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Chang J, Zhang J, Chu L, Liu A, Hou X, Zhu X, Huang X, Xing Q, Hu J, Bao Z. Ampk-mediated regulation of cardiac energy metabolism: Implications for thermotolerance in Argopecten irradians irradians. Gene 2024; 933:148922. [PMID: 39244169 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
AMPK is a key regulator of metabolism in eukaryotes across various pathways related to energy regulation. Although extensive investigations of AMPK have been conducted in mammals and some model organisms, research on AMPK in scallops is comparatively limited. In this study, three AMPK family genes (AiAMPKα, AiAMPKβ and AiAMPKγ) in scallop Argopecten irradians irradians were identified through genome scanning. Structure prediction and phylogenetic analyses of AiAMPKs were performed to determine their structural features and evolutionary relationships. Spatiotemporal expression patterns of AiAMPKs at different developmental stages and in healthy adult tissues were analyzed to elucidate the function of AiAMPKs in bay scallops' growth and development. The spatiotemporally specific expression of AiAMPKs implied their important roles in growth and development of bay scallops. Heat stress experiment was performed to determine the regulations of AiAMPKs in four kinds of thermosensitive tissues. Expression profiles revealed distinct molecular mechanisms of AiAMPKs in different tissues in response to heat stress: significant down-regulations in mobile hemocytes, but dominant up-regulations occurring in stationary gills, mantles and hearts. Functional verification including knock-down of AiAMPKα and inhibition of AiAMPK was separately conducted in the thermotolerant tissue heart at the post-transcription and translation levels. The thermotolerant index Arrhenius break temperature (ABT) showed a significant decrease and the rate-amplitude product (RAP) peaked earlier in the individuals after RNAi targeting AiAMPKα, displaying an earlier transition to anaerobic metabolism under heat stress, indicating an impairing ability of aerobic metabolism. After AiAMPK inhibition, widespread down-regulations of genes in key energy metabolism pathways, RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis pathways were obviously observed, revealing the post-translational inhibition of AiAMPK hindered cardiac energy metabolism, basal transcription and translation. Overall, our findings provide evidences for exploring the molecular mechanisms of energy regulation in thermotolerant traits in bay scallops under ongoing global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Longfei Chu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ancheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiujiang Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xinghai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution of the Ocean University of China (SOI-OUC), Sanya 572000, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Xie D, Wei H, Huang Y, Qian J, Zhang Y, Wang M. Elevated temperature as a dominant driver to aggravate cadmium toxicity: Investigations through toxicokinetics and omics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134789. [PMID: 38843636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite the great interest in the consequences of global change stressors on marine organisms, their interactive effects on cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulation/biotoxicity are very poorly explored, particularly in combination with the toxicokinetic model and molecular mechanism. According to the projections for 2100, this study investigated the impact of elevated pCO2 and increased temperature (isolated or joint) on Cd uptake dynamics and transcriptomic response in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Toxicokinetic results showed significantly higher Cd uptake in copepods under increased temperature and its combination with elevated pCO2 relative to the ambient condition, linking to enhanced Cd bioaccumulation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that, under increased temperature and its combination with elevated pCO2, up-regulated expression of Cd uptake-related genes but down-regulation of Cd exclusion-related genes might cause increased cellular Cd level, which not only activated detoxification and stress response but also induced oxidative stress and concomitant apoptosis, demonstrating aggravated Cd biotoxicity. However, these were less pronouncedly affected by elevated pCO2 exposure. Therefore, temperature seems to be a primary factor in increasing Cd accumulation and its toxicity in the future ocean. Our findings suggest that we should refocus the interactive effects between climate change stressors and Cd pollution, especially considering temperature as a dominant driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Xie
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems /College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems /College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuehan Huang
