1
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Marshall DJ, Tsikouras B. Compensatory shell thickening in corrosive environments varies between related rocky-shore and estuarine gastropods. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 198:106536. [PMID: 38704934 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Few studies have considered the capabilities of gastropods living in minerally-deficient acidified coastal waters to compensate for outer shell corrosion or compromised growing edge shell production. We compared inner shell thickening between pristine shells (control) and corroded shells (experiment) of two related intertidal neritid gastropod species from reduced salinity and acidified environments. We predicted that the rocky-shore, Nerita chamaeleon, which has greater access to shell building biomineralization substrates, should better control shell thickness than the estuarine, Neripteron violaceum. Accordingly, N. chameleon was found to compensate perfectly for variation in the thickness of the outer calcitic blocky layer (BL). Optimal shell thickness (OST) was maintained by selective reabsorption of the aperture ridge of the distal shell (aragonitic crossed-lamellar layer, CL) and by increased internal deposition of proximal (older) shell (aragonitic protocrossed lamellar, PCL). Despite greater exposure to acidification and hyposalinity, N. violaceum showed no significant compensatory shell thickening. These findings reveal that shell thickening capability may vary greatly among intertidal gastropods and that this may be constrained by environmental biomineralization substrate availability. Such environmentally-related responses carry implications for predicted future reductions in coastal water pH and salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marshall
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Basilios Tsikouras
- Geosciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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2
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Thangal SH, Muralisankar T, Mohan K, Santhanam P, Venmathi Maran BA. Biological and physiological responses of marine crabs to ocean acidification: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118238. [PMID: 38262516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Marine crabs play an integral role in the food chain and scavenge the debris in the ecosystem. Gradual increases in global atmospheric carbon dioxide cause ocean acidification (OA) and global warming that leads to severe consequences for marine organisms including crabs. Also, OA combined with other stressors like temperature, hypoxia, and heavy metals causes more severe adverse effects in marine crabs. The present review was made holistic discussion of information from 111 articles, of which 37 peer-reviewed original research papers reported on the effect of OA experiments and its combination with other stressors like heavy metals, temperature, and hypoxia on growth, survival, molting, chitin quality, food indices, tissue biochemical constituents, hemocytes population, and biomarker enzymes of marine crabs. Nevertheless, the available reports are still in the infancy of marine crabs, hence, this review depicts the possible gaps and future research needs on the impact of OA on marine crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Hamid Thangal
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638 316, India
| | - Perumal Santhanam
- Marine Planktonology& Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli- 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balu Alagar Venmathi Maran
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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3
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Caillon C, Pernet F, Lutier M, Di Poi C. Differential reaction norms to ocean acidification in two oyster species from contrasting habitats. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246432. [PMID: 37942639 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), a consequence of the increase in anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, causes major changes in the chemistry of carbonates in the ocean with deleterious effects on calcifying organisms. The pH/PCO2 range to which species are exposed in nature is important to consider when interpreting the response of coastal organisms to OA. In this context, emerging approaches, which assess the reaction norms of organisms to a wide pH gradient, are improving our understanding of tolerance thresholds and acclimation potential to OA. In this study, we deciphered the reaction norms of two oyster species living in contrasting habitats: the intertidal oyster Crassostrea gigas and the subtidal flat oyster Ostrea edulis, which are two economically and ecologically valuable species in temperate ecosystems. Six-month-old oysters of each species were exposed in common garden tanks for 48 days to a pH gradient ranging from 7.7 to 6.4 (total scale). Both species were tolerant down to a pH of 6.6 with high plasticity in fitness-related traits such as survival and growth. However, oysters underwent remodelling of membrane fatty acids to cope with decreasing pH along with shell bleaching impairing shell integrity and consequently animal fitness. Finally, our work revealed species-specific physiological responses and highlights that intertidal C. gigas seem to have a better acclimation potential to rapid and extreme OA changes than O. edulis. Overall, our study provides important data about the phenotypic plasticity and its limits in two oyster species, which is essential for assessing the challenges posed to marine organisms by OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Caillon
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, UMR 6539 LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, UMR 6539 LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Mathieu Lutier
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, UMR 6539 LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Carole Di Poi
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, UMR 6539 LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
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4
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Guo X, Huang M, Luo X, You W, Ke C. Impact of ocean acidification on shells of the abalone species Haliotis diversicolor and Haliotis discus hannai. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 192:106183. [PMID: 37820478 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) results from the absorption of anthropogenic CO2 emissions by the ocean and threatens the survival of many marine calcareous organisms including molluscs. We studied OA effects on adult shells of the abalone species Haliotis diversicolor and Haliotis discus hannai that were exposed to three pCO2 conditions (ambient, ∼880, and ∼1600 μatm) for 1 year. Shell periostracum corrosion under OA was observed for both species. OA reduced shell hardness and altered the nacre ultrastructure in H. diversicolor, making its shells more vulnerable to crushing force. OA exposure did not reduce the shell hardness of H. discus hannai and did not alter nacre ultrastructure. However, the reduced calcification also decreased its resistance to crushing force. Sr/Ca in the shell increased with rising calcification rate. Mg/Ca increased upon OA exposure could be due to a complimentary mechanism of preventing shell hardness further reduced. The Na/Ca distribution between the aragonite and calcite of abalone shells was also changed by OA. In general, both abalone species are at a greater risk in a more acidified ocean. Their shells may not provide sufficient protection from predators or to transportation stress in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, PR China; National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, PR China
| | - Miaoqin Huang
- National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei You
- National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China.
