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Link DT, Viana GGF, Siqueira LP, Ferraz CM, Rodrigues RA, Mathias LA, Cardozo MV, Rossi GAM. Assessing the Microbial Quality of Shrimp ( Xiphonaeus kroyeri) and Mussels ( Perna perna) Illegally Sold in the Vitória Region, Brazil, and Investigating the Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:242. [PMID: 38534677 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The consumption of seafood is crucial for food security, but poor hygiene along the food production chain can result in low microbiological quality, posing significant risks for public health and seafood quality. Thus, this study aimed to assess the microbiological quality and antimicrobial sensitivity of E. coli from 69 samples of illegally marketed shrimp and mussels in the Vitória Region, Brazil. These foods exhibited poor microbiological quality due to high counts of mesophilic, psychrotrophic, and enterobacteria microorganisms. While this issue is widespread in this area, shrimp samples displayed higher microbial counts compared to mussels, and fresh mussels had elevated counts of enterobacteria compared to frozen ones. Among the 10 E. coli isolates, none carried the genes blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and tet, associated with antibiotic resistance. Phenotypical resistance to tetracycline and fosfomycin was not observed in any isolate, while only 20% demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin. Regarding ampicillin and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, 60% of isolates were resistant, 10% showed intermediate susceptibility, and 30% were sensitive. One isolate was considered simultaneously resistant to β-lactams and quinolones, and none were conserved as ESBL producers. These findings highlight the inherent risks to local public health that arise from consuming improperly prepared seafood in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Tosta Link
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha 29102-920, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Lívia Pasolini Siqueira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha 29102-920, ES, Brazil
| | - Carolina Magri Ferraz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha 29102-920, ES, Brazil
| | - Romário Alves Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Antonio Mathias
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marita Vedovelli Cardozo
- Microorganism Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science and Health, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG), Passos 37900-004, MG, Brazil
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Celik B, Ergul B, Kekec AI, Hala B, Maslak B, Sigirci BD, Kahraman BB, Bagcigil AF, Metiner K, Ak S. Beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, and quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from shrimps and mussels in the Marmara Sea. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:208-217. [PMID: 37982027 PMCID: PMC10581531 DOI: 10.17221/105/2022-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the prevalence of Escherichia coli in shrimps and mussels, and to determine the distribution of β-lactam, aminoglycoside, quinolone, and multi-drug resistance phenotypically and genotypically in E. coli isolates obtained from mussels and shrimps in Istanbul. Faecal samples were collected from mussels (n = 96) and shrimps (n = 96) from the Marmara Sea coastline and fish markets in Istanbul. For the detection of antibiotic susceptibilities, seven antibiotic groups were used. β-lactamase, aminoglycoside, and quinolone genes were also determined. A total of 34 (17.7%, 15 shrimps, and 19 mussels) E. coli were isolated, and 17 (50%) were found to be resistant to one or more antimicrobials. The highest resistance was seen against aminoglycosides with 11 isolates (32.35%), followed by quinolones with 10 isolates (29.41%) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) with 4 isolates (11.76%). Multi-drug resistance was detected in 5 isolates (14.7%) from 3 shrimp and 2 mussel samples. The prevalence of ESBL genes was demonstrated at 3.84% in mussels and shrimp samples. There were no AmpC and carbapenemase-producing genes. These samples harbored blaCTX-M-1 (n = 3) and blaTEM (n = 4). Ten isolates were resistant to aminoglycosides genotypically. Resistance genes detected were strB in 2 isolates, aadA in 5, strB and aadA together in 3, ANT('')-Ia, aphA1 and aphA2 simultaneously in 3, aphA1 in 1, aac(3)-IIa in 1 isolate. aac(6')-Ib-cr gene was detected in only one of 10 phenotypically resistant isolates to quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baran Celik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Buyukcekmece/Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Bahar Ergul
- Ambarli Veterinary Border Control Point Directorate, Republic of Turkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Ayse Ilgin Kekec
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Buyukcekmece/Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Baris Hala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Buyukcekmece/Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Begum Maslak
- Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Avcilar/Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Belgi Diren Sigirci
