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Bhattarai P, Gunasekaran TI, Belloy ME, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Jülich D, Tayran H, Yilmaz E, Flaherty D, Turgutalp B, Sukumar G, Alba C, McGrath EM, Hupalo DN, Bacikova D, Le Guen Y, Lantigua R, Medrano M, Rivera D, Recio P, Nuriel T, Ertekin-Taner N, Teich AF, Dickson DW, Holley S, Greicius M, Dalgard CL, Zody M, Mayeux R, Kizil C, Vardarajan BN. Rare genetic variation in fibronectin 1 (FN1) protects against APOEε4 in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:70. [PMID: 38598053 PMCID: PMC11006751 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) significantly increases in individuals carrying the APOEε4 allele. Elderly cognitively healthy individuals with APOEε4 also exist, suggesting the presence of cellular mechanisms that counteract the pathological effects of APOEε4; however, these mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that APOEε4 carriers without dementia might carry genetic variations that could protect them from developing APOEε4-mediated AD pathology. To test this, we leveraged whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data in the National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Family Based Study (NIA-AD FBS), Washington Heights/Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), and Estudio Familiar de Influencia Genetica en Alzheimer (EFIGA) cohorts and identified potentially protective variants segregating exclusively among unaffected APOEε4 carriers. In homozygous unaffected carriers above 70 years old, we identified 510 rare coding variants. Pathway analysis of the genes harboring these variants showed significant enrichment in extracellular matrix (ECM)-related processes, suggesting protective effects of functional modifications in ECM proteins. We prioritized two genes that were highly represented in the ECM-related gene ontology terms, (FN1) and collagen type VI alpha 2 chain (COL6A2) and are known to be expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), for postmortem validation and in vivo functional studies. An independent analysis in a large cohort of 7185 APOEε4 homozygous carriers found that rs140926439 variant in FN1 was protective of AD (OR = 0.29; 95% CI [0.11, 0.78], P = 0.014) and delayed age at onset of disease by 3.37 years (95% CI [0.42, 6.32], P = 0.025). The FN1 and COL6A2 protein levels were increased at the BBB in APOEε4 carriers with AD. Brain expression of cognitively unaffected homozygous APOEε4 carriers had significantly lower FN1 deposition and less reactive gliosis compared to homozygous APOEε4 carriers with AD, suggesting that FN1 might be a downstream driver of APOEε4-mediated AD-related pathology and cognitive decline. To validate our findings, we used zebrafish models with loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in fn1b-the ortholog for human FN1. We found that fibronectin LOF reduced gliosis, enhanced gliovascular remodeling, and potentiated the microglial response, suggesting that pathological accumulation of FN1 could impair toxic protein clearance, which is ameliorated with FN1 LOF. Our study suggests that vascular deposition of FN1 is related to the pathogenicity of APOEε4, and LOF variants in FN1 may reduce APOEε4-related AD risk, providing novel clues to potential therapeutic interventions targeting the ECM to mitigate AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabesh Bhattarai
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tamil Iniyan Gunasekaran
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael E Belloy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dolly Reyes-Dumeyer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dörthe Jülich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hüseyin Tayran
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elanur Yilmaz
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Delaney Flaherty
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bengisu Turgutalp
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gauthaman Sukumar
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Camille Alba
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Elisa Martinez McGrath
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Daniel N Hupalo
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Dagmar Bacikova
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Yann Le Guen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Lantigua
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York, New York, USA
| | - Martin Medrano
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic
| | - Diones Rivera
- Department of Neurology, CEDIMAT, Plaza de la Salud, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- School of Medicine, Universidad Pedro Henriquez Urena (UNPHU), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Patricia Recio
- Department of Neurology, CEDIMAT, Plaza de la Salud, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Tal Nuriel
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Andrew F Teich
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Scott Holley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Michael Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- The American Genome Center, Center for Military Precision Health, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Zody
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Caghan Kizil
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Jülich D, Holley SA. Live imaging of Fibronectin 1a-mNeonGreen and Fibronectin 1b-mCherry knock-in alleles during early zebrafish development. Cells Dev 2024; 177:203900. [PMID: 38218338 PMCID: PMC10947920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Within the developing embryo, cells assemble and remodel their surrounding extracellular matrix during morphogenesis. Fibronectin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein and is a ligand for several members of the Integrin adhesion receptor family. Here, we compare the expression pattern and loss of function phenotypes of the two zebrafish fibronectin paralogs fn1a and fn1b. We engineered two fluorescently tagged knock-in alleles to facilitate live in vivo imaging of the Fibronectin matrix. Genetic complementation experiments indicate that the knock-in alleles are fully functional. Fn1a-mNeonGreen and Fn1b-mCherry are co-localized in ECM fibers on the surface of the paraxial mesoderm and myotendinous junction. In 5-days old zebrafish larvae, Fn1a-mNeonGreen predominantly localizes to the branchial arches, heart ventricle, olfactory placode and within the otic