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Abdul Zali M, Juahir H, Ismail A, Retnam A, Idris AN, Sefie A, Tawnie I, Saadudin SB, Ali MM. Tracing sewage contamination based on sterols and stanols markers within the mainland aquatic ecosystem: a case study of Linggi catchment, Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:20717-20736. [PMID: 33405159 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sewage contamination is a principal concern in water quality management as pathogens in sewage can cause diseases and lead to detrimental health effects in humans. This study examines the distribution of seven sterol compounds, namely coprostanol, epi-coprostanol, cholesterol, cholestanol, stigmasterol, campesterol, and β-sitosterol in filtered and particulate phases of sewage treatment plants (STPs), groundwater, and river water. For filtered samples, solid-phase extraction (SPE) was employed while for particulate samples were sonicated. Quantification was done by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Faecal stanols (coprostanol and epi-coprostanol) and β-sitosterol were dominant in most STP samples. Groundwater samples were influenced by natural/biogenic sterol, while river water samples were characterized by a mixture of sources. Factor loadings from principal component analysis (PCA) defined fresh input of biogenic sterol and vascular plants (positive varimax factor (VF)1), aged/treated sewage sources (negative VF1), fresh- and less-treated sewage and domestic sources (positive VF2), biological sewage effluents (negative VF2), and fresh-treated sewage sources (VF3) in the samples. Association of VF loadings and factor score values illustrated the correlation of STP effluents and the input of biogenic and plant sterol sources in river and groundwater samples of Linggi. This study focuses on sterol distribution and its potential sources; these findings will aid in sewage assessment in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah Abdul Zali
- Centre of Analysis of Drinking Water, Food and Environmental Safety, Department of Chemistry, Jalan Sultan, 46661, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Hafizan Juahir
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Azimah Ismail
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ananthy Retnam
- Centre of Analysis of Drinking Water, Food and Environmental Safety, Department of Chemistry, Jalan Sultan, 46661, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azrul Normi Idris
- National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, 43300, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anuar Sefie
- National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, 43300, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Tawnie
- National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, 43300, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syaiful Bahren Saadudin
- National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, 43300, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Masni Mohd Ali
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Barreras H, Kelly EA, Kumar N, Solo-Gabriele HM. Assessment of local and regional strategies to control bacteria levels at beaches with consideration of impacts from climate change. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 138:249-259. [PMID: 30660270 PMCID: PMC6342290 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate relationships between local factors (beach geomorphology and management) and regional factors (infrastructure improvements and temperature changes) against levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) at recreational beaches. Data were evaluated for 17 beaches located in Monroe County, Florida (Florida Keys), USA, including an assessment of sanitary infrastructure improvements using equivalent dwelling unit (EDU) connections. Results show that elevated FIB levels were associated with beach geomorphologies characterized by impeded flow and by beaches with lax management policies. The decrease in EDUs not connected coincided with a decrease in the fraction of days when bacteria levels were out of compliance. Multivariate factor analysis also identified beach management practices (presence of homeless and concession stands) as being associated with elevated FIB. Overall, results suggest that communities can utilize beach management strategies and infrastructure improvements to overcome the negative water quality impacts anticipated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Barreras
- University of Miami, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; University of Miami, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Environment & Public Health, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kelly
- University of Miami, Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, Coral Gables, FL, USA; NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; University of Miami, College of Engineering, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, USA
| | - Naresh Kumar
- University of Miami, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Environment & Public Health, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- University of Miami, Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, Coral Gables, FL, USA; NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; University of Miami, College of Engineering, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, USA.
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Mannocci A, La Torre G, Spagnoli A, Solimini AG, Palazzo C, De Giusti M. Is swimming in recreational water associated with the occurrence of respiratory illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:590-599. [PMID: 27441854 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study represents the first systematic review and meta-analysis conducted to assess the association between swimming in recreational water and the occurrence of respiratory illness. Most studies focus their attention on gastrointestinal illnesses occurring after exposure to microbial polluted water. Fourteen independent studies that included 50,117 patients with significant heterogeneity (I(2) = 95.3%) were reviewed. The meta-analysis reports that people exposed to recreational water (swimmers/bathers) present a higher risk of respiratory illness compared to non-swimmers/non-bathers [relative risk (RR) = 1.63 (confidence interval at 95% [95% CI]: 1.34-1.98)]. This percentage increases if adjusted RR by age and gender [RR = 2.24 (95% CI: 1.81-2.78)] are considered. A clear association between swimming in recreational water and the occurrence of respiratory illness was found. The surveillance of water quality monitoring systems is crucial not only for gastrointestinal illness, but also for respiratory ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mannocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy E-mail:
| | - Giuseppe La Torre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy E-mail: ; Giuseppe La Torre Accademia Romana di Sanità Pubblica, Via Giovanni Nicotera 29, Rome 00195, Italy
| | - Alessandro Spagnoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy E-mail:
| | - Angelo G Solimini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy E-mail:
| | - Caterina Palazzo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy E-mail:
| | - Maria De Giusti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy E-mail: ; Giuseppe La Torre Accademia Romana di Sanità Pubblica, Via Giovanni Nicotera 29, Rome 00195, Italy
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