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Buyukcekmece/Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Beren Basaran Kahraman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Buyukcekmece/Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Arzu Funda Bagcigil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Buyukcekmece/Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Kemal Metiner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Buyukcekmece/Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Seyyal Ak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Buyukcekmece/Istanbul, Turkiye
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Jeamsripong S, Kuldee M, Thaotumpitak V, Chuanchuen R. Antimicrobial resistance, Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase production and virulence genes in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolates from estuarine environment. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283359. [PMID: 37115770 PMCID: PMC10146452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on global public health has been widely documented. AMR in the environment poses a serious threat to both human and animal health but is frequently overlooked. This study aimed to characterize the association between phenotype and genotype of AMR, virulence genes and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) production from estuarine environment. The Salmonella (n = 126) and E. coli (n = 409) were isolated from oysters and estuarine water in Thailand. The isolates of Salmonella (96.9%) and E. coli (91.4%) showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was 40.1% of Salmonella and 23.0% of E. coli. Resistance to sulfamethoxazole was most common in Salmonella (95.2%) and E. coli (77.8%). The common resistance genes found in Salmonella were sul3 (14.3%), followed by blaTEM (11.9%), and cmlA (11.9%), while most E. coli were blaTEM (31.5%) and tetA (25.4%). The ESBL production was detected in Salmonella (1.6%, n = 2) of which one isolate was positive to blaTEM-1. Eight E. coli isolates (2.0%) were ESBL producers, of which three isolates carried blaCTX-M-55 and one isolate was blaTEM-1. Predominant virulence genes identified in Salmonella were invA (77.0%), stn (77.0%), and fimA (69.0%), while those in E. coli isolates were stx1 (17.8%), lt (11.7%), and stx2 (1.2%). Logistic regression models showed the statistical association between resistance phenotype, virulence genes and ESBL production (p < 0.05). The findings highlighted that estuarine environment were potential hotspots of resistance. One Health should be implemented to prevent AMR bacteria spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mullika Kuldee
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varangkana Thaotumpitak
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Alves FADS, de Sousa EB, Martins MP, da Silva Rocha CC, Faustino SMM, Mendes RA, de Oliveira Lima M, Schneider MPC. Evaluation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Oyster Farming and Microalgae in the Atlantic Amazon Evidences Safety but Highlights Potential Risks of Shellfish Poisoning. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100654. [PMID: 36287923 PMCID: PMC9611215 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine phycotoxins are organic compounds synthesized by some species of microalgae, which accumulate in the tissues of filter-feeder organisms such as bivalve mollusks. These toxins can cause acute intoxication episodes in humans, a severe threat to aquaculture and fisheries. In the State of Pará, Brazil, oyster farming has community, artisanal and sustainable bases, using mangroves as cultivation environment and seed banks. In small-scale production, there are often no established methods of safeguarding the health of consumers elevating the potential risks of shellfish poisoning outbreaks. Our study evaluated the presence of phycotoxins in oysters cultivated in five municipalities in the region of the Atlantic Amazon (Pará, Brazil) assessing the quality of the final product. We further evaluated the microalgae, water quality, and the spatio-temporal variation of physicochemical factors in the same area. Diatoms dominated the microalgae composition, followed by dinoflagellates, some of which are reported to be potentially toxic and producers of paralytic shellfish toxins. For the first time, we describe the occurrence of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis sp. in the Amazon region. Furthermore, for the first time, toxins were detected in oyster farming in the northeast of the State of Pará, namely GTX2,3, STX, and dc-STX nevertheless, with nontoxic values. The identified toxins represent a potential threat to shellfish consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Arimatéia dos Santos Alves
- Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 01, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Seção de Meio Ambiente, Laboratório de Análise de Resíduos Orgânicos, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVC/MS, Rod. Br. 316, Km 7, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Eliane Brabo de Sousa
- Seção de Meio Ambiente, Laboratório de Cianobactérias e Bioindicadores Aquáticos, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVC/MS, Rod. Br. 316, Km 7, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Maíra Pompeu Martins
- Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 01, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Cássia Christina da Silva Rocha
- Seção de Meio Ambiente, Laboratório de Análise de Resíduos Orgânicos, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVC/MS, Rod. Br. 316, Km 7, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Rosivaldo Alcântara Mendes