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5
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Pansini A, Beca-Carretero P, Berlino M, Sarà G, Stengel DB, Stipcich P, Ceccherelli G. Field development of Posidonia oceanica seedlings changes under predicted acidification conditions. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 186:105946. [PMID: 36917890 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification has been consistently evidenced to have profound and lasting impacts on marine species. Observations have shown seagrasses to be highly susceptible to future increased pCO2 conditions, but the responses of early life stages as seedlings are poorly understood. This study aimed at evaluating how projected Mediterranean Sea acidification affects the survival, morphological and biochemical development of Posidonia oceanica seedlings through a long-term field experiment along a natural low pH gradient. Future ocean conditions seem to constrain the morphological development of seedlings. However, high pCO2 exposures caused an initial increase in the degree of saturation of fatty acids in leaves and then improved the fatty acid adjustment increasing unsaturation levels in leaves (but not in seeds), suggesting a nutritional compound translocation. Results also suggested a P. oceanica structural components remodelling which may counteract the effects of ocean acidification but would not enhance seagrass seedling productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pansini
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Pedro Beca-Carretero
- Department of Oceanography, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC), 36208, Vigo, Spain; Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Manuel Berlino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DISTEM), Università di Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DISTEM), Università di Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dagmar B Stengel
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Patrizia Stipcich
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giulia Ceccherelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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6
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Marshall DJ, Tsikouras B. Clay-shielded estuarine gastropods are better protected against environmental acidification than unshielded individuals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161367. [PMID: 36610628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of progressive global acidification on the shells of marine organisms is a topic of much current interest. Most studies on molluscan shell resistance to dissolution consider the carbonate mineral component, with less known about the protective role of the outer organic periostracum. Outer-shell resistance would seem especially important to gastropods living in carbonate-undersaturated and calcium-deficient estuarine waters that threaten shell dissolution and constrain CaCO3 production. We tested this prediction using gastropods from an acidified estuarine population (Neripteron violaceum) that form a clay shield outside the periostracum. Specifically, we aimed to show that the carbonate shell component lacks integrity, that the formation of the clay shield is directed by the organism, and that the clay shield functions to protect against shell dissolution. We found no evidence for any specific carbonate dissolution resistance strategy in the thin, predominantly aragonitic shells of these gastropods. Shield formation was directed by an ornamented periostracum which strongly bonded illite elements (e.g., Fe, Al and S), that become available through suspension in the water column. In unshielded individuals, CaCO3 erosion was initiated randomly across the shell (not age-related) and progressed rapidly when the periostracum was breached. A light reflectance technique showed qualitatively that shield consolidation is negatively-related to shell erosion. These findings support a conceptual framework for gastropod outer-shell responses to acidification that considers both environmental and evolutionary constraints on shell construction. We describe a novel strategy for shell protection against dissolution, highlighting the diversity of mechanisms available to gastropods facing extreme coastal acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marshall
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Basilios Tsikouras
- Geosciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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7
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Simonetti S, Zupo V, Gambi MC, Luckenbach T, Corsi I. Unraveling cellular and molecular mechanisms of acid stress tolerance and resistance in marine species: New frontiers in the study of adaptation to ocean acidification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114365. [PMID: 36435021 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the industrial revolution, fossil fuel combustion has led to a 30 %-increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration, also increasing the ocean partial CO2 pressure. The consequent lowered surface seawater pH is termed ocean acidification (OA) and severely affects marine life on a global scale. Cellular and molecular responses of marine species to lowered seawater pH have been studied but information on the mechanisms driving the tolerance of adapted species to comparatively low seawater pH is limited. Such information may be obtained from species inhabiting sites with naturally low water pH that have evolved remarkable abilities to tolerate such conditions. This review gathers information on current knowledge about species naturally facing low water pH conditions and on cellular and molecular adaptive mechanisms enabling the species to survive under, and even benefit from, adverse pH conditions. Evidences derived from case studies on naturally acidified systems and on resistance mechanisms will guide predictions on the consequences of future adverse OA scenarios for marine biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Simonetti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Dep.t of BluBioTech, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Dep.t of BluBioTech, Napoli, Italy.