capsule while Fn1b-mCherry is deposited at the pericardium, proximal convoluted tubule, posterior hindgut and at the ventral mesoderm/cardinal vein. We examined Fn1a-mNeonGreen and Fn1b-mCherry in maternal zygotic integrin α5 mutants and integrin β1a; β1b double mutants and find distinct requirements for these Integrins in assembling the two Fibronectins into ECM fibers in different tissues. Rescue experiments via mRNA injection indicate that the two fibronectins are not fully inter-changeable. Lastly, we examined cross-regulation between the two Fibronectins and find fn1a is necessary for normal Fn1b fibrillogenesis in the presomitic mesoderm, but fn1b is dispensable for the normal pattern of Fn1a deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Jülich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott A Holley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Bhattarai P, Gunasekaran TI, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Jülich D, Tayran H, Yilmaz E, Flaherty D, Lantigua R, Medrano M, Rivera D, Recio P, Ertekin-Taner N, Teich AF, Dickson DW, Holley S, Mayeux R, Kizil C, Vardarajan BN. Rare genetic variation in Fibronectin 1 ( FN1 ) protects against APOEe4 in Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.02.573895. [PMID: 38260431 PMCID: PMC10802344 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.02.573895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) significantly increases in individuals carrying the APOEε4 allele. Elderly cognitively healthy individuals with APOEε4 also exist, suggesting the presence of cellular mechanisms that counteract the pathological effects of APOEε4 ; however, these mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that APOEε4 carriers without dementia might carry genetic variations that could protect them from developing APOEε4- mediated AD pathology. To test this, we leveraged whole genome sequencing (WGS) data in National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Family Based Study (NIA-AD FBS), Washington Heights/Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), and Estudio Familiar de Influencia Genetica en Alzheimer (EFIGA) cohorts and identified potentially protective variants segregating exclusively among unaffected APOEε4 carriers. In homozygous unaffected carriers above 70 years old, we identified 510 rare coding variants. Pathway analysis of the genes harboring these variants showed significant enrichment in extracellular matrix (ECM)-related processes, suggesting protective effects of functional modifications in ECM proteins. We prioritized two genes that were highly represented in the ECM-related gene ontology terms, (FN1) and collagen type VI alpha 2 chain ( COL6A2 ) and are known to be expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), for postmortem validation and in vivo functional studies. The FN1 and COL6A2 protein levels were increased at the BBB in APOEε4 carriers with AD. Brain expression of cognitively unaffected homozygous APOEε4 carriers had significantly lower FN1 deposition and less reactive gliosis compared to homozygous APOEε4 carriers with AD, suggesting that FN1 might be a downstream driver of APOEε4 -mediated AD-related pathology and cognitive decline. To validate our findings, we used zebrafish models with loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in fn1b - the ortholog for human FN1 . We found that fibronectin LOF reduced gliosis, enhanced gliovascular remodeling and potentiated the microglial response, suggesting that pathological accumulation of FN1 could impair toxic protein clearance, which is ameliorated with FN1 LOF. Our study suggests vascular deposition of FN1 is related to the pathogenicity of APOEε4 , LOF variants in FN1 may reduce APOEε4 -related AD risk, providing novel clues to potential therapeutic interventions targeting the ECM to mitigate AD risk.
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4
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Fibronectin in development and wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:353-368. [PMID: 32961203 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin structure and composition regulate contextual cell signaling. Recent advances have been made in understanding fibronectin and its role in tissue organization and repair. This review outlines fibronectin splice variants and their functions, evaluates potential therapeutic strategies targeting or utilizing fibronectin, and concludes by discussing potential future directions to modulate fibronectin function in development and wound healing.
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5
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Kim SS, Lee JA, Yeo MK. Reduction in Toxicity of Nano-Ag-Polyvinyl-pyrrolidone Using Hydra Proteins and Peptides during Zebrafish Embryogenesis. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9091210. [PMID: 31462001 PMCID: PMC6780337 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydra magnipapillata cells reduce the toxicity of silver nanomaterials to zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. In this study, we investigated whether Hydra protein (HP) and Hydra basal disc peptide (Hym176) materials reduce nano-Ag-polyvinylpyrrolidone (N-Ag-PVP) toxicity during embryogenesis of the nanosensitive organism zebrafish. Protein (HP) was extracted from Hydra, and peptide (Hym176) was extracted from the hydra basal disc, which is attractive to nanomaterials and related to the immune system. The experimental conditions were exposure to N-Ag-PVP, HP, N-Ag-PVP+HP, Hym176, or N-Ag-PVP+Hym176 during embryo development. N-Ag-PVP+HP group showed lower toxicity than N-Ag-PVP group. In addition, in the N-Ag-PVP+HP group formed aggregated nanomaterials (≥200 nm size) through electrostatic bonding. In the gene expression profile, HP group differed in gene expression profile compared the other experimental groups and it was no genetic toxicity. HP showed a tendency to reduce side effects and abnormal gene expression produced by N-Ag-PVP with no evidence of inherent toxicity. Considering the potential nanotoxicity effects of released nanomaterials on the ecosystem, the reduction of nanotoxicity observed with HP natural materials should be regarded with great interest in terms of the overall health of the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Seok Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do Seoul 17104, Korea
| | - Jin Ah Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do Seoul 17104, Korea
| | - Min-Kyeong Yeo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do Seoul 17104, Korea.
