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Liu Q, Cui R, Du Y, Shen J, Jin C, Zhou X. The green tide causative-species Ulva prolifera responding to exposure to oil and dispersant. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29641. [PMID: 38698977 PMCID: PMC11064083 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to study the role of oil spills in the occurrence of green tide in the Yellow Sea, the physiological characteristics and photosynthetic activities of green tide causative-species Ulva prolifera was monitored under different conditions including two oil water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of diesel oil and crude oil, dispersed water-accommodated fractions (DWAFs) and dispersant GM-2. The results showed that, the physiological parameters of U. prolifera including the growth, pigment, carbohydrate and protein contents decreased with the increased diesel oil WAF (WAFDO) concentration, while crude oil WAF (WAFCO) showed low concentration induction and high concentration inhibition effect. In addition, with the increase of WAFs concentration, two antioxidant activities were activated. However, compared with WAFDO alone and WAFCO alone, the mixture of oil and dispersant enhanced the toxicity on the above physiological characteristics of U. prolifera. On the other hand, the photosynthetic efficiency of U. prolifera showed a similar trend. Two WAFs showed significant concentration effects on the chlorophyll-a fluorescence transients and JIP-test. The addition of dispersant further blocked the electron flow beyond QA and from plastoquinone (PQ) to PSI acceptor side, damaged the active OEC centers at the PSII donor side, suppressed the pool size and the reduction rate of PSI acceptor side, and reduced the energy transfer efficiency between PSII functional units. These results implied that the crude oil spills may induce the formation of U. prolifera green tide, and the oil dispersant GM-2 used after the oil spills is unlikely to further stimulate the scale of bloom, while the diesel oil spills is always not conducive to the outbreak of green tide of U. prolifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Ruifei Cui
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Yuxin Du
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Cuili Jin
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
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Parkerton T, Boufadel M, Nordtug T, Mitchelmore C, Colvin K, Wetzel D, Barron MG, Bragin GE, de Jourdan B, Loughery J. Recommendations for advancing media preparation methods used to assess aquatic hazards of oils and spill response agents. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106518. [PMID: 37030101 PMCID: PMC10519191 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory preparation of aqueous test media is a critical step in developing toxicity information needed for oil spill response decision-making. Multiple methods have been used to prepare physically and chemically dispersed oils which influence test outcome, interpretation, and utility for hazard assessment and modeling. This paper aims to review media preparation strategies, highlight advantages and limitations, provide recommendations for improvement, and promote the standardization of methods to better inform assessment and modeling. A benefit of media preparation methods for oil that rely on low to moderate mixing energy coupled with a variable dilution design is that the dissolved oil composition of the water accommodation fraction (WAF) stock is consistent across diluted treatments. Further, analyses that support exposure confirmation maybe reduced and reflect dissolved oil exposures that are bioavailable and amenable to toxicity modeling. Variable loading tests provide a range of dissolved oil compositions that require analytical verification at each oil loading. Regardless of test design, a preliminary study is recommended to optimize WAF mixing and settling times to achieve equilibrium between oil and test media. Variable dilution tests involving chemical dispersants (CEWAF) or high energy mixing (HEWAF) can increase dissolved oil exposures in treatment dilutions due to droplet dissolution when compared to WAFs. In contrast, HEWAF/CEWAFs generated using variable oil loadings are expected to provide dissolved oil exposures more comparable to WAFs. Preparation methods that provide droplet oil exposures should be environmentally relevant and informed by oil droplet concentrations, compositions, sizes, and exposure durations characteristic of field spill scenarios. Oil droplet generators and passive dosing techniques offer advantages for delivering controlled constant or dynamic dissolved exposures and larger volumes of test media for toxicity testing. Adoption of proposed guidance for improving media preparation methods will provide greater comparability and utility of toxicity testing in oil spill response and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Parkerton
- EnviSci Consulting, LLC, 5900 Balcones Dr, Suite 100, Austin, TX 78731, United States.
| | - Michel Boufadel
- Center for Natural Resources, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 MLK Blvd., Newark, NJ, United States.
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, P.O. box 4762, Torgarden, Trondheim NO-7465, Norway.
| | - Carys Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 146 Williams Street, Solomons, MD, United States.
| | - Kat Colvin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Dana Wetzel
- Environmental Laboratory of Forensics, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, United States.
| | - Mace G Barron
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, United States.
| | - Gail E Bragin
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, United States.
| | - Benjamin de Jourdan
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd, St. Andrews, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Loughery
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd, St. Andrews, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada.
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Loughery JR, Coelho GM, Lee K, de Jourdan B. Setting the stage to advance oil toxicity testing: Overview of knowledge gaps, and recommendations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 261:106581. [PMID: 37285785 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum created a standardized protocol for comparing the in vivo toxicity of physically dispersed oil to chemically dispersed oil to support science-based decision making on the use of dispersants in the early 2000s. Since then, the protocol has been frequently modified to incorporate advances in technology; enable the study of unconventional and heavier oils; and provide data for use in a more diverse manner to cover the growing needs of the oil spill science community. Unfortunately, for many of these lab-based oil toxicity studies consideration was not given to the influence of modifications to the protocol on media chemistry, resulting toxicity and limitations for the use of resulting data in other contexts (e.g., risk assessments, models). To address these issues, a working group of international oil spill experts from academia, industry, government, and private organizations was convened under the Multi-Partner Research Initiative of Canada's Oceans Protection Plan to review publications using the CROSERF protocol since its inception to support their goal of coming to consensus on the key elements required within a "modernized CROSERF protocol".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Loughery
- Department of Aquatic Science, Huntsman Marine Science Center, St. Andrews, NB, Canada.
| | - Gina M Coelho
- Oil Spill Preparedness Division, Response Research Branch, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, Sterling, VA, United States
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Ecosystem Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin de Jourdan
- Department of Aquatic Science, Huntsman Marine Science Center, St. Andrews, NB, Canada
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