- Seção de Meio Ambiente, Laboratório de Análise de Resíduos Orgânicos, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVC/MS, Rod. Br. 316, Km 7, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Oliveira Lima
- Seção de Meio Ambiente, Laboratório de Metais e Ecotoxicologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVC/MS, Rod. Br. 316, Km 7, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cruz Schneider
- Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 01, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Tan B, Li Y, Xie H, Dai Z, Zhou C, Qian ZJ, Hong P, Liang Y, Ren L, Sun S, Li C. Microplastics accumulation in mangroves increasing the resistance of its colonization Vibrio and Shewanella. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133861. [PMID: 35149013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The enrichment of various pollutants in mangrove has attracted widespread attention. Especially, microplastics accumulation in mangrove may provide a more challenging ecological colonization site by enriching pollutants, thus affecting the change of microplastics antibiotic resistance and increasing the risk of antibiotic failure. Herein, the antibiotic-resistant of microplastics and sediment from mangrove were investigated. The results show that isolates are mainly colonized by Vibrio parahemolyticus (V. parahemolyticus), Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus), and Shewanella. 100% mangrove microplastics isolates are resistant to chloramphenicol, cefazolin, and tetracycline, especially amoxicillin clavulanate and ampicillin. Meanwhile, the multiple antibiotics resistance (MAR) indexes of V. parahaemolyticus, Shewanella, and V. alginolyticus in mangrove microplastics are 0.72, 0.77, and 0.77, respectively, which are far higher than the MAR index standard (0.2) and that of mangrove sediment isolates. Furthermore, compared with V. parahaemolyticus isolated from the same mangrove microplastics, Shewanella and V. alginolyticus show stronger drug resistance. It should be noted that there is a closely related relationship between the type of microplastics and the antibiotics resistance of isolated bacteria. For the antibiotics sensitivity test of norfloxacin, streptomycin, amoxicillin, and chloramphenicol, V. parahaemolyticus have the lower antibiotics resistance than that of V. alginolyticus isolated from the same mangrove microplastics. However, Vibrio isolated from PE has stronger antibiotics resistance. Results reveal that mangrove may be one of the potential risks for emergence and spread of bacterial antibiotics-resistant and multidrug-resistant, and microplastic biofilms may act as promoters of bacterial antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yibin Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Huifeng Xie
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zhenqing Dai
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China.
| | - Chunxia Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Zhong-Ji Qian
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Pengzhi Hong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Yanqiu Liang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China; College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Shengli Sun
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Chengyong Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China.
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Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli through Pfs Affects the Tran-Scription of Membrane Proteins to Resist β-Lactam Antibiotics. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030098. [PMID: 35324826 PMCID: PMC8951488 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a causative agent of colibacillosis, one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in poultry worldwide. Nowadays, antibiotics are mainly used to prevent and control poultry colibacillosis, but the situation of drug resistance is serious. 5′-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase (Pfs) is involved in methylation reactions, polyamine synthesis, vitamin synthesis, and quorum sensing (QS) pathways. In this study, compared with the APEC wild-type strain DE17, the pfs deletion strain DE17Δpfs was more susceptible to β-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime) by drug sensitivity test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the MIC of the DE17Δpfs was half that of the DE17. Quorum sensing signal molecule AI-2 is involved in antibiotic resistance. In the case of pfs inactivation, the DE17Δpfs cannot synthesize AI-2, so it is necessary to add AI-2 to study whether it affects APEC resistance. When the exogenous AI-2 was added, the MIC of all APEC did not change. Transcriptome sequencing indicated that the transcription levels of a lot of outer membrane protein genes and metabolic genes had changed due to the deletion of pfs. Moreover, the transcription levels of the efflux pump gene tolC and penicillin binding protein (fstI and mrcA) were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), while the transcription levels of the porin protein genes (ompF, ompC, and ompD) were significantly increased (p < 0.05). In addition, it was also found that the outer membrane permeability of the DE17Δpfs was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The results indicated that pfs does not affect APEC strain DE17 resistance to β-lactam antibiotics through AI-2, but pfs affects the sensitivity of APEC to β-lactam antibiotics by affecting antibiotic-related genes. This study can provide a reference for screening new drug targets.