| | | | - Till Luckenbach
- Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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8
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Auzoux-Bordenave S, Ledoux A, Martin S, Di Poi C, Suquet M, Badou A, Gaillard F, Servili A, Le Goïc N, Huchette S, Roussel S. Responses of early life stages of European abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) to ocean acidification after parental conditioning: Insights from a transgenerational experiment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 181:105753. [PMID: 36130468 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CO2 absorption is leading to ocean acidification (OA), which is a matter of major concern for marine calcifying species. This study investigated the effects of simulated OA on the reproduction of European abalone Haliotis tuberculata and the survival of its offspring. Four-year-old abalone were exposed during reproductive season to two relevant OA scenarios, ambient pH (8.0) and low pH (7.7). After five months of exposure, abalone were induced to spawn. The gametes, larvae and juveniles were then exposed for five months to the same pH conditions as their parents. Several biological parameters involved in adult reproduction as well as in larval, post-larval and juvenile fitness were measured. No effects on gametes, fertilisation or larval oxidative stress response were detected. However, developmental abnormalities and significant decreases in shell length and calcification were observed at veliger stages. The expression profile of a GABA A receptor-like gene appeared to be regulated by pH, depending on larval stage. Larval and post-larval survival was not affected by low pH. However, a lower survival and a reduction of growth were recorded in juveniles at pH 7.7. Our results confirm that OA negatively impacts larval and juvenile fitness and suggest the absence of carry-over effects on abalone offspring. This may compromise the survival of abalone populations in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Auzoux-Bordenave
- UMR "Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques" (BOREA), MNHN/CNRS/SU/IRD, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Station marine de Concarneau, 29900, Concarneau, France; Sorbonne Université, 4, place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Apolline Ledoux
- IFREMER, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- Sorbonne Université, 4, place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France; UMR 7144 "Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin" (AD2M), CNRS/SU, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Carole Di Poi
- IFREMER, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Marc Suquet
- IFREMER, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Aïcha Badou
- Direction Générale Déléguée à la Recherche, l'Expertise, la Valorisation et l'Enseignement (DGD REVE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Station marine de Concarneau, 29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Fanny Gaillard
- UMR 7144 "Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin" (AD2M), CNRS/SU, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Arianna Servili
- IFREMER, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- IFREMER, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Sabine Roussel
- Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
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9
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Leung JYS, Zhang S, Connell SD. Is Ocean Acidification Really a Threat to Marine Calcifiers? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 980+ Studies Spanning Two Decades. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107407. [PMID: 35934837 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is considered detrimental to marine calcifiers, but mounting contradictory evidence suggests a need to revisit this concept. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to critically re-evaluate the prevailing paradigm of negative effects of ocean acidification on calcifiers. Based on 5153 observations from 985 studies, many calcifiers (e.g., echinoderms, crustaceans, and cephalopods) are found to be tolerant to near-future ocean acidification (pH ≈ 7.8 by the year 2100), but coccolithophores, calcifying algae, and corals appear to be sensitive. Calcifiers are generally more sensitive at the larval stage than adult stage. Over 70% of the observations in growth and calcification are non-negative, implying the acclimation capacity of many calcifiers to ocean acidification. This capacity can be mediated by phenotypic plasticity (e.g., physiological, mineralogical, structural, and molecular adjustments), transgenerational plasticity, increased food availability, or species interactions. The results suggest that the impacts of ocean acidification on calcifiers are less deleterious than initially thought as their adaptability has been underestimated. Therefore, in the forthcoming era of ocean acidification research, it is advocated that studying how marine organisms persist is as important as studying how they perish, and that future hypotheses and experimental designs are not constrained within the paradigm of negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y S Leung
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Sam Zhang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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10
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Ocean Warming Amplifies the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Skeletal Mineralogy and Microstructure in the Asterinid Starfish Aquilonastra yairi. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10081065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification and ocean warming compromise the capacity of calcifying marine organisms to generate and maintain their skeletons. While many marine calcifying organisms precipitate low-Mg calcite or aragonite, the skeleton of echinoderms consists of more soluble Mg-calcite. To assess the impact of exposure to elevated temperature and increased pCO2 on the skeleton of echinoderms, in particular the mineralogy and microstructure, the starfish Aquilonastra yairi (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) was exposed for 90 days to simulated ocean warming (27 °C and 32 °C) and ocean acidification (455 µatm, 1052 µatm, 2066 µatm) conditions. The results indicate that temperature is the major factor controlling the skeletal Mg (Mg/Ca ratio and Mgnorm ratio), but not for skeletal Sr (Sr/Ca ratio and Srnorm ratio) and skeletal Ca (Canorm ratio) in A. yairi. Nevertheless, inter-individual variability in skeletal Sr and Ca ratios increased with higher temperature. Elevated pCO2 did not induce any statistically significant element alterations of the skeleton in all treatments over the incubation time, but increased pCO2 concentrations might possess an indirect effect on skeletal mineral ratio alteration. The influence of increased pCO2 was more relevant than that of increased temperature on skeletal microstructures. pCO2 as a sole stressor caused alterations on stereom structure and degradation on the skeletal structure of A. yairi, whereas temperature did not; however, skeletons exposed to elevated pCO2 and high temperature show a strongly altered skeleton structure compared to ambient temperature. These results indicate that ocean warming might exacerbate the skeletal maintaining mechanisms of the starfish in a high pCO2 environment and could potentially modify the morphology and functions of the starfish skeleton.
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11
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Hu N, Brönmark C, Bourdeau PE, Hollander J. Marine gastropods at higher trophic level show stronger tolerance to ocean acidification. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Dept of Biology ‐ Aquatic Ecology, Lund Univ. Lund Sweden
| | | | | | - Johan Hollander
- Dept of Biology ‐ Aquatic Ecology, Lund Univ. Lund Sweden
- Global Ocean Inst., World Maritime Univ. Malmö Sweden
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12
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Leung JYS, Nagelkerken I, Pistevos JCA, Xie Z, Zhang S, Connell SD. Shark teeth can resist ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2286-2295. [PMID: 35023266 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification can cause dissolution of calcium carbonate minerals in biological structures of many marine organisms, which can be exacerbated by warming. However, it is still unclear whether this also affects organisms that have body parts made of calcium phosphate minerals (e.g. shark teeth), which may also be impacted by the 'corrosive' effect of acidified seawater. Thus, we examined the effect of ocean acidification and warming on the mechanical properties of shark teeth (Port Jackson shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni), and assessed whether their mineralogical properties can be modified in response to predicted near-future seawater pH (-0.3 units) and temperature (+3°C) changes. We found that warming resulted in the production of more brittle teeth (higher elastic modulus and lower mechanical resilience) that were more vulnerable to physical damage. Yet, when combined with ocean acidification, the durability of teeth increased (i.e. less prone to physical damage due to the production of more elastic teeth) so that they did not differ from those raised under ambient conditions. The teeth were chiefly made of fluorapatite (Ca5 (PO4 )3 F), with increased fluoride content under ocean acidification that was associated with increased crystallinity. The increased precipitation of this highly insoluble mineral under ocean acidification suggests that the sharks could modulate and enhance biomineralization to produce teeth which are more resistant to corrosion. This adaptive mineralogical adjustment could allow some shark species to maintain durability and functionality of their teeth, which underpins a fundamental component of predation and sustenance of the trophic dynamics of future oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y S Leung
- Centre for Advanced Thin Films and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer C A Pistevos
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- PSL Research University EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Zonghan Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sam Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Thin Films and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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13
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Ecological and Biotechnological Relevance of Mediterranean Hydrothermal Vent Systems. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Marine hydrothermal systems are a special kind of extreme environments associated with submarine volcanic activity and characterized by harsh chemo-physical conditions, in terms of hot temperature, high concentrations of CO2 and H2S, and low pH. Such conditions strongly impact the living organisms, which have to develop adaptation strategies to survive. Hydrothermal systems have attracted the interest of researchers due to their enormous ecological and biotechnological relevance. From ecological perspective, these acidified habitats are useful natural laboratories to predict the effects of global environmental changes, such as ocean acidification at ecosystem level, through the observation of the marine organism responses to environmental extremes. In addition, hydrothermal vents are known as optimal sources for isolation of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microbes, with biotechnological potential. This double aspect is the focus of this review, which aims at providing a picture of the ecological features of the main Mediterranean hydrothermal vents. The physiological responses, abundance, and distribution of biotic components are elucidated, by focusing on the necto-benthic fauna and prokaryotic communities recognized to possess pivotal role in the marine ecosystem dynamics and as indicator species. The scientific interest in hydrothermal vents will be also reviewed by pointing out their relevance as source of bioactive molecules.