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6
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Rho SS, Kobayashi I, Oguri-Nakamura E, Ando K, Fujiwara M, Kamimura N, Hirata H, Iida A, Iwai Y, Mochizuki N, Fukuhara S. Rap1b Promotes Notch-Signal-Mediated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development by Enhancing Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion. Dev Cell 2019; 49:681-696.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Love AM, Prince DJ, Jessen JR. Vangl2-dependent regulation of membrane protrusions and directed migration requires a fibronectin extracellular matrix. Development 2018; 145:dev.165472. [PMID: 30327324 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During zebrafish gastrulation the planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Vang-like 2 (Vangl2) regulates the polarization of cells that are engaged in directed migration. However, it is unclear whether Vangl2 influences membrane-protrusive activities in migrating gastrula cells and whether these processes require the fibronectin extracellular matrix. Here, we report that Vangl2 modulates the formation and polarization of actin-rich filopodia-like and large lamellipodia-like protrusions in ectodermal cells. By contrast, disrupted Glypican4/PCP signaling affects protrusion polarity but not protrusion number or directed migration. Analysis of fluorescent fusion protein expression suggests that there is widespread Vangl2 symmetry in migrating cells, but there is enrichment at membrane domains that are developing large protrusions compared with non-protrusive domains. We show that the fibronectin extracellular matrix is essential for cell-surface Vangl2 expression, membrane-protrusive activity and directed migration. Manipulation of fibronectin protein levels rescues protrusion and directed migration phenotypes in vangl2 mutant embryos, but it is not sufficient to restore either PCP, or convergence and extension movements. Together, our findings identify distinct roles for Vangl2 and Glypican4/PCP signaling during membrane protrusion formation and demonstrate that cell-matrix interactions underlie Vangl2-dependent regulation of protrusive activities in migrating gastrula cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Love
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Dianna J Prince
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Jason R Jessen
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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8
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Liu C, Lin C, Yao J, Wei Q, Xing G, Cao X. Dynamic expression analysis of armc10, the homologous gene of human GPRASP2, in zebrafish embryos. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5931-5937. [PMID: 28849214 PMCID: PMC5865771 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein‑coupled receptor‑associated sorting protein 2 (GPRASP2), a member of the GASP family, has been reported to be involved in the modulation of transcription. However, few studies have revealed the role of GPRASP2 in the development and progression of diseases. As a model organism, zebrafish have been widely used to investigate human diseases. In the present study, zebrafish armadillo repeat‑containing 10 (armc10), an orthologous gene of human GPRASP2 was identified, and the spatial and temporal expression patterns of armc10 in zebrafish during early embryonic development were revealed. Bioinformatics analyses showed that ARMC10 protein sequences were highly conserved. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and whole mount in situ hybridization revealed that zebrafish armc10 was maternally expressed and was detected at a weak level up to 12 h post‑fertilization (hpf), however, its expression increased to a high level at 24 hpf. At the 75% epiboly stage and 12 hpf, armc10 was widely expressed in the embryo. At 24 hpf, armc10 mRNA was expressed in the nervous system of the zebrafish head. When the embryo was 2 days old, the wide expression of armc10 was maintained in the nervous system of the zebrafish head. At 72 hpf, the mRNA expression of armc10 was located specifically in the otic vesicles in addition to the nervous system of the head. At 96 hpf, the expression of armc10 was maintained in the otic vesicles and the nervous system of the head. The results of the present study provided novel insight into the spatial and temporal mRNA expression of armc10 in zebrafish, for the further investigation of nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Changsong Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Qinjun Wei
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Guangqian Xing
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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9
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Jessen JR. Recent advances in the study of zebrafish extracellular matrix proteins. Dev Biol 2015; 401:110-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Li J, Yue Y, Dong X, Jia W, Li K, Liang D, Dong Z, Wang X, Nan X, Zhang Q, Zhao Q. Zebrafish foxc1a plays a crucial role in early somitogenesis by restricting the expression of aldh1a2 directly. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10216-28. [PMID: 25724646 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxc1a is a member of the forkhead transcription factors. It plays an essential role in zebrafish somitogenesis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying its controlling somitogenesis. To uncover how foxc1a regulates zebrafish somitogenesis, we generated foxc1a knock-out zebrafish using TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nuclease) technology. The foxc1a null embryos exhibited defective somites at early development. Analyses on the expressions of the key genes that control processes of somitogenesis revealed that foxc1a controlled early somitogenesis by regulating the expression of myod1. In the somites of foxc1a knock-out embryos, expressions of fgf8a and deltaC were abolished, whereas the expression of aldh1a2 (responsible for providing retinoic acid signaling) was significantly increased. Once the increased retinoic acid level in the foxc1a null embryos was reduced by knocking down aldh1a2, the reduced expression of myod1 was partially rescued by resuming expressions of fgf8a and deltaC in the somites of the mutant embryos. Moreover, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay on zebrafish embryos revealed that Foxc1a bound aldh1a2 promoter directly. On the other hand, neither knocking down fgf8a nor inhibiting Notch signaling affected the expression of aldh1a2, although knocking down fgf8a reduced expression of deltaC in the somites of zebrafish embryos at early somitogenesis and vice versa. Taken together, our results demonstrate that foxc1a plays an essential role in early somitogenesis by controlling Fgf and Notch signaling through restricting the expression of aldh1a2 in paraxial mesoderm directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Li
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and the Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Yunyun Yue
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Xiaohua Dong
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Wenshuang Jia
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Kui Li
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Dong Liang
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Zhangji Dong
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Xiaoxi Nan
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Qinxin Zhang
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Qingshun Zhao
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
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11
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Abstract
Tenascins are extracellular matrix glycoproteins that act both as integrin ligands and as modifiers of fibronectin-integrin interactions to regulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. In tetrapods, both tenascins and fibronectin bind to integrins via RGD and LDV-type tripeptide motifs found in exposed loops in their fibronectin-type III domains. We previously showed that tenascins appeared early in the chordate lineage and are represented by single genes in extant cephalochordates and tunicates. Here we have examined the genomes of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae, the elephant shark Callorhinchus milii as well as the lampreys Petromyzon marinus and Lethenteron japonicum to learn more about the evolution of the tenascin gene family as well as the timing of the appearance of fibronectin during chordate evolution. The coelacanth has 4 tenascins that are more similar to tetrapod tenascins than are tenascins from ray-finned fishes. In contrast, only 2 tenascins were identified in the elephant shark and the Japanese lamprey L. japonicum. An RGD motif exposed to integrin binding is observed in tenascins from many, but not all, classes of chordates. Tetrapods that lack this RGD motif in tenascin-C have a similar motif in the paralog tenascin-W, suggesting the potential for some overlapping function. A predicted fibronectin with the same domain organization as the fibronectin from tetrapods is found in the sea lamprey P. marinus but not in tunicates, leading us to infer that fibronectin first appeared in vertebrates. The motifs that recognize LDV-type integrin receptors are conserved in fibronectins from a broad spectrum of vertebrates, but the RGD integrin-binding motif may have evolved in gnathostomes.