- School of International Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems /College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yunlei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems /College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems /College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Chang J, Liu A, Zhang J, Chu L, Hou X, Huang X, Xing Q, Bao Z. Transcriptomic analysis reveals PC4's participation in thermotolerance of scallop Argopecten irradians irradians by regulating myocardial bioelectric activity. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 52:101295. [PMID: 39053238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Rising ocean temperatures due to global warming pose a significant threat to the bay scallop aquaculture industry. Understanding the mechanisms of thermotolerance in bay scallops is crucial for developing thermotolerant breeds. Our prior research identified Arg0230340.1, part of the positive cofactor 4 (PC4) family, as a key gene associated with the thermotolerance index Arrhenius break temperature (ABT) in bay scallops. Further validation through RNA interference (RNAi) reinforced PC4's role in thermotolerance, offering a solid basis for investigating thermal response mechanisms in these scallops. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis on the temperature-sensitive hearts of bay scallops after siRNA-mediated RNAi targeting Arg0230340.1, to delve into the detailed molecular mechanism of PC4's participation in thermotolerance regulation. The analysis revealed that silencing Arg0230340.1 significantly reduced the expression of mitochondrial tRNA and rRNA, potentially affecting mitochondrial function and the heart's blood supply capacity. Conversely, the up-regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism, RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-mediated basal transcription, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis pathways points to an intrinsic protective response, providing energy and substrates for damage repair and maintenance of essential functions under stress. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that the up-regulated genes were primarily associated with energy metabolism and spliceosome pathways, likely contributing to myocardial remodeling post-Arg0230340.1 knockdown. Down-regulated genes were enriched in ion channel pathways, particularly those for Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels, whose dysfunction could disrupt normal myocardial bioelectric activity. The impaired cardiac performance resulting from RNAi targeting Arg0230340.1 reduced the cardiac workload in scallop hearts, thus affecting myocardial oxygen consumption and thermotolerance. We propose a hypothetical mechanism where PC4 down-regulation impairs cardiac bioelectric activity, leading to decreased thermotolerance in bay scallops, providing theoretical guidance for breeding thermotolerant scallop varieties and developing strategies for sustainable aquaculture in the face of long-term environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ancheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Longfei Chu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiujiang Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
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Cui D, Zou W, Wu B, Jiao R, Zhang S, Zhao T, Zhan Y, Chang Y. Interactive effects of chronic ocean acidification and warming on the growth, survival, and physiological responses of adults of the temperate sea urchin Strongylocentrotusintermedius. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141907. [PMID: 38588896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the interactive effects of chronic ocean acidification and warming (OAW) on the growth, survival, and physiological responses of sea urchins, adults of the temperate sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius were incubated separately/jointly in acidic (ΔpHNBS = -0.5 units) and thermal (ΔT = +3.0 °C) seawater for 120 days under lab-controlled conditions based on the projected ocean pH and temperature for 2100 put forward by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Survival rate (SR), average food consumption rate (FCR), gut index (GuI), specific growth rate (SGR), digestive capability, energy production, and antioxidant capability were subsequently determined. The results showed that 1) the SR, FCR, GuI and SGR decreased sharply under OAW conditions. Significant interactive effects of OAW on SR and SGR were observed at 120 days post-incubation (dpi), and on FCR this occurred at 90 dpi. 2) OAW altered the activities of both digestive and antioxidant enzymes. There were significant interaction effects of OAW on the activities of amylase, trehalase, and superoxide dismutase. 3) The relative gene expression levels and activities of key enzymes involved in glycometabolism pathways (i.e., glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle) were significantly affected by OAW, resulting in an alteration of the total ATP content in the sea urchins. Interaction effects of OAW were observed in both relative gene expression and the activity of enzymes involved in glycolysis (hexokinase), the transformation of glycolysis end-products (lactate dehydrogenase), the tricarboxylic acid cycle (citrate synthetase), and ATP production (Na+/K+-ATPase). The data from this study will enrich our knowledge concerning the combined effects of global climate change on the survival, growth, and physiological responses of echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China; College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Boqiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Renhe Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Shuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Tanjun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China; College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116029, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China.
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China.