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14
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Slama T, Nouet J, Chassefière E, Trigui El Menif N, Lahbib Y. Monitoring of coastal pollution using shell alterations in the false limpet Siphonaria pectinata. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:113063. [PMID: 34717221 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation level (LPO), shell biometry, shape, elemental content, and microstructure were studied in three populations of Siphonaria pectinata in the complex lagoon-channel of Bizerte across a coastal pollution gradient (northern Tunisia). LPO was found in higher concentrations in harbour populations, and shells had centred apex and were flattened. Shells were also thicker, particularly in the inner layer, with many fibrous inter-beds formed. Difference in crystallization pattern was observed in numerous shells from all three populations, being more common in harbours. From the control station to the contaminated stations, shell elemental changes were observed, with a decrease in Ca, P, Sr, and S and an increase in Cl, Cd, Cu, Fe, and K. All of these findings suggested that shell alterations could be used as a good biomarker for coastal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnime Slama
- Université de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, LR01ES14, Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisie
| | - Julius Nouet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, GEOPS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | | - Najoua Trigui El Menif
- Université de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, LR01ES14, Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisie
| | - Youssef Lahbib
- Université de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, LR01ES14, Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisie; Université de Tunis, Institut Supérieur des Métiers du Patrimoine de Tunis, Tunisie.
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15
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Mustapha N, Marshall DJ. Tracking coastal acidification from erosion of gastropod shells: spatial sensitivity and organism size effect. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:690. [PMID: 34601695 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly changing marine environmental chemistry associated with growing industrialisation, urban population expansion, and the unabated rise in atmospheric CO2 necessitates monitoring. Traditional approaches using metres, dataloggers, and buoys to monitor marine acidification have limited application in coastal oceans and intertidal zones subjected to direct wave action. The present study trialled a system to biomonitor coastal acidification (carbonate ion and pH) based on the dissolution of living gastropod shells. We extended on an approach that ranked shell erosion (SER) in Nerita chamaeleon (Nc) in environments where such erosion was found to correlate with exposure to acidified water. We assessed the spatial scale at which the Nc-SER marker could detect change in acidification along rocky shores, and whether snail body size affected this marker. We found that proportional and unique Nc-SERs not only varied between acidified and non-acidified reference shores at a coarse spatial scale (10 km), but also in predictable ways at fine scales (metres), vertically and horizontally within a shore. Differences between acidified and reference shores in the relationship for snail size and Nc-SER were accentuated by less weathered shells at reference localities, highlighting the value of including small, juvenile snails in monitoring protocols. Gastropod shells are shown to be useful for assessing point sources of acidification and the spatial area of affected coastal zones. This cost-effective and easy-to-use approach (potentially even by citizen-scientists) offers an early warning system of acidification of rocky shore ecosystems, where the deployment of instruments is precluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshahida Mustapha
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Jalan Tungku Link, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - David J Marshall
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Jalan Tungku Link, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam.