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12
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Wang J, Karra R, Dickson AL, Poss KD. Fibronectin is deposited by injury-activated epicardial cells and is necessary for zebrafish heart regeneration. Dev Biol 2013; 382:427-35. [PMID: 23988577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unlike adult mammals, adult zebrafish vigorously regenerate lost heart muscle in response to injury. The epicardium, a mesothelial cell layer enveloping the myocardium, is activated to proliferate after cardiac injury and can contribute vascular support cells or provide mitogens to regenerating muscle. Here, we applied proteomics to identify secreted proteins that are associated with heart regeneration. We found that Fibronectin, a main component of the extracellular matrix, is induced and deposited after cardiac damage. In situ hybridization and transgenic reporter analyses indicated that expression of two fibronectin paralogues, fn1 and fn1b, are induced by injury in epicardial cells, while the itgb3 receptor is induced in cardiomyocytes near the injury site. fn1, the more dynamic of these paralogs, is induced chamber-wide within one day of injury before localizing epicardial Fn1 synthesis to the injury site. fn1 loss-of-function mutations disrupted zebrafish heart regeneration, as did induced expression of a dominant-negative Fibronectin cassette, defects that were not attributable to direct inhibition of cardiomyocyte proliferation. These findings reveal a new role for the epicardium in establishing an extracellular environment that supports heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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13
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Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Zebrafish Development. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35935-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Hayes JM, Hartsock A, Clark BS, Napier HRL, Link BA, Gross JM. Integrin α5/fibronectin1 and focal adhesion kinase are required for lens fiber morphogenesis in zebrafish. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:4725-38. [PMID: 23097490 PMCID: PMC3521681 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-09-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lens fiber formation and morphogenesis requires a precise orchestration of cell- extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-cell adhesive changes in order for a lens epithelial cell to adopt a lens fiber fate, morphology, and migratory ability. The cell-ECM interactions that mediate these processes are largely unknown, and here we demonstrate that fibronectin1 (Fn1), an ECM component, and integrin α5, its cellular binding partner, are required in the zebrafish lens for fiber morphogenesis. Mutations compromising either of these proteins lead to cataracts, characterized by defects in fiber adhesion, elongation, and packing. Loss of integrin α5/Fn1 does not affect the fate or viability of lens epithelial cells, nor does it affect the expression of differentiation markers expressed in lens fibers, although nucleus degradation is compromised. Analysis of the intracellular mediators of integrin α5/Fn1 activity focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) reveals that FAK, but not ILK, is also required for lens fiber morphogenesis. These results support a model in which lens fiber cells use integrin α5 to migrate along a Fn-containing substrate on the apical side of the lens epithelium and on the posterior lens capsule, likely activating an intracellular signaling cascade mediated by FAK in order to orchestrate the cytoskeletal changes in lens fibers that facilitate elongation, migration, and compaction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Fibronectins/genetics
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/genetics
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Integrin alpha5/genetics
- Integrin alpha5/metabolism
- Lens, Crystalline/embryology
- Lens, Crystalline/metabolism
- Lens, Crystalline/ultrastructure
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron
- Models, Genetic
- Morphogenesis/genetics
- Mutation
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Hayes
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78722
| | - Andrea Hartsock
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78722
| | - Brian S. Clark
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509
| | - Hugh R. L. Napier
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509
| | - Brian A. Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509
| | - Jeffrey M. Gross
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78722
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78722
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15
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Ozbek S, Balasubramanian PG, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Tucker RP, Adams JC. The evolution of extracellular matrix. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 21:4300-5. [PMID: 21160071 PMCID: PMC3002383 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-03-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a perspective on the molecular evolution of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in metazoa that draws on research publications and data from sequenced genomes and expressed sequence tag libraries. ECM components do not function in isolation, and the biological ECM system or “adhesome” also depends on posttranslational processing enzymes, cell surface receptors, and extracellular proteases. We focus principally on the adhesome of internal tissues and discuss its origins at the dawn of the metazoa and the expansion of complexity that occurred in the chordate lineage. The analyses demonstrate very high conservation of a core adhesome that apparently evolved in a major wave of innovation in conjunction with the origin of metazoa. Integrin, CD36, and certain domains predate the metazoa, and some ECM-related proteins are identified in choanoflagellates as predicted sequences. Modern deuterostomes and vertebrates have many novelties and elaborations of ECM as a result of domain shuffling, domain innovations and gene family expansions. Knowledge of the evolution of metazoan ECM is important for understanding how it is built as a system, its roles in normal tissues and disease processes, and has relevance for tissue engineering, the development of artificial organs, and the goals of synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Ozbek