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Zhao Y, Song M, Yu Z, Pang L, Zhang L, Karakassis I, Dimitriou PD, Yuan X. Transcriptomic Responses of a Lightly Calcified Echinoderm to Experimental Seawater Acidification and Warming during Early Development. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1520. [PMID: 38132346 PMCID: PMC10740944 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) and ocean warming (OW) are potential obstacles to the survival and growth of marine organisms, particularly those that rely on calcification. This study investigated the single and joint effects of OA and OW on sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus larvae raised under combinations of two temperatures (19 °C or 22 °C) and two pCO2 levels (400 or 1000 μatm) that reflect the current and end-of-21st-century projected ocean scenarios. The investigation focused on assessing larval development and identifying differences in gene expression patterns at four crucial embryo-larval stages (blastula, gastrula, auricularia, and doliolaria) of sea cucumbers, using RNA-seq. Results showed the detrimental effect of OA on the early development and body growth of A. japonicus larvae and a reduction in the expression of genes associated with biomineralization, skeletogenesis, and ion homeostasis. This effect was particularly pronounced during the doliolaria stage, indicating the presence of bottlenecks in larval development at this transition phase between the larval and megalopa stages in response to OA. OW accelerated the larval development across four stages of A. japonicus, especially at the blastula and doliolaria stages, but resulted in a widespread upregulation of genes related to heat shock proteins, antioxidant defense, and immune response. Significantly, the negative effects of elevated pCO2 on the developmental process of larvae appeared to be mitigated when accompanied by increased temperatures at the expense of reduced immune resilience and increased system fragility. These findings suggest that alterations in gene expression within the larvae of A. japonicus provide a mechanism to adapt to stressors arising from a rapidly changing oceanic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Mingshan Song
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhenglin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ioannis Karakassis
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Crete, GR 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Panagiotis D. Dimitriou
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Crete, GR 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Xiutang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
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Bordalo D, Cuccaro A, Meucci V, De Marchi L, Soares AMVM, Pretti C, Freitas R. Will warmer summers increase the impact of UV filters on marine bivalves? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162108. [PMID: 36773902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms are constantly exposed to multiple stressors including pollutants released into the environment, such as personal care products (PCPs), and climate change-derived factors, namely warming, which are aggravated by anthropogenic drivers and pose increasing pressure on coastal ecosystems. Avobenzone (AVO) is one of the most used ultraviolet (UV) filters in PCPs which have been increasingly used and, thereby, identified in aquatic environments. However, data regarding the influence of warming on the impacts caused by AVO in bivalves is lacking. Mussels are considered good bioindicators thus being often employed in ecotoxicology studies. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of an environmentally relevant concentration of AVO (0.5 μg/L) and warming (21 °C), acting alone or in combination, on sperm and adults of the Mediterranean mussel species Mytilus galloprovincialis, through in vitro and in vivo tests, respectively. AVO and warming effects were evaluated by assessing oxidative status, viability, genotoxicity, motility, and kinetics in sperm, together with the quantification of energy content, metabolic capacity, biological defence mechanisms, cellular damage, and neurotoxicity in adults. AVO induced genotoxicity and increased respiration rate in sperm while enhancing the biotransformation enzymes' activity in adults. Exposure to warming led to an increase in respiration rate, ROS overproduction, cellular damage, and viability decrease in sperm whereas metabolic capacity increased in adults. AVO combined with warming caused oxidative stress, cellular damage, genotoxicity, and decreased motility in sperm, while only antioxidant enzymes' activity was enhanced in adults. Overall, the present study demonstrated that when acting in combination the effects of both stressors were more prominent. Furthermore, considering the multiple-stressor scenario tested, major toxic effects occurred in male gametes in comparison to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bordalo
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Alessia Cuccaro
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy; Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Cui D, Liu L, Zhao T, Zhan Y, Song J, Zhang W, Yin D, Chang Y. Responses of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) with different sexes to CO 2-induced seawater acidification: Histology, physiology, and metabolomics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113606. [PMID: 35378459 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Responses of different sexes of farmed Strongylocentrotus intermedius to chronic CO2-induced seawater acidification were investigated in 120-day lab-based experiments. Four experimental groups were set up as one control group and three seawater acidification groups. The results showed that 1) Specific growth rate and the numbers of mature gamete cells declined in a pH-dependent way in both sexes of adult S. intermedius. 2) There were differences in SDMs identified in females and males reared in acidified seawater reflecting sex-specific response variation in adult S. intermedius. 3) The number of altered metabolic pathways exhibited a linear increasing trend as seawater pH declined in both sexes of adult S. intermedius. Meanwhile seawater acidification might affect metabolic processes via changing the relative expression and activity of key enzymes controlling the corresponding metabolic pathways of adult S. intermedius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China; College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Tanjun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Jian Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Donghong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
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Ocean Acidification, but Not Environmental Contaminants, Affects Fertilization Success and Sperm Motility in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification poses an increasing concern for broadcast spawning species that release gametes in the water column where fertilization occurs. Indeed, the functionality of gametes and their interactions may be negatively affected by reduced pH. Susceptibility to other environmental stressors, such as pollutants, may be also altered under acidified conditions, resulting in more detrimental effects. To verify this hypothesis, combined exposures to CO2-driven acidification and environmentally relevant concentrations (0.5 µg/L) of three contaminants (caffeine, diclofenac, and PFOS, all singularly or in mixture) were carried out to highlight potential negative effects on fertilization success and motility of sperm in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Our results showed a significant reduction in the percentage of fertilized eggs when sperm were pre-exposed to reduced pH (ambient pH minus 0.4 units) compared to that of controls (ambient, pH = 8.1). Sperm speed and motility also decreased when sperm were activated and then exposed at reduced pH. Conversely, at both pH values tested, no significant effect due to the contaminants, nor of their interaction with pH, was found on any of the biological endpoints considered.