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Uthicke S, Patel F, Petrik C, Watson SA, Karelitz SE, Lamare MD. Cross-generational response of a tropical sea urchin to global change and a selection event in a 43-month mesocosm study. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3448-3462. [PMID: 33901341 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-term experimental investigations of transgenerational plasticity (TGP) and transgenerational acclimatization to global change are sparse in marine invertebrates. Here, we test the effect of ocean warming and acidification over a 25-month period of Echinometra sp. A sea urchins whose parents were acclimatized at ambient or one of two near-future (projected mid and end of the 21st century) climate scenarios for 18 months. Several parameters linked to performance exhibited strong effects of future ocean conditions at 9 months of age. The Ambient-Ambient group (A-A, both F0 and F1 at ambient conditions) was significantly larger (21%) and faster in righting response (31%) compared to other groups. A second set of contrasts revealed near-future scenarios caused significant negative parental carryover effects. Respiration at 9 months was depressed by 59% when parents were from near-future climate conditions, and righting response was slowed by 28%. At 10 months, a selective pathogenic mortality event led to significantly higher survival rates of A-A urchins. Differences in size and respiration measured prior to the mortality were absent after the event, while a negative parental effect on righting (29% reduction) remained. The capacity to spawn at the end of the experiment was higher in individuals with ambient parents (50%) compared to other groups (21%) suggesting persistent parental effects. Obtaining different results at different points in time illustrates the importance of longer term and multigeneration studies to investigate effects of climate change. Given some animals in all groups survived the pathogenic event and that effects on physiology (but not behavior) among groups were eliminated after the mortality, we suggest that similar events could constitute selective sweeps, allowing genetic adaptation. However, given the observed negative parental effects and reduced potential for population replenishment, it remains to be determined if selection would be sufficiently rapid to rescue this species from climate change effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Uthicke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Frances Patel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Chelsea Petrik
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, Qld, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Sam E Karelitz
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Miles D Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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17
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Auzoux-Bordenave S, Chevret S, Badou A, Martin S, Di Giglio S, Dubois P. Acid-base balance in the hæmolymph of European abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) exposed to CO 2-induced ocean acidification. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 259:110996. [PMID: 34058370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) and the associated changes in seawater carbonate chemistry pose a threat to calcifying organisms. This is particularly serious for shelled molluscs, in which shell growth and microstructure has been shown to be highly sensitive to OA. To improve our understanding of the responses of abalone to OA, this study investigated the effects of CO2-induced ocean acidification on extra-cellular acid-base parameters in the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata. Three-year-old adult abalone were exposed for 15 days to three different pH levels (7.9, 7.7, 7.4) representing current and predicted near-future conditions. Hæmolymph pH and total alkalinity were measured at different time points during exposure and used to calculate the carbonate parameters of the extracellular fluid. Total protein content was also measured to determine whether seawater acidification influences the composition and buffer capacity of hæmolymph. Extracellular pH was maintained at seawater pH 7.7 indicating that abalones are able to buffer moderate acidification (-0.2 pH units). This was not due to an accumulation of HCO3- ions but rather to a high hæmolymph protein concentration. By contrast, hæmolymph pH was significantly decreased after 5 days of exposure to pH 7.4, indicating that abalone do not compensate for higher decreases in seawater pH. Total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon were also significantly decreased after 15 days of low pH exposure. It is concluded that changes in the acid-base balance of the hæmolymph might be involved in deleterious effects recorded in adult H. tuberculata facing severe OA stress. This would impact both the ecology and aquaculture of this commercially important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Auzoux-Bordenave
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle/CNRS/IRD/Sorbonne Université/UCN/UA, Station marine de Concarneau, 29900 Concarneau, France.
| | - Sandra Chevret
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle/CNRS/IRD/Sorbonne Université/UCN/UA, Station marine de Concarneau, 29900 Concarneau, France
| | - Aïcha Badou
- Direction Générale Déléguée à la Recherche, l'Expertise, la Valorisation et l'Enseignement (DGD REVE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Station marine de Concarneau, 29900 Concarneau, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- UMR 7144 "Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin" (AD2M), CNRS/SU, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Sarah Di Giglio
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/15, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/15, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Johnson EH. Breaking down shell strength: inferences from experimental compression and future directions enabled by 3D printing. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1077-1091. [PMID: 33576116 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mollusc and brachiopod shells have served as biological armour for hundreds of millions of years. Studying shell strength in compression experiments can provide insights into macroevolution, predator-prey dynamics, and anthropogenic impacts on aquatic ecosystems. These studies have been conducted across fields including palaeontology, ecology, conservation biology and engineering using a range of techniques for a variety of purposes. Using this approach, studies have demonstrated that predators can cause changes in prey shell morphology in the laboratory over both short timescales and over longer evolutionary timescales. Similarly, environmental factors such as nutrient concentration and ocean acidification have been shown to influence shell strength. Experimental compression tests have been used to study the functional morphology of shell-crushing predators and to test how the taphonomic state of shells (e.g. presence of drill holes, degree of shell degradation) may influence their likelihood of being preserved in the fossil record. This review covers the basic principles and experimental design of compression tests used to infer shell strength. Although many investigations have used this methodology, few provide a detailed explanation of how meaningfully to interpret data generated using compression experiments for those unfamiliar with this method. Furthermore, this review provides a compilation of the findings of studies that have employed these experimental methods to address specific themes: taphonomy, morphology, predation, environmental variables, and climate change. Many authors have used experimental compression tests, however, disparities among methodologies (e.g. in experimental design, taxa, specimen preservation, etc.) limit the applicability of findings from taxon-specific studies to broader eco-evolutionary questions. The review highlights confounding factors, such as shell thickness, size, damage, microstructure, and taphonomic state, and address how they can be mitigated using three-dimensional (3D)-printed model shells. 3D prints have been demonstrated as valuable proxies for understanding aspects of shell morphology that cannot otherwise be experimentally isolated. Using 3D printed models allows simplification of complex biological systems for idealized experimental studies. Such studies can isolate specific aspects of shell morphology to establish fundamental relationships between form and function. Establishing standardized methods of testing shell strength in this way will not only permit comparison across studies but also will enable investigators systematically to add complexity to their models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erynn H Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, U.S.A.,Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY, 14850, U.S.A
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19