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Millán A, Gómez-Tato A, Fernández C, Pardo BG, Alvarez-Dios JA, Calaza M, Bouza C, Vázquez M, Cabaleiro S, Martínez P. Design and performance of a turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) oligo-microarray based on ESTs from immune tissues. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:452-465. [PMID: 19844759 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An expressed sequence tag database from immune tissues was used to design the first high-density turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) oligo-microarray with the aim of identifying candidate genes for tolerance to pathogens. Specific oligonucleotides (60 mers) were successfully designed for 2,716 out of 3,482 unique sequences of the database. An Agilent custom oligo-microarray 8 x 15 k (five replicates/gene; eight microarrays/slide) was constructed. The performance of the microarray and the sources of variation along microarray analysis were examined on spleen pools of controls and Aeromonas salmonicida-challenged fish at 3 days postinfection. Only 48 out of 2,716 probes did not show signal of hybridization on the 32 microarrays employed, thus demonstrating the consistency of the bioinformatic applications of our database. An asymmetric hierarchical design was employed to ascertain the noise associated with biological and technical (RNA extraction, labeling, hybridization, slide, and dye bias) factors using 1C and 2C labeling approaches. The high correlation coefficient between replicates at most factors tested demonstrated the high reproducibility of the signal. An analysis of random-effects variance revealed that technical variation was mostly negligible, and biological variation represented the main factor, even using pooled samples. One-color approach performed at least as well as 2C, suggesting their usefulness due to its higher design flexibility and lower cost. A relevant proportion of genes turn out to be differentially labeled depending on fluorophore, which alerts for the likely need of swapping replication in 2C experiments. A set of differentially expressed genes and enriched functions related to immune/defense response were detected at 3 days postchallenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Millán
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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17
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Latimer A, Jessen JR. Extracellular matrix assembly and organization during zebrafish gastrulation. Matrix Biol 2009; 29:89-96. [PMID: 19840849 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish gastrulation entails morphogenetic cell movements that shape the body plan and give rise to an embryo with defined anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes. Regulating these cell movements are diverse signaling pathways and proteins including Wnts, Src-family tyrosine kinases, cadherins, and matrix metalloproteinases. While our knowledge of how these proteins impact cell polarity and migration has advanced considerably in the last decade, almost no data exist regarding the organization of extracellular matrix (ECM) during zebrafish gastrulation. Here, we describe for the first time the assembly of a fibronectin (FN) and laminin containing ECM in the early zebrafish embryo. This matrix was first detected at early gastrulation (65% epiboly) in the form of punctae that localize to tissue boundaries separating germ layers from each other and the underlying yolk cell. Fibrillogenesis increased after mid-gastrulation (80% epiboly) coinciding with the period of planar cell polarity pathway-dependent convergence and extension cell movements. We demonstrate that FN fibrils present beneath deep mesodermal cells are aligned in the direction of membrane protrusion formation. Utilizing antisense morpholino oligonucleotides, we further show that knockdown of FN expression causes a convergence and extension defect. Taken together, our data show that similar to amphibian embryos, the formation of ECM in the zebrafish gastrula is a dynamic process that occurs in parallel to at least a portion of the polarized cell behaviors shaping the embryonic body plan. These results provide a framework for uncovering the interrelationship between ECM structure and cellular processes regulating convergence and extension such as directed migration and mediolateral/radial intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Latimer
- Department of Medicine/Division of Genetic Medicine and the Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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18
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Xu F, Li K, Tian M, Hu P, Song W, Chen J, Gao X, Zhao Q. N-CoR is required for patterning the anterior-posterior axis of zebrafish hindbrain by actively repressing retinoid signaling. Mech Dev 2009; 126:771-80. [PMID: 19735730 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Active repression of gene expression mediated by unliganded nuclear receptors plays crucial roles in early development of vertebrates. N-CoR (nuclear receptor co-repressor) is the first identified co-repressor that can repress retinoic acid (RA) inducible gene transcription in the absence of RA. Previously, N-CoR was reported to be required for late-stage organogenesis in mouse but whether N-CoR can affect RA-responsive early embryonic patterning is unknown. In this study, we report molecular cloning of zebrafish orthologue of N-CoR and its wide distribution pattern during zebrafish early development. Knocking down n-cor elevates endogenous RA signaling in zebrafish embryos and posteriorizes the neural ectoderm. Overexpressing or knocking down n-cor in zebrafish embryos alters the length of hindbrain in a manner similar to decreasing or increasing RA signaling in embryos, respectively. Taken together, our results demonstrate that N-CoR is essential for early hindbrain patterning by actively repressing retinoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
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19