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Martino C, Byrne M, Roccheri MC, Chiarelli R. Interactive effects of increased temperature and gadolinium pollution in Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos: a climate change perspective. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 232:105750. [PMID: 33529976 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gradual ocean warming and marine heatwaves represent major threats for marine organisms already facing other anthropogenic-derived hazards, such as chemical contamination in coastal areas. In this study, the combined effects of thermal stress and exposure to gadolinium (Gd), a metal used as a contrasting agent in medical imaging which enters the aquatic environment, were investigated in the embryos and larvae of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Embryos were exposed to six treatments of three temperatures (18 °C, 21 °C, 24 °C) and two Gd concentrations (control: 0 μM; treated: 20 μM). With respect to developmental progression, increased temperature accelerated development and achievement of the larval stage, while Gd-exposed embryos at the control temperature (18 °C) showed a general delay in development at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf), and a stunting effect and impaired skeleton growth at 48 hpf. Elevated temperatures at near-future projections (+3 °C, 21 °C) reduced the negative effects of Gd on development with a lower percentage of abnormality and improved skeleton growth. Combined extreme warming at present-day marine heatwave conditions (+6 °C, 24 °C) and Gd treatment resulted in a lower proportion of embryos reaching the advanced larval stages compared to the 21 °C + Gd. At the molecular level, western blot analysis showed that Gd was the main driver for the induction of heat shock protein (HSP60, HSP70) expression. At 48 hpf, temperature increase was the main driver for activation of additional cellular stress response strategies such as autophagy and apoptosis. Combined treatments showed the induction of HSP60 at 24 hpf and autophagic and apoptotic processes at 48 hpf. Treatments having low levels of HSPs expression showed high levels of apoptosis, and vice versa, clearly demonstrating the antagonistic effects of HSPs expression and apoptosis. Detection of fragmented DNA in apoptotic nuclei showed selective apoptosis, likely in extremely damaged cells. Our results indicate that the negative effects of Gd-exposure on P. lividus larval development and biomineralization will be mitigated by a near-future ocean warming, up to a thermotolerance threshold when negative synergistic effects were evident. Our data highlight the use of biomarkers as sensitive tools to detect environmental impacts as well as the need for a better understanding of the interactions between the multiple stressors faced by marine species in coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Martino
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, Palermo, 90128, Italy.
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Carmela Roccheri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiarelli
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, Palermo, 90128, Italy
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10
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Li Y, Yin W, Zhan Y, Jia Y, Cui D, Zhang W, Chang Y. Comparative metabolome analysis provides new insights into increased larval mortality under seawater acidification in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141206. [PMID: 32777501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mortality and metabolic responses of four-armed larvae of Strongylocentrotus intermedius under CO2-induced seawater acidification were investigated. Gametes of S. intermedius were fertilized and developed to the four-armed larval stage in either current natural seawater pH levels (as Control; pH = 7.99 ± 0.01) or laboratory-controlled acidified conditions (OA1: ΔpH = -0.3 units; OA2: ΔpH = -0.4 units; OA3: ΔpH = -0.5 units) according to the predictions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The degrees of spicule exposure and asymmetry and mortality of four-armed larvae of S. intermedius were observed; each had a significant linearly increasing trend as the seawater pH level decreased. Comparative metabolome analysis identified a total of 87 significantly differentially expressed metabolites (SDMs, UP: 57, DOWN: 30) in OA-treated groups compared with the control group. Twenty-three SDMs, including carnitine, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 18:3, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine (LPE) 16:1, glutathione (GSH) and L-ascorbate, exhibited a linear increasing trend with decreasing seawater pH. Nine SDMs exhibited a linear decreasing trend as the seawater pH declined, including hypoxanthine, guanine and thymidine. Among all SDMs, we further mined 48 potential metabolite biomarkers responding to seawater acidification in four-armed larvae of S. intermedius. These potential metabolite biomarkers were mainly enriched in five pathways: glycerophospholipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). Our results will enrich our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms employed by sea urchins in response to CO2-induced seawater acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Wenlu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Yujie Jia
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China
| | - Dongyao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
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11
