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Volova LT, Kotelnikov GP, Shishkovsky I, Volov DB, Ossina N, Ryabov NA, Komyagin AV, Kim YH, Alekseev DG. 3D Bioprinting of Hyaline Articular Cartilage: Biopolymers, Hydrogels, and Bioinks. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2695. [PMID: 37376340 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system, consisting of bones and cartilage of various types, muscles, ligaments, and tendons, is the basis of the human body. However, many pathological conditions caused by aging, lifestyle, disease, or trauma can damage its elements and lead to severe disfunction and significant worsening in the quality of life. Due to its structure and function, articular (hyaline) cartilage is the most susceptible to damage. Articular cartilage is a non-vascular tissue with constrained self-regeneration capabilities. Additionally, treatment methods, which have proven efficacy in stopping its degradation and promoting regeneration, still do not exist. Conservative treatment and physical therapy only relieve the symptoms associated with cartilage destruction, and traditional surgical interventions to repair defects or endoprosthetics are not without serious drawbacks. Thus, articular cartilage damage remains an urgent and actual problem requiring the development of new treatment approaches. The emergence of biofabrication technologies, including three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, at the end of the 20th century, allowed reconstructive interventions to get a second wind. Three-dimensional bioprinting creates volume constraints that mimic the structure and function of natural tissue due to the combinations of biomaterials, living cells, and signal molecules to create. In our case-hyaline cartilage. Several approaches to articular cartilage biofabrication have been developed to date, including the promising technology of 3D bioprinting. This review represents the main achievements of such research direction and describes the technological processes and the necessary biomaterials, cell cultures, and signal molecules. Special attention is given to the basic materials for 3D bioprinting-hydrogels and bioinks, as well as the biopolymers underlying the indicated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa T Volova
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Gennadiy P Kotelnikov
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Igor Shishkovsky
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Dmitriy B Volov
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Natalya Ossina
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Ryabov
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Komyagin
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Yeon Ho Kim
- RokitHealth Care Ltd., 9, Digital-ro 10-gil, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08514, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis G Alekseev
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
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2
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Duan M, Xia S, Liu Y, Pu X, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Huang M, Pi C, Zhang D, Xie J. Stiffened fibre-like microenvironment based on patterned equidistant micropillars directs chondrocyte hypertrophy. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100682. [PMID: 37304578 PMCID: PMC10251154 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage, composed of collagen type II as a major extracellular matrix and chondrocyte as a unique cell type, is a specialized connective tissue without blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. This distinctive characteristic of articular cartilage determines its very limited ability to repair when damaged. It is well known that physical microenvironmental signals regulate many cell behaviors such as cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation and cell communication even determine chondrocyte fate. Interestingly, with increasing age or progression of joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), the major collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage become larger in diameter, leading to stiffening of articular tissue and reducing its resistance to external tension, which in turn aggravates joint damage or progression of joint diseases. Therefore, designing a physical microenvironment closer to the real tissue and thus obtaining data closer to the real cellular behaviour, and then revealing the biological mechanisms of chondrocytes in pathological states is of crucial importance for the treatment of OA disease. Here we fabricated micropillar substrates with the same topology but different stiffnesses to mimic the matrix stiffening that occurs in the transition from normal to diseased cartilage. It was first found that chondrocytes responded to stiffened micropillar substrates by showing a larger cell spreading area, a stronger enhancement of cytoskeleton rearrangement and more stability of focal adhesion plaques. The activation of Erk/MAPK signalling in chondrocytes was detected in response to the stiffened micropillar substrate. Interestingly, a larger nuclear spreading area of chondrocytes at the interface layer between the cells and top surfaces of micropillars was observed in response to the stiffened micropillar substrate. Finally, it was found that the stiffened micropillar substrate promoted chondrocyte hypertrophy. Taken together, these results revealed the cell responses of chondrocytes in terms of cell morphology, cytoskeleton, focal adhesion, nuclei and cell hypertrophy, and may be beneficial for understanding the cellular functional changes affected by the matrix stiffening that occurs during the transition from a normal state to a state of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Minglei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Kalmari A, Heydari M, Hosseinzadeh Colagar A, Arash V. In Silico Analysis of Collagens Missense SNPs and Human Abnormalities. Biochem Genet 2022; 60:1630-1656. [PMID: 35066702 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Collagens are the most abundant proteins in the extra cellular matrix/ECM of human tissues that are encoded by different genes. There are single nucleotide polymorphisms/SNPs which are considered as the most useful biomarkers for some disease diagnosis or prognosis. The aim of this study is screening and identifying the functional missense SNPs of human ECM-collagens and investigating their correlation with human abnormalities. All of the missense SNPs were retrieved from the NCBI SNP database and screened for a global frequency of more than 0.1. Seventy missense SNPs that met the screening criteria were characterized for functional and stability impact using six and three protein analysis tools, respectively. Next, HOPE and geneMANIA analysis tools were used to show the effect of SNPs on three-dimensional structure (3D) and physical interaction of proteins. Results showed that 13 missense SNPs (rs2070739, rs28381984, rs13424243, rs1800517, rs73868680, rs12488457, rs1353613, rs59021909, rs9830253, rs2228547, rs3753841, rs2855430, and rs970547), which are in nine different collagen genes, affect the structure and function of different collagen proteins. Among these polymorphisms, COL4A3-rs13424243 and COL6A6-rs59021909 were predicted as the most effective ones. On the other hand, designed mutated and native 3D of rs13424243 variant illustrated that it can disturb the protein motifs. Also, geneMANIA predicted that COL4A3 and COL6A6 are interacting with some proteins including: DDR1, COL6A1, COL11A2 and so on. Based on our findings, ECM-collagens functional SNPs are important and may be considered as a risk factor or molecular marker for human disorders in the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Kalmari