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White ES, Baralle FE, Muro AF. New insights into form and function of fibronectin splice variants. J Pathol 2008; 216:1-14. [PMID: 18680111 DOI: 10.1002/path.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic structure that not only provides a physical framework for cells within connective tissues, but also imparts instructive signals for development, tissue homeostasis and basic cell functions through its composition and ability to exert mechanical forces. The ECM of tissues is composed of, in addition to proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid, a number of proteins, most of which are generated after alternative splicing of their pre-mRNA. However, the precise function of these protein isoforms is still obscure in most cases. Fibronectin (FN), one of the main components of the ECM, is also one of the best-known examples of a family of proteins generated by alternative splicing, having at least 20 different isoforms in humans. Over the last few years, considerable progress on elucidating the functions of the alternatively spliced FN isoforms has been achieved with the essential development of key engineered mouse strains. Here we summarize the phenotypes of the mouse strains having targeted mutations in the FN gene, which may lead to novel insights linking function of alternatively spliced isoforms of fibronectin to human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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20
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Yoshinari N, Ishida T, Kudo A, Kawakami A. Gene expression and functional analysis of zebrafish larval fin fold regeneration. Dev Biol 2008; 325:71-81. [PMID: 18950614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fish have a remarkable ability to regenerate their body parts compared to many higher vertebrates including humans. To facilitate molecular and genetic approaches for regeneration, we previously established an assay using the fin fold of zebrafish larvae. Here, we performed transcriptional profiling and identified genes differentially controlled during regeneration. From up-regulated transcripts, we identified a number of genes with localized expressions. Strikingly, all identified genes were also induced in the regenerating adult fin, which has a different tissue origin from the larval fin fold. This result supports the commonality of regeneration irrespective of tissue type and stage. Importantly, our analysis suggested that the regenerating tissue had many more compartments than generally assumed ones, the blastema and wound epidermis. By pharmacological and genetic approaches, we further evaluated functional involvement of induced molecules. Inhibition of Mmp9 function impaired proper morphological restoration without disturbing cell proliferation. Genetic mutations of blastema genes, hspa9 and smarca4, disrupted the fin fold regeneration by impairing the blastema cell proliferation. Thus, our results demonstrate that the regeneration model of juvenile zebrafish offers a powerful assay to dissect the regeneration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Yoshinari
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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21
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22
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Li B, An HJ, Kirmiz C, Lebrilla CB, Lam KS, Miyamoto S. Glycoproteomic analyses of ovarian cancer cell lines and sera from ovarian cancer patients show distinct glycosylation changes in individual proteins. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:3776-88. [PMID: 18642944 DOI: 10.1021/pr800297u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is difficult to diagnose in women because symptoms of the disease are often not noticed until the disease has progressed to an advanced untreatable stage. Although a serum test, CA125, is currently available to assist with monitoring treatment of ovarian cancer, this test lacks the necessary specificity and sensitivity for early detection. Therefore, better biomarkers of ovarian cancer are needed. A glycoprotein analysis approach was undertaken using high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to analyze glycosylated proteins present in the conditioned media of ovarian cancer cell lines and in sera obtained from ovarian cancer patients and normal controls. In this study, glycosylated proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis, and individual glycoproteins were selected for glycosylation analysis and protein identification. The attached glycans from each protein were released and profiled by mass spectrometry. Glycosylation of a mucin protein and a large glycosylated protein isolated from the ES2 ovarian cancer cell line was determined to consist of mostly O-linked glycans. Four prominent glycoproteins of approximate 517, 370, 250, 163 kDa from serum samples were identified as two forms of apolipoprotein B-100, fibronectin, and immunoglobulin A1, respectively. Mass spectrometric analysis of glycans isolated from apolipoprotein B-100 (517 kD) showed the presence of small, specific O-linked oligosaccharides. In contrast, analysis of fibronectin (250 kD) and immunoglobulin A1 (163 kD) produced N-linked glycan fragments in forms that were sufficiently different from the glycans obtained from the corresponding protein band present in the normal serum samples. This study shows that not only a single protein but several are aberrantly glycosylated, and those abnormal glycosylation changes can be detected and may ultimately serve as glycan biomarkers for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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23
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24
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Liang D, Zhang M, Bao J, Zhang L, Xu X, Gao X, Zhao Q. Expressions of Raldh3 and Raldh4 during zebrafish early development. Gene Expr Patterns 2008; 8:248-53. [PMID: 18262854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) plays crucial roles in vertebrate embryogenesis. Four retinal dehydrogenases (Raldhs) that are responsible for RA synthesis have been characterized in mammals. However, only Raldh2 ortholog is identified in zebrafish. Here, we report the identification of raldh3 and raldh4 genes in zebrafish. The predicted proteins encoded by zebrafish raldh3 and raldh4 exhibit 70.0% and 73.5% amino acid identities with mouse Raldh3 and Raldh4, respectively. RT-PCR analyses reveal that both raldh3 and raldh4 mRNAs are present in early development. However, whole mount in situ hybridization shows that raldh3 mRNA is first expressed in the developing eye region of zebrafish embryos at 10-somite stage. At 24 hpf (hours post