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Yang G, Ding S, Zhang J, Gu L, Zhai W, Kong C. Research progress on metabolites of nitrofurazone in aquatic products. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29735. [PMID: 38681547 PMCID: PMC11046211 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The carcinogenic and teratogenic risks of nitrofurazone (NFZ) led to its restriction in aquatic products. Semicarbazide (SEM), one of its metabolites, is a primary focus of modern monitoring techniques. However, the SEM residue in aquatic products is believed to be formed through endogenous mechanisms, especially for aquatic crustaceans. In this article, we will discuss the source of SEM, including its usage as an antibiotic in aquatic products (nitrofurazone), its production during food processing (azodicarbonamide and hypochlorite treatment), its occurrence naturally in the body, and its intake from the environment. SEM detection techniques were divided into three groups: derivatization, extraction/purification, and analytical methods. Applications based on liquid chromatography and its tandem mass spectrometry, immunoassay, and electrochemical methods were outlined, as were the use of various derivatives and their assisted derivatization, as well as extraction and purification techniques based on liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. The difficulties of implementing SEM for nitrofurazone monitoring in aquatic products from crustaceans are also discussed. Possible new markers and methods for detecting them are discussed. Finally, the present research on monitoring illicit nitrofurazone usage through its metabolites is summarised, and potential problems that need to be overcome by continuing research are proposed with an eye toward giving references for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Yang
- (East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- (School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhai Ding
- (East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- (School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyu Zhang
- (East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- (School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Gu
- (School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenlei Zhai
- (Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Kong
- (East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Yu H, Zhang X, Hu S, Chen X. Investigation of the conversion mechanism of endogenous semicarbazide in shrimp on the amino acid level. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114393. [PMID: 36508808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Semicarbazide (SEM), the metabolite of antibiotic nitrofurazone, is often used as the biomarker to determine the use of nitrofurazone. Frequent false-positive events of SEM have brought great trouble to the aquatic industry in international trade. In this paper, the situation of endogenous SEM in aquatic products was investigated, and the possible mechanism of amino acid conversion into SEM was studied by establishing a simulated oxidation system and a urea system. The results revealed the presence of endogenous SEM in the muscle tissue of shrimps, and the content of SEM ranged from 0.56 to 5.28 ng/g, which presented as Macrobrachium nipponense>Macrobrachium rosenbergii>Procambarus clarkii. The increase in SEM production of control lysine under natural oxidation conditions suggests that oxidation has an effect on the conversion of SEM. Under the action of the simulated oxidation system, the SEM of Arginine, Lysine, Citrulline and Glutamine among the 21 amino acids were increased, and the polymer azine was formed. In combination with the structure of four amino acids, it was presumed that the group of amide is a key intermediate structure for the formation of endogenous SEM. In addition, under the urea system, the content of SEM produced by amino acids increased after the addition of urea, and the concentration of urea had a significant correlation with the content of SEM. Taken together, the production of endogenous SEM in shrimps is related to amino acids and urea, and the urea cycle and other substances containing amide structures should also be considered in future explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China; College of food and pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xiaxia Chen
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Haixia Yu
- Ocean Research Center of Zhoushan, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Shi Hu
- College of food and pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xuechang Chen
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
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Xing L, Sun W, Sun X, Peng J, Li Z, Zhu P, Zheng X. Semicarbazide Accumulation, Distribution and Chemical Forms in Scallop ( Chlamys farreri) after Seawater Exposure. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061500. [PMID: 34064266 PMCID: PMC8224293 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Semicarbazide is considered the characteristic metabolite of nitrofurazone and it is often used as a marker to monitor the illegal use of nitrofurazone in foods. Recent studies have indicated that semicarbazide pollution can be introduced in many ways and this compound is a newly recognized pollutant type in the environment that accumulates in aquatic organisms throughout the food chain. Scallops are the third most consumed shellfish in China. We therefore studied the accumulation, chemical forms, and distribution of semicarbazide in scallop tissues. Semicarbazide added to tank seawater resulted in its accumulation in both free and tissue-bound forms and the levels varied according to tissue and were present in all tissues examined. The levels were highest in viscera and the lowest in muscle. The levels of semicarbazide in the environment and in cultured shellfish should be monitored to ensure food quality and safety and human health. Abstract Semicarbazide is a newly recognized marine pollutant and has the potential to threaten marine shellfish, the ecological equilibrium and human health. In this study, we examined the accumulation, distribution, and chemical forms of semicarbazide in scallop tissues after exposure to 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L for 30 d at 10 °C. We found a positive correlation between semicarbazide residues in the scallops and the exposure concentration (p < 0.01). Semicarbazide existed primarily in free form in all tissues while bound semicarbazide ranged from 12.1 to 32.7% and was tissue-dependent. The time for semicarbazide to reach steady-state enrichment was 25 days and the highest levels were found in the disgestive gland, followed by gills while levels in gonads and mantle were similar and were lowest in adductor muscle. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of semicarbazide at low exposure concentrations was higher than that at high exposure concentrations. These results indicated that the scallop can uptake semicarbazide from seawater and this affects the quality and safety of these types of products when used as a food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China; (L.X.); (X.S.); (J.P.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Weihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China; (L.X.); (X.S.); (J.P.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China; (L.X.); (X.S.); (J.P.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China; (L.X.); (X.S.); (J.P.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Zhaoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China; (L.X.); (X.S.); (J.P.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Panpan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China; (L.X.); (X.S.); (J.P.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xuying Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China; (L.X.); (X.S.); (J.P.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Simultaneous determination of eight nitrofuran residues in shellfish and fish using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chi W, Zhang X, Zhang W, Bao X, Liu Y, Xiong C, Liu J, Zhang Y. Impact of tidally induced residual circulations on chemical oxygen demand (COD) distribution in Laizhou Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 151:110811. [PMID: 32056605 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To understand the impact of hydrodynamics on pollutant transport in Laizhou Bay, China, we conducted numerical simulations using Mike 21. The model was calibrated with good agreements to field monitoring data at various monitoring stations. The simulation results show a clockwise and an anti-clockwise tidally-induced residual circulation in the western and eastern bay, respectively. Historical COD monitoring data also indicate two rings of high COD concentration in the same regions of the bay. This suggests that the hydrodynamics of tidal and residual currents is the main cause of the ring-shaped high COD concentration field in the bay. Pollutant inputs from inland rivers are also important for the COD distribution, making the near-shore side of the COD ring higher than the offshore side. Regions with higher retention time in the bay are usually associated with higher COD concentrations. This study is useful in understanding the mechanism of pollutant spatial distribution and subsequent pollution control in a sea bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Chi
- Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, AB, Canada.
| | - Xianwen Bao
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Congbo Xiong
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jianqiang Liu
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China, Qingdao 266061, China
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Determination of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde as marker residue for nitrofurazone treatment in farmed shrimps and with addressing the use of a novel internal standard. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19243. [PMID: 31848421 PMCID: PMC6917702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a significantly improved ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde (NF) as a surrogate using a novel internal standard for the detection of nitrofurazone. We used 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization and furfural as the internal standard. Derivatization was easily performed in HCl using ultrasonic manipulation for 5 min followed by liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. The samples were concentrated and purified using reverse phase and alumina cartridges in tandem. The derivatives were separated using a linear gradient elution on a C18 column with methanol and water as the mobile phase in negative ionization mode and multiple reaction monitoring. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were linear from 0.2 to 20 μg/L with correlation coefficients >0.999. Mean recoveries were 80.8 to 104.4% with the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations <15% at spiking levels of 0.1 to 10 μg/kg. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.05 and 0.1 μg/kg, respectively. This method is a robust tool for the identification and quantitative determination of NF in shrimp samples.
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Probabilistic ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in western Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213011. [PMID: 30870455 PMCID: PMC6417698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the serious land-based pollution and the weak water exchange ability of western Laizhou Bay, it is essential to conduct an ecological risk assessment of the pollutants in this area. In this study, the ecological risk caused by heavy metals deposited in the surface sediments and those resuspended in the seawater of western Laizhou Bay was evaluated using probabilistic approaches. First, the concentrations of seven heavy metals, namely As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, in the surface sediments and seawater of western Laizhou Bay were detected during the spring and autumn of 2016. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb were found to be at levels comparable to those in the other global coastal systems, while those of Hg and Zn were lower than those in other coastal areas. Next, an ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediments was performed using a typical potential ecological risk index and refined by using a Monte Carlo simulation. The results suggested low risk for the heavy metals detected in the sediments of western Laizhou Bay, with the exception of Hg in September 2016, which showed a probability (0.03%) of moderate risk. Meanwhile, the aquatic ecological risk assessment of the heavy metals was performed by applying a combination of hazard quotient (HQ) and joint probability curve. While the ecological risk of Cd, Hg, and Pb was found to be acceptable, the HQs for Cr, Cu, and Zn were greater than 1, and the overall risk probability of their adverse effects was higher than 0.05, suggesting certain ecological risk. Specifically, in the case of As, the overall risk probability was lower than 0.05, suggesting that its ecological risk was acceptable, although its HQ was greater than 1. Thus, by applying the probabilistic approaches, the ecological risk of the heavy metals in western Laizhou Bay was better characterized in this study, avoiding both overestimation and underestimation of ecological risk.
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Wei T, Li G, Zhang Z. Rapid determination of trace semicarbazide in flour products by high-performance liquid chromatography based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1993-2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Wei
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhuomin Zhang
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
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