box 96864, The Hague, 2509 JG, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander M von Benda-Beckmann
- Acoustics & Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), PO Box 96864, The Hague, 2509 JG, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A Ainslie
- Acoustics & Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), PO Box 96864, The Hague, 2509 JG, The Netherlands
| | - Frans-Peter A Lam
- Acoustics & Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), PO Box 96864, The Hague, 2509 JG, The Netherlands
| | - Petter H Kvadsheim
- Maritime Systems, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), NO-3191, Horten, Norway
| | - Peter L Tyack
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J O Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, United Kingdom
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Wensveen PJ, Thomas L, Miller PJO. A path reconstruction method integrating dead-reckoning and position fixes applied to humpback whales. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2015; 3:31. [PMID: 26392865 PMCID: PMC4576411 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-015-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed information about animal location and movement is often crucial in studies of natural behaviour and how animals respond to anthropogenic activities. Dead-reckoning can be used to infer such detailed information, but without additional positional data this method results in uncertainty that grows with time. Combining dead-reckoning with new Fastloc-GPS technology should provide good opportunities for reconstructing georeferenced fine-scale tracks, and should be particularly useful for marine animals that spend most of their time under water. We developed a computationally efficient, Bayesian state-space modelling technique to estimate humpback whale locations through time, integrating dead-reckoning using on-animal sensors with measurements of whale locations using on-animal Fastloc-GPS and visual observations. Positional observation models were based upon error measurements made during calibrations. RESULTS High-resolution 3-dimensional movement tracks were produced for 13 whales using a simple process model in which errors caused by water current movements, non-location sensor errors, and other dead-reckoning errors were accumulated into a combined error term. Positional uncertainty quantified by the track reconstruction model was much greater for tracks with visual positions and few or no GPS positions, indicating a strong benefit to using Fastloc-GPS for track reconstruction. Compared to tracks derived only from position fixes, the inclusion of dead-reckoning data greatly improved the level of detail in the reconstructed tracks of humpback whales. Using cross-validation, a clear improvement in the predictability of out-of-set Fastloc-GPS data was observed compared to more conventional track reconstruction methods. Fastloc-GPS observation errors during calibrations were found to vary by number of GPS satellites received and by orthogonal dimension analysed; visual observation errors varied most by distance to the whale. CONCLUSIONS By systematically accounting for the observation errors in the position fixes, our model provides a quantitative estimate of location uncertainty that can be appropriately incorporated into analyses of animal movement. This generic method has potential application for a wide range of marine animal species and data recording systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Wensveen
- />Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB UK
| | - Len Thomas
- />Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9LZ UK
| | - Patrick J. O. Miller
- />Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB UK
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Formal comment to Gong et al.: Ecosystem scale acoustic sensing reveals humpback whale behavior synchronous with herring spawning processes and re-evaluation finds no effect of sonar on humpback song occurrence in the Gulf of Maine in fall 2006. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109225. [PMID: 25290344 PMCID: PMC4188620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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