fertilization), raldh3 mRNA is expressed in the ventral retina of eye. At 36 hpf, the mRNA is also expressed in otic vesicle in addition to ventral retina, and it maintains its expression pattern till 2 dpf (days post fertilization). At 3 dpf, raldh3 mRNA becomes very weak in ventral retina but is present in otic vesicle at a high level. At 5 dpf and 7 dpf, raldh3 is no longer expressed in eyes but is expressed in otic vesicles at a very low level. raldh4 mRNA is initially detected in developing liver and intestine regions at 2 dpf embryos. Its expression level becomes very high in these two regions of embryos from 3 dpf to 5 dpf. Analysis on the sections of 5 dpf embryos reveals that raldh4 is expressed in the epithelium of intestine. At 7 dpf, raldh4 mRNA is only weakly expressed in the epithelium of intestinal bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Disease Studies, Nanjing University, Pukou High-tech Development Zone, 12 Xuefu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
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25
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Song W, Zou Z, Xu F, Gu X, Xu X, Zhao Q. Molecular cloning and expression of a second zebrafish aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene (aldh2b). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 17:262-9. [PMID: 17312945 DOI: 10.1080/10425170600885609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is primarily responsible for detoxification of short-chain aldehydes in vivo. Previously it was reported that zebrafish has an aldh2 gene. Here we report the presence of a second aldh2 gene (aldh2b) in zebrafish. Zebrafish aldh2b locates adjacently to aldh2 on Chromosome 5 and the two genes share the same genomic organizations. aldh2b was predicted to encode a protein comprising 516 amino acids. The protein exhibits 95% amino acid identity with zebrafish ALDH2 and more than 76% identity with other vertebrate ALDH2s, respectively. Employing RT-PCR analysis, we demonstrated that both aldh2 and aldh2b mRNAs were present in embryos at cleavage stage (2 hpf: hour post fertilization) throughout protruding-mouth stage (72 hpf) and in different adult tissues of zebrafish. Taken together, our results reveal that zebrafish has two orthologues of aldh2 gene and the two genes share similar expression patterns during early development and in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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26
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Ju YE, Janmey PA, McCormick M, Sawyer ES, Flanagan LA. Enhanced neurite growth from mammalian neurons in three-dimensional salmon fibrin gels. Biomaterials 2007; 28:2097-108. [PMID: 17258313 PMCID: PMC1991290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional fibrin matrices have been used as cellular substrates in vitro and as bridging materials for central nervous system repair. Cells can be embedded within fibrin gels since the polymerization process is non-toxic, making fibrin an attractive scaffold for transplanted cells. Most studies have utilized fibrin prepared from human or bovine blood proteins. However, fish fibrin may be well suited for neuronal growth since fish undergo remarkable central nervous system regeneration and molecules implicated in this process are present in fibrin. We assessed the growth of mammalian central nervous system neurons in bovine, human, and salmon fibrin and found that salmon fibrin gels encouraged the greatest degree of neurite (dendrite and axon) growth and were the most resistant to degradation by cellular proteases. The neurite growth-promoting effect was not due to the thrombin used to polymerize the gels nor to any copurifying plasminogen. Copurified fibronectin partially accounted for the effect on neurites, and blockade of fibrinogen/fibrin-binding integrins markedly decreased neurite growth. Anion exchange chromatography revealed different elution profiles for salmon and mammalian fibrinogens. These data demonstrate that salmon fibrin encourages the growth of neurites from mammalian neurons and suggest that salmon fibrin may be a beneficial scaffold for neuronal regrowth after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-El Ju
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Margaret McCormick
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Lisa A. Flanagan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
- Address correspondence to: Lisa A. Flanagan, Ph.D., Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697-4800, Tel: (949) 824-5786, Fax: (949) 824-2160,
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27
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Milanetto M, Tiso N, Braghetta P, Volpin D, Argenton F, Bonaldo P. Emilin genes are duplicated and dynamically expressed during zebrafish embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2007; 237:222-32. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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28
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Miao M, Bruce AEE, Bhanji T, Davis EC, Keeley FW. Differential expression of two tropoelastin genes in zebrafish. Matrix Biol 2006; 26:115-24. [PMID: 17112714 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Elastin is the extracellular matrix protein responsible for properties of extensibility and elastic recoil in large blood vessels, lung and skin of most vertebrates. Elastin is synthesized as a monomer, tropoelastin, but is rapidly transformed into its final polymeric form in the extracellular matrix. Until recently information on sequence and developmental expression of tropoelastins was limited to mammalian and avian species. We have recently identified and characterized two expressed tropoelastin genes in zebrafish. This was the first example of a species with multiple tropoelastin genes, raising the possibility of differential expression and function of these tropoelastins in elastic tissues of the zebrafish. Here we have investigated the temporal expression and tissue distribution of the two tropoelastin genes in developing and adult zebrafish. Expression was detected early in skeletal cartilage structures of the head, in the developing outflow tract of the heart, including the bulbus arteriosus and the ventral aorta, and in the wall of the swim bladder. While the temporal pattern of expression was similar for both genes, the upregulation of eln2 was much stronger than that of eln1. In general, both genes were expressed and their gene products deposited in most of the elastic tissues examined, with the notable exception of the bulbus arteriosus in which eln2 expression and its gene product was predominant. This finding may represent a sub-specialization of eln2 to provide the unique architecture of elastin and the specific mechanical properties required by this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miao