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Sharp JH, Clements K, Diggens M, McDonald JE, Malham SK, Jones DL. E. coli Is a Poor End-Product Criterion for Assessing the General Microbial Risk Posed From Consuming Norovirus Contaminated Shellfish. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:608888. [PMID: 33679634 PMCID: PMC7933002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.608888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fecal indicator organism (FIO) Escherichia coli is frequently used as a general indicator of sewage contamination and for evaluating the success of shellfish cleaning (depuration) processes. To evaluate the robustness of this approach, the accumulation, retention, and depuration of non-pathogenic E. coli, pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 and norovirus GII (NoV GII) RNA were evaluated using a combination of culture-based (E. coli) and molecular methods (E. coli, NoV GII) after exposure of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to water contaminated with human feces. We simulated water contamination after a point-source release from a combined sewer overflow (CSO) where untreated wastewater is released directly into the coastal zone. All three microbiological indicators accumulated rapidly in the mussels, reaching close to maximum concentration within 3 h of exposure, demonstrating that short CSO discharges pose an immediate threat to shellfish harvesting areas. Depuration (72 h) in clean water proved partially successful at removing both pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli from shellfish tissue, but failed to eradicate NoV GII RNA. We conclude that current EU standards for evaluating microbiological risk in shellfish are inadequate for protecting consumers against exposure to human norovirus GII found in polluted marine waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine H Sharp
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Clements
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.,School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Mallory Diggens
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - James E McDonald
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.,UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Conceição MVR, Costa SS, Schaan AP, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos ÂKC, Silva A, das Graças DA, Schneider MPC, Baraúna RA. Amazonia Seasons Have an Influence in the Composition of Bacterial Gut Microbiota of Mangrove Oysters ( Crassostrea gasar). Front Genet 2021; 11:602608. [PMID: 33643371 PMCID: PMC7907636 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.602608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mangrove oysters (Crassostrea gasar) are molluscs native to the Amazonia region and their exploration and farming has increased considerably in recent years. These animals are farmed on beds built in the rivers of the Amazonia estuaries and, therefore, the composition of their microbiome should be directly influenced by environmental conditions. Our work aimed to evaluate the changes in bacterial composition of oyster's microbiota at two different seasons (rainy and dry). For this purpose, we amplified and sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequencing was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform. According to the rarefaction curve, the sampling effort was sufficient to describe the bacterial diversity in the samples. Alpha-diversity indexes showed that the bacterial microbiota of oysters is richer during the rainy season. This richness is possibly associated with the diversity at lower taxonomic levels, since the relative abundance of bacterial phyla in the two seasons remained relatively constant. The main phyla found include Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Similar results were found for the species Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea sikamea, and Crassostrea corteziensis. Beta-diversity analysis showed that the bacterial composition of oyster's gut microbiota was quite different in the two seasons. Our data demonstrate the close relationship between the environment and the microbiome of these molluscs, reinforcing the need for conservation and sustainable management of estuaries in the Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vinícius Reis Conceição
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sávio Souza Costa
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Schaan
- Laboratory of Medical and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Artur Silva
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Belém, Brazil
| | - Diego Assis das Graças
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cruz Schneider
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rafael Azevedo Baraúna
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Belém, Brazil
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