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Sif J, Fahmi F, Dahbi A, Rouhi A. Bioaccumulation of trace metals by the gastropod Phorcus lineatus (Da Costa, 1778) from the Atlantic coast of El Jadida, Morocco. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 206:116733. [PMID: 39024908 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals in coastal ecosystems represent an issue for human and environmental health worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess the state of health of Morocco's Atlantic coastline in the El Jadida region. The study was based on metal bioaccumulation in Phorcus lineatus, a species common to Atlantic coasts. Two polluted sites were selected: Haouzia (H) and Jorf-Lasfar (J). Animals were sampled monthly for determination of trace metals in the soft tissues of P. lineatus. Except for Cr, the results show a significant variation in bioaccumulation. The highest concentrations (μg g-1 dry weight) were found in individuals from J, with 10.68 ± 2.43 Cd, 107.36 ± 21.15 Zn, 666.55 ± 143.34 Fe and 184.47 ± 49.80 Cu. The maximum Metal Pollution Index value was 37.06 at site H in spring and 65.96 at site J in autumn. The J site appears significantly more polluted than H site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Sif
- Physiology and Ecotoxicology research team, Department of Biology, Chouaib Doukkali University, Faculty of Science, El Jadida, Morocco.
| | - Fatiha Fahmi
- Physiology and Ecotoxicology research team, Department of Biology, Chouaib Doukkali University, Faculty of Science, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Abdallah Dahbi
- Research Team "Environment and Health", Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi, Morocco
| | - Abdelali Rouhi
- Regional Center for Education and Training, Beni Mellal, Morocco
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Dahbi A, El-Azzouzi Z, Kouali H, Achtak H, Chaouti A. The goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes as a tool for trace metal biomonitoring and health risk assessment for human consumers in northwestern Atlantic coast of Morocco. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172393. [PMID: 38608901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of trace metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Zn in soft tissues of the barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes was investigated seasonally along the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco. Average concentrations (μg g-1 dry weight) exhibited a decreasing order: Fe (548.15 ± 132.43) > Zn (430.80 ± 181.68) > Cd (17.46 ± 9.99) > Cu (7.72 ± 1.26) > Cr (3.12 ± 0.80), with the highest levels during wet seasons. The "Metal Pollution Index" and "Individual Multimetal Bioaccumulation Index" revealed a substantial barnacle contamination in industrialized areas. Additionally, Cd and Zn concentrations surpassed permissible guideline limits. While the "Target Hazard Quotient" and "Hazard Index" unveiled no significant health risks associated with barnacle consumption for humans, Cd posed potential risks, particularly for children consuming barnacles from polluted locations. Regarding the "Maximum Safe Consumption", Cd demonstrated potential harm across all sex and age groups. These findings contribute valuable data on the safety of barnacle consumption, marking the initial assessment of such risks in Morocco. The study offers evidence of metal pollution occurrence and proposes the barnacle species as a reliable biomonitor of trace metal bioavailabilities in marine coastal areas. To our knowledge, this investigation is the first comprehensive report of metal contamination biomonitoring using barnacles from Moroccan Atlantic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Dahbi
- Research Team "Environment and Health", Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi, Morocco
| | - Zakaria El-Azzouzi
- Research Team "Environment and Health", Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi, Morocco; Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization - CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Hassnae Kouali
- Research Team "Environment and Health", Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi, Morocco
| | - Hafid Achtak
- Research Team "Environment and Health", Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi, Morocco
| | - Abdellatif Chaouti
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization - CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco.