- Cardiovascular Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gu X, Xu F, Song W, Wang X, Hu P, Yang Y, Gao X, Zhao Q. A Novel Cytochrome P450, Zebrafish Cyp26D1, Is Involved in Metabolism of All-trans Retinoic Acid. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:1661-72. [PMID: 16455818 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRetinoid signaling is essential for development of vertebrate embryos, and its action is mainly through retinoic acid (RA) binding to its RA receptors and retinoid-X receptors, while the critical concentration and localization of RA in embryos are determined by the presence and activity of retinal dehydrogenases (for RA synthesis) and cytochrome P450 RAs (Cyp26s) (for degradation of RA). Previously, we identified a novel cyp26 gene (cyp26d1) in zebrafish that is expressed in hindbrain during early development. Using reverse-phase HPLC analyses, we show here that zebrafish Cyp26D1 expressed in 293T cells could metabolize all-trans RA, 9-cis RA, and 13-cis RA, but could not metabolize retinol or retinal. The metabolites of all-trans RA produced by Cyp26D1 were the same as that produced by Cyp26A1, which are mainly 4-hydroxy-all-trans-RA and 4-oxo-all-trans-RA. Performing mRNA microinjection into zebrafish embryos, we demonstrated that overexpression of Cyp26D1 in embryos not only caused the distance between rhombomere 5 and the first somite of the injected embryos to be shorter than control embryos but also resulted in left-right asymmetry of somitogenesis in the injected embryos. These alterations were similar to those caused by the overexpression of cyp26a1 in zebrafish embryos and to that which resulted from treating embryos with 1 μm 4-diethylamino-benzaldehyde (retinal dehydrogenase inhibitor), implying that cyp26d1 can antagonize RA activity in vivo. Together, our in vitro and in vivo results provided direct evidence that zebrafish Cyp26D1 is involved in RA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Gu
- Model Animal Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Pukou District, Nanjing 210061, China
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Jin SW, Beis D, Mitchell T, Chen JN, Stainier DYR. Cellular and molecular analyses of vascular tube and lumen formation in zebrafish. Development 2005; 132:5199-209. [PMID: 16251212 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tube and lumen formation are essential steps in forming a functional vasculature. Despite their significance, our understanding of these processes remains limited, especially at the cellular and molecular levels. In this study, we analyze mechanisms of angioblast coalescence in the zebrafish embryonic midline and subsequent vascular tube formation. To facilitate these studies, we generated a transgenic line where EGFP expression is controlled by the zebrafish flk1 promoter. We find that angioblasts migrate as individual cells to form a vascular cord at the midline. This transient structure is stabilized by endothelial cell-cell junctions, and subsequently undergoes lumen formation to form a fully patent vessel. Downregulating the VEGF signaling pathway, while affecting the number of angioblasts, does not appear to affect their migratory behavior. Our studies also indicate that the endoderm, a tissue previously implicated in vascular development, provides a substratum for endothelial cell migration and is involved in regulating the timing of this process, but that it is not essential for the direction of migration. In addition, the endothelial cells in endodermless embryos form properly lumenized vessels, contrary to what has been previously reported in Xenopus and avian embryos. These studies provide the tools and a cellular framework for the investigation of mutations affecting vasculogenesis in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Won Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Program in Developmental Biology, University of California San Francisco, 1550 Fourth street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Gu X, Xu F, Wang X, Gao X, Zhao Q. Molecular cloning and expression of a novel CYP26 gene (cyp26d1) during zebrafish early development. Gene Expr Patterns 2005; 5:733-9. [PMID: 15979416 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Proper restriction of retinoid signaling by Cyp26s is essential for development of vertebrate embryos while inappropriate retinoid signaling can cause teratogenesis. Here, we report cloning and expression analysis of a novel cyp26 gene (cyp26d1) isolated from zebrafish. The predicted protein encoded by cyp26d1 consists of 554 amino acids. It exhibits 54% amino acid identity with human Cyp26C1, 50% with zebrafish Cyp26B1 and 38% with zebrafish Cyp26A1. Whole-mount in situ hybridization shows that cyp26d1 is first expressed in sphere stage, then disappears at 50% epiboly and resumes its expression at 75% epiboly. During segmentation period, cyp26d1 message is found at presumptive hindbrain. Double in situ hybridization with krox20 and cyp26d1 reveals that cyp26d1 is expressed in presumptive rhombomere 2-4 (r2-r4) at 2-somite stage. At 3-somite stage, cyp26d1 gene is expressed in r6 and pharyngeal arch (pa) one in addition to its expression at r2 and r4. At 6-somite stage, cyp26d1 message is present in continuous bands at r2-r6 and in pa1. This expression pattern is maintained from 10-somite stage through 21-somite stage except that the expression level is greatly reduced at r2 and r4. At 21-somite stage, cyp26d1 is also found in a group of cells in telencephalon and diencephalons. At 25-31h post-fertilization (hpf), the zebrafish cyp26d1 expression domain is extended to eyes, otic vesicles and midbrain in addition to its expression in hindbrain, telencephalon, diencephalons, and pharyngeal arches. At 35-48hpf, the expression of cyp26d1 is mainly restricted to otic vesicles, pharyngeal arches and pectoral fins and the expression level is greatly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Gu
- Model Animal Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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