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Pereira TM, Gnocchi KG, Merçon J, Mendes B, Lopes BM, Passos LS, Chippari Gomes AR. The success of the fertilization and early larval development of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) is affected by the pH decrease and temperature increase. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 161:105106. [PMID: 32861967 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The decrease in the pH of oceans and the increase in their temperature are the two main problems observed in the marine ecosystems due to the increasing emission of CO2 in the atmosphere. Both conditions can affect the ecological processes of reproduction, recruitment and survival of the marine biota. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of pH decrease and temperature increase of seawater on the fertilization success and embryo-larval development of a species of tropical sea urchin. For this purpose, fertilization success (gametes) and embryo-larval development rate were determined by exposing gametes and embryos to decreasing pH values (8.0 (control), 7.7, and 7.4) and increasing temperatures (26 (control), 28, 30, 34, and 38 °C). These conditions were tested associated with each other (in synergy). The gamete test was sensitive to all investigated scenarios, the fertilization success was significantly reduced in the conditions of increased temperature (28, 30, 34, and 38 °C) associated with the ideal pH (pH 8.0) and the conditions of reduced pH (pH 7.7, and 7.4), remaining unchanged only in the ideal condition (pH 8.0 + 26 °C). However, the embryo test displayed enhanced sensitivity in the scenarios of temperature increase (28, 30, 34, and 38 °C) associated with pH decrease conditions. A significantly reduction of 29%, 23% and 10% was observed in all tested pH values at 38 °C, when compared to the control group (80%, 79.5% and 63%, respectively). Therefore, the present study suggests that the occurrence of both scenarios may have a significant impact, in the coming years, on the population of Echinometra lucunter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Miura Pereira
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
| | - Karla Giavarini Gnocchi
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Julia Merçon
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Bruna Mendes
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Barbara Martins Lopes
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Larissa Souza Passos
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
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12
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Fonseca JG, Laranjeiro F, Freitas DB, Oliveira IB, Rocha RJM, Machado J, Hinzmann M, Barroso CM, Galante-Oliveira S. Impairment of swimming performance in Tritia reticulata (L.) veligers under projected ocean acidification and warming scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139187. [PMID: 32413662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tritia reticulata (L.) is a neogastropod ubiquitous in the coastal communities of the NE Atlantic. Its life cycle relies on the swimming performance of planktonic early life stages, whose sensitivity to the climate conditions projected for the near future, namely of ocean acidification (OA) and warming (W), is, to our best knowledge, unknown. To examine the resilience of larval stages to future environmental conditions, this work investigates the effect of OA-W on the swimming performance of T. reticulata veligers under a range of experimental conditions, based on the end-of-century projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Veligers were exposed to six experimental scenarios for 14 days, employing a full factorial design with three temperatures (T°C: 18, 20 and 22 °C) and two pH levels (pHtarget: 8.1 and 7.8). Mortality was assessed throughout the trial, after which swimming behaviour - characterised by the activity, speed and the distance travelled by veligers - was analysed by automated video recordings in a Zebrabox® device. Mortality increased with OA-W and, although more active, larvae travelled shorter distances revealing reduced swimming speed under acidic and warmer conditions, with the interaction of the tested stressors - pH and T°C - being highly significant. Results motivated the morpho-histological analysis of larvae preserved at the end of the trial, to check for the integrity of the organs involved in veligers' motion: statocysts, velum and foot. Statocyst and velar morpho-structure were conserved but histological damage of metapodial epithelia was evident under acidity, namely an apparent hypertrophy and protrusion of the secretory cells, with dispersed pigmented granules and, at 22 °C, less cilia, with potential functional implications. Negative consequences of the OA-W scenarios tested on veligers' competence are unveiled, pointing towards the eminent threat these phenomena constitute to T. reticulata perpetuation in case no mitigation measures are taken, and projections become effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fonseca
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F Laranjeiro
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - D B Freitas
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I B Oliveira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R J M Rocha
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J Machado
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, ICBAS, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Hinzmann
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - C M Barroso
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S Galante-Oliveira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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13