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Anand M, Rangesh K, Maruthupandy M, Jayanthi G, Rajeswari B, Priya RJ. Effect of CO 2 driven ocean acidification on calcification, physiology and ovarian cells of tropical sea urchin Salmacis virgulata - A microcosm approach. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05970. [PMID: 33521355 PMCID: PMC7820546 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we depict the structural modification of test minerals, physiological response and ovarian damage in the tropical sea urchin Salmacis virgulata using microcosm CO2 (Carbon dioxide) perturbation experiment. S. virgulata were exposed to hypercapnic conditions with four different pH levels using CO2 gas bubbling method that reflects ambient level (pH 8.2) and elevated pCO2 scenarios (pH 8.0, 7.8 and 7.6). The variations in physical strength and mechanical properties of S. virgulata test were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanned electron microscopy analysis. Biomarker enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, acetylcholine esterase, lipid peroxidase and reduced glutathione showed physiological stress and highly significant (p < 0.01) towards pH 7.6 and 7.8 treatments. Ovarian cells were highly damaged at pH 7.6 and 7.8 treatments. This study proved that the pH level 7.6 and 7.8 drastically affect calcification, physiological response and ovarian cells in S. virgulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthusamy Anand
- Department of Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 021, India
| | - Kannan Rangesh
- Department of Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 021, India
| | - Muthuchamy Maruthupandy
- Department of Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 021, India.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Physical Science and Mathematics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Govindarajulu Jayanthi
- Department of Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 021, India
| | - Balakrishnan Rajeswari
- Department of Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 021, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Jeeva Priya
- Department of Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 021, India
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20
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Barclay KM, Gingras MK, Packer ST, Leighton LR. The role of gastropod shell composition and microstructure in resisting dissolution caused by ocean acidification. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105105. [PMID: 32841915 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organisms, such as molluscs, that produce their hard parts from calcium carbonate are expected to show increased difficulties growing and maintaining their skeletons under ocean acidification (OA). Any loss of shell integrity increases vulnerability, as shells provide protection against predation, desiccation, and disease. Not all species show the same responses to OA, which may be due to the composition and microstructural arrangement of their shells. We explore the role of shell composition and microstructure in resisting dissolution caused by decreases in seawater pH using a combination of microCT scans, XRD analysis, and SEM imaging. Two gastropods with different shell compositions and microstructure, Tegula funebralis and Nucella ostrina, were exposed to simulated ocean acidification conditions for six months. Both species showed signs of dissolution on the exterior of their shells, but changes in density were significantly more pronounced in T. funebralis. XRD analysis indicated that the exterior layer of both shell types was made of calcite. T. funebralis may be more prone to dissolution because their outer fibrous calcite layer has more crystal edges and faces exposed, potentially increasing the surface area on which dissolution can occur. These results support a previous study where T. funebralis showed significant decreases in both shell growth and strength, but N. ostrina only showed slight reductions in shell strength, and unaffected growth. We suggest that microstructural arrangement of shell layers in molluscs, more so than their composition alone, is critical for determining the vulnerability of mollusc shells to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Barclay
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Murray K Gingras
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Stephen T Packer
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Lindsey R Leighton
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
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21
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Di Giglio S, Spatafora D, Milazzo M, M'Zoudi S, Zito F, Dubois P, Costa C. Are control of extracellular acid-base balance and regulation of skeleton genes linked to resistance to ocean acidification in adult sea urchins? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137443. [PMID: 32325563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Di Giglio
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Davide Spatafora
- Department of Earth and Marine Science (DiSTeM), Università degli studi di Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Department of Earth and Marine Science (DiSTeM), Università degli studi di Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Saloua M'Zoudi
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Francesca Zito
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Ricerca e per l'Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Caterina Costa
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Ricerca e per l'Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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22
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Viotti S, Sangil C, Hernández CA, Hernández JC. Effects of long-term exposure to reduced pH conditions on the shell and survival of an intertidal gastropod. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 152:104789. [PMID: 31522874 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic CO2 vents are useful environments for investigating the biological responses of marine organisms to changing ocean conditions (Ocean acidification, OA). Marine shelled molluscs are highly sensitive to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. In this study, we investigated the effects of reduced pH on the intertidal gastropod, Phorcus sauciatus, in a volcanic CO2 vent off La Palma Island (Canary Islands, North East Atlantic Ocean), a location with a natural pH gradient ranging from 7.0 to 8.2 over the tidal cycles. Density and size-frequency distribution, shell morphology, shell integrity, fracture resistance, and desiccation tolerance were evaluated between populations from control and CO2 vent sites. We found no effects of reduced pH on population parameters or desiccation tolerance across the pH gradient, but significant differences in shell morphology, shell integrity, and fracture resistance were detected. Individuals from the CO2 vent site exhibited a higher shell aspect ratio, greater percentages of shell dissolution and break, and compromised shell strength than those from the control site. Our results highlight that long-term exposure to high pCO2 can negatively affect the shell features of P. sauciatus but may not have a significant effect on population performance. Moreover, we suggest that loss of shell properties could lead to changes in predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Viotti
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos Sangil
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Celso Agustín Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Tenerife, Spain
| | - José Carlos Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Tenerife, Spain.
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23
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Marshall DJ, Abdelhady AA, Wah DTT, Mustapha N, Gӧdeke SH, De Silva LC, Hall-Spencer JM. Biomonitoring acidification using marine gastropods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:833-843. [PMID: 31539989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is mainly being monitored using data loggers which currently offer limited coverage of marine ecosystems. Here, we trial the use of gastropod shells to monitor acidification on rocky shores. Animals living in areas with highly variable pH (8.6-5.9) were compared with those from sites with more stable pH (8.6-7.9). Differences in site pH were reflected in size, shape and erosion patterns in Nerita chamaeleon and Planaxis sulcatus. Shells from acidified sites were shorter, more globular and more eroded, with both of these species proving to be good biomonitors. After an assessment of baseline weathering, shell erosion can be used to indicate the level of exposure of organisms to corrosive water, providing a tool for biomonitoring acidification in heterogeneous intertidal systems. A shell erosion ranking system was found to clearly discriminate between acidified and reference sites. Being spatially-extensive, this approach can identify coastal areas of greater or lesser acidification. Cost-effective and simple shell erosion ranking is amenable to citizen science projects and could serve as an early-warning-signal for natural or anthropogenic acidification of coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marshall
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam.