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Benhamdoun A, Achtak H, Dahbi A. Bioaccumulation of trace metals in edible terrestrial snails, Theba pisana and Otala spp., in a dumpsite area in Morocco and assessment of human health risks for consumers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:42810-42826. [PMID: 38878242 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the bioaccumulation patterns of five trace metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, and Zn) in two edible snail species, Theba pisana and Otala spp., collected from a dumpsite in Safi City, Morocco. The results indicated that bioaccumulation might be species-specific, as metal concentration profiles varied between the two snail species. Additionally, higher metal levels in the dumpsite snails confirmed their potential as bioindicators of trace metal pollution in terrestrial environments. However, the distribution of trace elements within the edible parts of the snails showed marked unevenness, with the viscera accumulating more metals than the foot. The study also evaluated the potential human health risks associated with consuming these snails. Trace metal levels in the edible parts exceeded most international safety thresholds. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of trace metals through snail consumption were below the provisional tolerable daily intakes (PTDIs) for both children and adults, suggesting that daily consumption is generally safe. Nonetheless, the hazard index (HI) indicated that children might face health risks from long-term consumption of contaminated snails (HI > 1), while adults are less likely to experience such complications (HI < 1). The total target carcinogenic risk (TTCR) was below 1E-04 for both children and adults, indicating negligible to acceptable carcinogenic risks for all consumer groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellali Benhamdoun
- Research Team "Environment & Health", Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, Polydisciplinary FacultyB.P. 4162, 46000, Sidi Bouzid, Safi, Morocco.
| | - Hafid Achtak
- Research Team "Environment & Health", Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, Polydisciplinary FacultyB.P. 4162, 46000, Sidi Bouzid, Safi, Morocco
| | - Abdallah Dahbi
- Research Team "Environment & Health", Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, Polydisciplinary FacultyB.P. 4162, 46000, Sidi Bouzid, Safi, Morocco
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Janah H, Aghzar A, Presa P, Ouagajjou Y. Influence of Pediveliger Larvae Stocking Density on Settlement Efficiency and Seed Production in Captivity of Mytilus galloprovincialis in Amsa Bay, Tetouan. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:239. [PMID: 38254408 PMCID: PMC10812630 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In mussel hatchery systems, the settlement process is a crucial element influencing seed yield. The current study assayed the influence of five densities of competent pediveliger larvae on settlement success and post-larvae production. We showed an inverse relationship between density and settlement efficiency, e.g., an attachment success of 99.4% at the lowest density (35 larvae/cm2) but only 9% at the highest density (210 larvae/cm2). However, post-larvae production was higher at intermediate larvae densities (70 larvae/cm2). The reimplementation of treatments upon post-larvae density after 6 weeks post settlement showed that the lowest-density groups bore both the highest post-larvae growth rate (22.24 ± 4.60 µm/day) and the largest head batch (48% of the size distribution), as compared to the higher-post-larvae-density groups. These results highlight the importance of optimizing both pediveliger larvae density and post-larvae density, to maximize high-quality seed yield in local hatcheries. Current rearing technologies would assure a timely commercial seed production to protect natural sea rocky beds in Alboran Sea coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Janah
- Research Team of Agriculture and Aquaculture Engineering (G2A), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (H.J.); (A.A.)
- Amsa Shellfish Research Station, National Institute of Fisheries Research, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
| | - Adil Aghzar
- Research Team of Agriculture and Aquaculture Engineering (G2A), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (H.J.); (A.A.)
| | - Pablo Presa
- Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources (ReXenMar), CIM—Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Yassine Ouagajjou
- Amsa Shellfish Research Station, National Institute of Fisheries Research, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
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El Mourabit Y, Hasni M, Agnaou M, Nadir M, Abou Oualid J, Moukrim A, Ait Alla A. Assessment of trace metal bioaccumulation in Mytilus galloprovincialis of the central Atlantic ocean after installation of treatment sewage facilities. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 348:140730. [PMID: 37992906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) are vital to Morocco's artisanal fishermen both nutritionally and economically. This study probed the bioaccumulation of trace metals zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) in mussels from three sites north of Agadir: Anza, Aourir, and Imouran. Analyzed using atomic absorption techniques across different seasons, findings indicated variable metal concentrations, with Imouran notably presenting the highest, potentially due to influences from the new wastewater plants of Anza and Aourir. While lead was not detected, cadmium, albeit in lower concentrations, posed potential health concerns upon regular consumption. Individual Mean Bioaccumulation Index (IMBI) demonstrated fluctuations, majorly influenced by Zn, Cd, and Cu levels. These trends in IMBI between 2017 and 2018 for Aourir and Imouran hinted at similar environmental impacts or exposure levels. Despite site differences, Metal Pollution Index (MPI) values consistently pointing to analogous potential toxicity due to metal combinations. Intricate relationships between trace metals and their environmental parameters were evident, with multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) showcasing differing correlations between variables. These results highlight the nuanced interactions between trace metals and bioaccumulation indices, such as MPI and IMBI. In conclusion, the findings accentuate the imperative of regular coastal water quality checks and effective management strategies to curtail pollutant discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef El Mourabit
- Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems Lab, University of Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Mustapha Hasni
- Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems Lab, University of Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Agnaou
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ait Melloul, University of Ibn Zohr, Morocco
| | - Maryam Nadir
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ait Melloul, University of Ibn Zohr, Morocco
| | - Jaouad Abou Oualid
- Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems Lab, University of Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | | | - Aicha Ait Alla
- Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems Lab, University of Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
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Pazi I, Kucuksezgin F, Gonul LT, Guclusoy H, Akcali B. Metal levels in sediments and caged mussels in one of the industrial zones of the Eastern Aegean Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:121161-121174. [PMID: 37952067 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Caged mussels make biomonitoring studies possible with their ability to take up pollutants in the industrial zones. The goal of this study was applied to assess metal levels in the biomonitoring organism Mytillus galloprovincialis Lamark, 1819 for transplantation from three locations for two periods (2016-2018) in the industrial zone of the Eastern Aegean Sea. Metals were also determined in sediments; high concentrations of Hg, As and Zn in surficial sediments of Nemrut Bay can cause hazardous impacts on the aquatic environment with respect to sediment quality guidelines. The highest contamination factor (Cf) was calculated for Hg (Cf = 10), suggesting serious anthropogenic pollution in the study area. According to Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, As is not correlated with other metals due to As mainly originating from natural sources. Hg, Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations increased in the transplanted mussels during a field transplant experiment because of chronic pollution from industrial activities. Cumulative effects of both the oil refinery and shipbreaking industry cause higher uptake of Hg, Cd, Pb and Cu in sampling station 3 as a result of higher exposure levels in transplanted mussels. Mussel consumption was compared with provisional maximum tolerable intake from literature; the estimated provisional intake (EDI) for Cd, Hg and Pb does not exceed maximum levels; however, Cu and Zn exceed reference EDI values. Since Nemrut Bay is heavily influenced by industrialisation, it is not a suitable region for seafood production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Pazi
- Dokuz Eylül University, Institute Marine Science & Technology, TR-35340, Izmir, Türkiye.
| | - Filiz Kucuksezgin
- Dokuz Eylül University, Institute Marine Science & Technology, TR-35340, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - L Tolga Gonul
- Dokuz Eylül University, Institute Marine Science & Technology, TR-35340, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Harun Guclusoy
- Dokuz Eylül University, Institute Marine Science & Technology, TR-35340, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Baris Akcali
- Dokuz Eylül University, Institute Marine Science & Technology, TR-35340, Izmir, Türkiye
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Firth DC, Auerswald L, Strydom PE, Hoffman LC. The Status of Marine Mussel Pollution Research in South Africa (2012-2022). Foods 2023; 12:3983. [PMID: 37959102 PMCID: PMC10648133 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing human population requires more food each year, and seafood products can help meet this demand if clean water resources are available for their growth. Farmed and wild mussels are environmentally friendly seafood with many health benefits to human consumers, but they can also pose a health risk if they are harvested from areas where marine anthropogenic pollution is uncontrolled or unmonitored. While the coastline in South Africa has long been assumed to be pristine, a growing number of recent studies are raising contamination concerns. Baseline studies establish a wide range of anthropogenic pollutants to be present in the marine environment, specifically in urbanised or industrialised areas like major cities or harbours. This review summarises how mussels could pose health risks to human consumers and the current research that is being conducted by private researchers and institutions in South Africa. The review emphasises the need for more research in the field and for governmental pollution monitoring data to be released to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Caitlin Firth
- Department of Animal Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7600, South Africa; (D.C.F.); (L.A.); (P.E.S.)
| | - Lutz Auerswald
- Department of Animal Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7600, South Africa; (D.C.F.); (L.A.); (P.E.S.)
- Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, Cape Town 8012, South Africa
| | - Philip E. Strydom
- Department of Animal Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7600, South Africa; (D.C.F.); (L.A.); (P.E.S.)
| | - Louwrens Christiaan Hoffman
- Department of Animal Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7600, South Africa; (D.C.F.); (L.A.); (P.E.S.)
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Abelouah MR, Romdhani I, Ben-Haddad M, Hajji S, De-la-Torre GE, Gaaied S, Barra I, Banni M, Ait Alla A. Binational survey using Mytilus galloprovincialis as a bioindicator of microplastic pollution: Insights into chemical analysis and potential risk on humans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161894. [PMID: 36716882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) contamination in edible mussels has raised concerns due to their potential risk to human health. Aiming to provide valuable insights regarding the occurrence, physicochemical characteristics, and human health implications of MP contamination, in the present study, two nationwide surveys of MP contamination in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were conducted in Morocco and Tunisia. The results indicated that MP frequency ranged from 79 % to 100 % in all the analyzed samples. The highest MP density was detected in mussels from Morocco (gills "GI": 1.88 MPs/g ww-1; digestive glands "DG": 0.92 MPs/g ww-1) compared to mussels of Tunisia (GI: 1.47 MPs g- 1; DG: 0.79 MPs g- 1). No significant differences in MP density were found between the two organs (GI and DG) for both countries. MPs were predominantly blue and black fibers, and smaller than 1000 μm. Seven polymeric types were identified, of which PET, PP, and PE were the most abundant, accounting for >87 % of all samples. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) showed that most MPs have noticeable signs of weathering and inorganic components on their surface. The highest MP daily intake was found in children, while the lowest was estimated in women and men. Moreover, the annual dietary exposure of MPs through mussel consumption was estimated to be 1262.17 MPs/year in Morocco and 78.18 MPs/year in Tunisia. The potential risk assessment of MPs in mussels based on the polymer hazard index (PHI) was estimated in the high-risk levels, implying that MPs may pose health risks to humans. Overall, this research suggests that the consumption of mussels represents a considerable MP exposure route for the Moroccan and Tunisian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rida Abelouah
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco..
| | - Ilef Romdhani
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology LR20AGR02, ISA, University of Sousse, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, ISBM, University of Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Ben-Haddad
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco..
| | - Sara Hajji
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco..
| | | | - Sonia Gaaied
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology LR20AGR02, ISA, University of Sousse, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, ISBM, University of Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Issam Barra
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Center of Excellence in Soil and Fertilizer Research in Africa (CESFRA), AgroBioSciences (AgBS), 43150 Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology LR20AGR02, ISA, University of Sousse, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, ISBM, University of Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Aicha Ait Alla
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco..
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Cavalletti E, Romano G, Palma Esposito F, Barra L, Chiaiese P, Balzano S, Sardo A. Copper Effect on Microalgae: Toxicity and Bioremediation Strategies. TOXICS 2022; 10:527. [PMID: 36136491 PMCID: PMC9504759 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are increasingly recognised as suitable microorganisms for heavy metal (HM) removal, since they are able to adsorb them onto their cell wall and, in some cases, compartmentalise them inside organelles. However, at relatively high HM concentrations, they could also show signs of stress, such as organelle impairments and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes. The main aim of this review is to report on the mechanisms adopted by microalgae to counteract detrimental effects of high copper (Cu) concentrations, and on the microalgal potential for Cu bioremediation of aquatic environments. Studying the delicate balance between beneficial and detrimental effects of Cu on microalgae is of particular relevance as this metal is widely present in aquatic environments facing industrial discharges. This metal often induces chloroplast functioning impairment, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and growth rate reduction in a dose-dependent manner. However, microalgae also possess proteins and small molecules with protective role against Cu and, in general, metal stress, which increase their resistance towards these pollutants. Our critical literature analysis reveals that microalgae can be suitable indicators of Cu pollution in aquatic environments, and could also be considered as components of eco-sustainable devices for HM bioremediation in association with other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cavalletti
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunato Palma Esposito
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Barra
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Chiaiese
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Sergio Balzano
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), Netherland Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Landsdiep 4, 1793 AB Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Sardo
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “Eduardo Caianiello” (ISASI), CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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