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Oliveira IB, Freitas DB, Fonseca JG, Laranjeiro F, Rocha RJM, Hinzmann M, Machado J, Barroso CM, Galante-Oliveira S. Vulnerability of Tritia reticulata (L.) early life stages to ocean acidification and warming. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5325. [PMID: 32210337 PMCID: PMC7093509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming (OA-W) result mainly from the absorption of carbon dioxide and heat by the oceans, altering its physical and chemical properties and affecting carbonate secretion by marine calcifiers such as gastropods. These processes are ongoing, and the projections of their aggravation are not encouraging. This work assesses the concomitant effect of the predicted pH decrease and temperature rise on early life stages of the neogastropod Tritia reticulata (L.), a common scavenger of high ecological importance on coastal ecosystems of the NE Atlantic. Veligers were exposed for 14 days to 12 OA-W experimental scenarios generated by a factorial design of three pH levels (targeting 8.1, 7.8 and 7.5) at four temperatures (16, 18, 20 and 22 °C). Results reveal effects of both pH and temperature (T °C) on larval development, growth, shell integrity and survival, individually or interactively at different exposure times. All endpoints were initially driven by pH, with impaired development and high mortalities being recorded in the first week, constrained by the most acidic scenarios (pHtarget 7.5). Development was also significantly driven by T °C, and its acceleration with warming was observed for the remaining exposure time. Still, by the end of this 2-weeks trial, larval performance and survival were highly affected by the interaction between pH and T °C: growth under warming was evident but only for T °C ≤ 20 °C and carbonate saturation (pHtarget ≥ 7.8). In fact, carbonate undersaturation rendered critical larval mortality (100%) at 22 °C, and the occurrence of extremely vulnerable, unshelled specimens in all other tested temperatures. As recruitment cohorts are the foundation for future populations, our results point towards the extreme vulnerability of this species in case tested scenarios become effective that, according to the IPCC, are projected for the northern hemisphere, where this species is ubiquitous, by the end of the century. Increased veliger mortality associated with reduced growth rates, shell dissolution and loss under OA-W projected scenarios will reduce larval performance, jeopardizing T. reticulata subsistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel B Oliveira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela B Freitas
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana G Fonseca
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe Laranjeiro
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui J M Rocha
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana Hinzmann
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jorge Machado
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, ICBAS, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Barroso
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Galante-Oliveira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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14
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Esposito R, Ruocco N, Albarano L, Ianora A, Manfra L, Libralato G, Costantini M. Combined Effects of Diatom-Derived Oxylipins on the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030719. [PMID: 31979078 PMCID: PMC7036778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are diatom-derived secondary metabolites, deriving from the oxidation of polyunsatured fatty acids that are released from cell membranes after cell damage or senescence of these single-celled algae. Previous results revealed harmful toxic effects of polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and hydroxyacids (HEPEs) on sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryonic development by testing individual compounds and mixtures of the same chemical group. Here, we investigated the combined effects of these compounds on sea urchin development at the morphological and molecular level for the first time. Our results demonstrated that oxylipin mixtures had stronger effects on sea urchin embryos compared with individual compounds, confirming that PUAs induce malformations and HEPEs cause developmental delay. This harmful effect was also confirmed by molecular analysis. Twelve new genes, involved in stress response and embryonic developmental processes, were isolated from the sea urchin P. lividus; these genes were found to be functionally interconnected with 11 genes already identified as a stress response of P. lividus embryos to single oxylipins. The expression levels of most of the analyzed genes targeted by oxylipin mixtures were involved in stress, skeletogenesis, development/differentiation, and detoxification processes. This work has important ecological implications, considering that PUAs and HEPEs represent the most abundant oxylipins in bloom-forming diatoms, opening new perspectives in understanding the molecular pathways activated by sea urchins exposed to diatom oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Esposito
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (R.E.); (N.R.); (L.A.); (A.I.); (L.M.); (G.L.)
| | - Nadia Ruocco
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (R.E.); (N.R.); (L.A.); (A.I.); (L.M.); (G.L.)
| | - Luisa Albarano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (R.E.); (N.R.); (L.A.); (A.I.); (L.M.); (G.L.)
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Adrianna Ianora
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (R.E.); (N.R.); (L.A.); (A.I.); (L.M.); (G.L.)
| | - Loredana Manfra
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (R.E.); (N.R.); (L.A.); (A.I.); (L.M.); (G.L.)
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (R.E.); (N.R.); (L.A.); (A.I.); (L.M.); (G.L.)
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (R.E.); (N.R.); (L.A.); (A.I.); (L.M.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-5833-3285
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