| | | | - Dennis Ting Teck Wah
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Nurshahida Mustapha
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Stefan H Gӧdeke
- Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK; Shimoda Marine Research Center, Tsukuba University, Japan
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24
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Cross EL, Harper EM, Peck LS. Thicker Shells Compensate Extensive Dissolution in Brachiopods under Future Ocean Acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5016-5026. [PMID: 30925214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organisms with long generation times require phenotypic plasticity to survive in changing environments until genetic adaptation can be achieved. Marine calcifiers are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification due to dissolution and a reduction in shell-building carbonate ions. Long-term experiments assess organisms' abilities to acclimatize or even adapt to environmental change. Here we present an unexpected compensatory response to extensive shell dissolution in a highly calcium-carbonate-dependent organism after long-term culture in predicted end-century acidification and warming conditions. Substantial shell dissolution with decreasing pH posed a threat to both a polar ( Liothyrella uva) and a temperate ( Calloria inconspicua) brachiopod after 7 months and 3 months exposure, respectively, with more extensive dissolution in the polar species. This impact was reflected in decreased outer primary layer thickness in the polar brachiopod. A compensatory response of increasing inner secondary layer thickness, and thereby producing a thicker shell, was exhibited by the polar species. Less extensive dissolution in the temperate brachiopod did not affect shell thickness. Increased temperature did not impact shell dissolution or thickness. Brachiopod ability to produce a thicker shell when extensive shell dissolution occurs suggests this marine calcifier has great plasticity in calcification providing insights into how similar species might cope under future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Cross
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street , Cambridge , CB2 3EQ , United Kingdom
- British Antarctic Survey , Natural Environment Research Council , High Cross, Madingley Road , Cambridge , CB3 0ET , United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M Harper
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street , Cambridge , CB2 3EQ , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey , Natural Environment Research Council , High Cross, Madingley Road , Cambridge , CB3 0ET , United Kingdom
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Martin VAS, Gelcich S, Vásquez Lavín F, Ponce Oliva RD, Hernández JI, Lagos NA, Birchenough SNR, Vargas CA. Linking social preferences and ocean acidification impacts in mussel aquaculture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4719. [PMID: 30886175 PMCID: PMC6423318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean Acidification (OA) has become one of the most studied global stressors in marine science during the last fifteen years. Despite the variety of studies on the biological effects of OA with marine commercial species, estimations of these impacts over consumers' preferences have not been studied in detail, compromising our ability to undertake an assessment of market and economic impacts resulting from OA at local scales. Here, we use a novel and interdisciplinary approach to fill this gap. We experimentally test the impact of OA on commercially relevant physical and nutritional attributes of mussels, and then we use economic discrete choice models to assess the marginal effects of these impacts over consumers' preferences and wellbeing. Results showed that attributes, which were significantly affected by OA, are also those preferred by consumers. Consumers are willing to pay on average 52% less for mussels with evidences of OA and are willing to increase the price they pay to avoid negative changes in attributes due to OA. The interdisciplinary approach developed here, complements research conducted on OA by effectively informing how OA economic impacts can be analyzed under the lens of marginal changes in market price and consumer' welfare. Thereby, linking global phenomena to consumers' wellbeing, and shifting the focus of OA impacts to assess the effects of local vulnerabilities in a wider context of people and businesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska A San Martin
- Department of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Centre for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Centre for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centre of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Department of Ecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Vásquez Lavín
- Centre for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centre of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Department of Ecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Economics and Business, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Roberto D Ponce Oliva
- Centre for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centre of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Department of Ecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Economics and Business, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepcion, Chile
| | - José I Hernández
- Centre for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- School of Economics and Business, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Centre for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Cristian A Vargas
- Department of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
- Centre for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
- Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
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26
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Spencer LH, Horwith M, Lowe AT, Venkataraman YR, Timmins-Schiffman E, Nunn BL, Roberts SB. Pacific geoduck (Panopea generosa) resilience to natural pH variation. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 30:91-101. [PMID: 30818101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pacific geoduck aquaculture is a growing industry, however, little is known about how geoduck respond to varying environmental conditions, or how the industry will fare under projected climate conditions. To understand how geoduck production may be impacted by low pH associated with ocean acidification, multi-faceted environmental heterogeneity needs to be included to understand species and community responses. In this study, eelgrass habitats and environmental heterogeneity across four estuarine bays were leveraged to examine low pH effects on geoduck under different natural regimes, using targeted proteomics to assess physiology. Juvenile geoduck were deployed in eelgrass and adjacent unvegetated habitats for 30 days while pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity were monitored. Across the four bays, pH was lower in unvegetated habitats compared to eelgrass habitats. However this did not impact geoduck growth, survival, or proteomic abundance patterns in gill tissue. Temperature and dissolved oxygen differences across all locations corresponded to differences in growth and targeted protein abundance patterns. Specifically, three protein abundance levels (trifunctional-enzyme β-subunit, puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase, and heat shock protein 90-α) and shell growth positively correlated with dissolved oxygen variability and inversely correlated with mean temperature. These results demonstrate that geoduck may be resilient to low pH in a natural setting, but other abiotic factors (i.e. temperature, dissolved oxygen variability) may have a greater influence on geoduck physiology. In addition this study contributes to the understanding of how eelgrass patches influences water chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Spencer
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Micah Horwith
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, 1111 Washington St SE, MS 47027, Olympia, WA 98504, United States
| | - Alexander T Lowe
- University of Washington, Biological Sciences, 24 Kincaid Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Yaamini R Venkataraman
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Emma Timmins-Schiffman
- University of Washington, Genome Sciences, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Brook L Nunn
- University of Washington, Genome Sciences, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Steven B Roberts
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105, United States.
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27
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Cao R, Liu Y, Wang Q, Dong Z, Yang D, Liu H, Ran W, Qu Y, Zhao J. Seawater acidification aggravated cadmium toxicity in the oyster Crassostrea gigas: Metal bioaccumulation, subcellular distribution and multiple physiological responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:809-823. [PMID: 29925053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence has demonstrated the combined effects of ocean acidification (OA) and other environmental stressors on marine organisms. Although metal pollution is widely distributed in coasts and estuaries, the combined effects of OA and metal pollution have received little attention until recent years. In this study, the accumulation and subcellular distribution of cadmium (Cd) and the physiological responses of the oyster Crassostrea gigas were investigated after 31 days of exposure to OA and Cd, either alone or in combination. Increased Cd accumulation was found both in gills (about 57% increase at pH 7.8, 22% increase at pH 7.6) and digestive glands (about 38% increase at pH 7.8, 22% increase at pH 7.6) of C. gigas under elevated pCO2 exposure. Although a similar total Cd accumulation pattern was seen in oyster gills and digestive glands, a higher partition of Cd in the BIM (biologically inactive metal) fractions of gills (about 60%) was found in Cd-exposed treatments compared to the digestive glands (about 45%), which might correspond to the generally lower toxicity in gills. Moreover, synergetic effects of Cd and OA on the oxidative stresses, histopathological damage, and apoptosis of exposed oysters were observed in this study, which might be explained by significant interactions of these two factors on increased generation of ROS. These findings demonstrated that OA could aggravate the toxicity of metals in marine organisms, with significant implications for coastal benthic ecosystems regarding the widespread metal contamination and the concurrent increase of acidified seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Cao
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264117, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264117, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264117, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Zhijun Dong
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264117, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264117, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264117, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Wen Ran
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264117, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yi Qu
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264117, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264117, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China.
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28
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González-Delgado S, Hernández JC. The Importance of Natural Acidified Systems in the Study of Ocean Acidification: What Have We Learned? ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 80:57-99. [PMID: 30368306 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human activity is generating an excess of atmospheric CO2, resulting in what we know as ocean acidification, which produces changes in marine ecosystems. Until recently, most of the research in this area had been done under small-scale, laboratory conditions, using few variables, few species and few life cycle stages. These limitations raise questions about the reproducibility of the environment and about the importance of indirect effects and synergies in the final results of these experiments. One way to address these experimental problems is by conducting studies in situ, in natural areas where expected future pH conditions already occur, such as CO2 vent systems. In the present work, we compile and discuss the latest research carried out in these natural laboratories, with the objective to summarize their advantages and disadvantages for research to improve these investigations so they can better help us understand how the oceans of the future will change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara González-Delgado
- Marine Community Ecology and Climate Change, Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias (Biología), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José Carlos Hernández
- Marine Community Ecology and Climate Change, Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias (Biología), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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29
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Sadler DE, Lemasson AJ, Knights AM. The effects of elevated CO 2 on shell properties and susceptibility to predation in mussels Mytilus edulis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 139:162-168. [PMID: 29803323 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For many species, ocean acidification (OA) is having negative physiological consequences on their fitness and resilience to environmental change, but less is known about the ecosystem effects of these changes. Here, we assess how OA conditions predicted for 2100 affects the biological functioning of an important habitat-forming species Mytilus edulis and its susceptibility to predation by a key predator, the gastropod Nucella lapillus. Change in three physiological parameters in Mytilus were assessed: (1) shell thickness and cross-sectional surface area, (2) body volume and (3) feeding rate, as well as susceptibility to predation by N. lapillus. Shell thickness and cross-section area, body volume and feeding rate of Mytilus all reduced under OA conditions indicating compromised fitness. Predation risk increased by ∼26% under OA, suggesting increased susceptibility of mussels to predation and/or altered predator foraging behaviour. Notably, predation of large Mytilus - that were largely free from predation under control conditions - increased by more than 8x under OA, suggesting that body size was no longer a refuge. Our results suggest OA will impact upon ecosystem structure and functioning and the continued provision of ecosystem services associated with Mytilus reefs and the communities associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Sadler
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Anaëlle J Lemasson
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Antony M Knights
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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30
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Gardner J, Manno C, Bakker DCE, Peck VL, Tarling GA. Southern Ocean pteropods at risk from ocean warming and acidification. MARINE BIOLOGY 2017; 165:8. [PMID: 29170568 PMCID: PMC5681611 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-017-3261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Early life stages of marine calcifiers are particularly vulnerable to climate change. In the Southern Ocean aragonite undersaturation events and areas of rapid warming already occur and are predicted to increase in extent. Here, we present the first study to successfully hatch the polar pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica and observe the potential impact of exposure to increased temperature and aragonite undersaturation resulting from ocean acidification (OA) on the early life stage survival and shell morphology. High larval mortality (up to 39%) was observed in individuals exposed to perturbed conditions. Warming and OA induced extensive shell malformation and dissolution, respectively, increasing shell fragility. Furthermore, shell growth decreased, with variation between treatments and exposure time. Our results demonstrate that short-term exposure through passing through hotspots of OA and warming poses a serious threat to pteropod recruitment and long-term population viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Gardner
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Clara Manno
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Dorothee C. E. Bakker
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Victoria L. Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Geraint A. Tarling
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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