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran, 47416-95447, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mohammadkazem Heydari
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran, 47416-95447, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Abasalt Hosseinzadeh Colagar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran, 47416-95447, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Valiollah Arash
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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McAlinden A, Hudson DM, Fernandes AA, Ravindran S, Fernandes RJ. Biochemical and immuno-histochemical localization of type IIA procollagen in annulus fibrosus of mature bovine intervertebral disc. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100077. [PMID: 34337380 PMCID: PMC8313739 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
For next generation tissue-engineered constructs and regenerative medicine to succeed clinically, the basic biology and extracellular matrix composition of tissues that these repair techniques seek to restore have to be fully determined. Using the latest reagents coupled with tried and tested methodologies, we continue to uncover previously undetected structural proteins in mature intervertebral disc. In this study we show that the “embryonic” type IIA procollagen isoform (containing a cysteine-rich amino propeptide) was biochemically detectable in the annulus fibrosus of both calf and mature steer caudal intervertebral discs, but not in the nucleus pulposus where the type IIB isoform was predominantly localized. Specifically, the triple-helical type IIA procollagen isoform immunolocalized in the outer margins of the inner annulus fibrosus. Triple helical processed type II collagen exclusively localized within the inter-lamellae regions and with type IIA procollagen in the intra-lamellae regions. Mass spectrometry of the α1(II) collagen chains from the region where type IIA procollagen localized showed high 3-hydroxylation of Proline-944, a post-translational modification that is correlated with thin collagen fibrils as in the nucleus pulposus. The findings implicate small diameter fibrils of type IIA procollagen in select regions of the annulus fibrosus where it likely contributes to the organization of collagen bundles and structural properties within the type I-type II collagen transition zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children- St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Hudson
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aysel A Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soumya Ravindran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Dennis JE, Whitney GA, Rai J, Fernandes RJ, Kean TJ. Physioxia Stimulates Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Increases Mechanical Properties of Human Chondrocyte-Derived Tissue-Engineered Cartilage. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:590743. [PMID: 33282851 PMCID: PMC7691651 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.590743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage tissue has been recalcitrant to tissue engineering approaches. In this study, human chondrocytes were formed into self-assembled cartilage sheets, cultured in physiologic (5%) and atmospheric (20%) oxygen conditions and underwent biochemical, histological and biomechanical analysis at 1- and 2-months. The results indicated that sheets formed at physiological oxygen tension were thicker, contained greater amounts of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and type II collagen, and had greater compressive and tensile properties than those cultured in atmospheric oxygen. In all cases, cartilage sheets stained throughout for extracellular matrix components. Type II-IX-XI collagen heteropolymer formed in the neo-cartilage and fibrils were stabilized by trivalent pyridinoline cross-links. Collagen cross-links were not significantly affected by oxygen tension but increased with time in culture. Physiological oxygen tension and longer culture periods both served to increase extracellular matrix components. The foremost correlation was found between compressive stiffness and the GAG to collagen ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jyoti Rai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas J Kean
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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6
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Bielajew BJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Collagen: quantification, biomechanics, and role of minor subtypes in cartilage. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2020; 5:730-747. [PMID: 33996147 PMCID: PMC8114887 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-020-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is a ubiquitous biomaterial in vertebrate animals. Although each of its 28 subtypes contributes to the functions of many different tissues in the body, most studies on collagen or collagenous tissues have focussed on only one or two subtypes. With recent developments in analytical chemistry, especially mass spectrometry, significant advances have been made toward quantifying the different collagen subtypes in various tissues; however, high-throughput and low-cost methods for collagen subtype quantification do not yet exist. In this Review, we introduce the roles of collagen subtypes and crosslinks, and describe modern assays that enable a deep understanding of tissue physiology and disease states. Using cartilage as a model tissue, we describe the roles of major and minor collagen subtypes in detail; discuss known and unknown structure-function relationships; and show how tissue engineers may harness the functional characteristics of collagen to engineer robust neotissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Bielajew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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7
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Cheung K, Barter MJ, Falk J, Proctor CJ, Reynard LN, Young DA. Histone ChIP-Seq identifies differential enhancer usage during chondrogenesis as critical for defining cell-type specificity. FASEB J 2020; 34:5317-5331. [PMID: 32058623 PMCID: PMC7187454 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902061rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are known to regulate gene expression during chondrogenesis. In this study, we have characterized the epigenome during the in vitro differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into chondrocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next‐generation sequencing (ChIP‐seq) was used to assess a range of N‐terminal posttranscriptional modifications (marks) to histone H3 lysines (H3K4me3, H3K4me1, H3K27ac, H3K27me3, and H3K36me3) in both hMSCs and differentiated chondrocytes. Chromatin states were characterized using histone ChIP‐seq and cis‐regulatory elements were identified in chondrocytes. Chondrocyte enhancers were associated with chondrogenesis‐related gene ontology (GO) terms. In silico analysis and integration of DNA methylation data with chondrogenesis chromatin states revealed that enhancers marked by histone marks H3K4me1 and H3K27ac were de‐methylated during in vitro chondrogenesis. Similarity analysis between hMSC and chondrocyte chromatin states defined in this study with epigenomes of cell‐types defined by the Roadmap Epigenomics project revealed that enhancers are more distinct between cell‐types compared to other chromatin states. Motif analysis revealed that the transcription factor SOX9 is enriched in chondrocyte enhancers. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that chondrocyte enhancers characterized in this study exhibited enhancer activity which may be modulated by DNA methylation and SOX9 overexpression. Altogether, these integrated data illustrate the cross‐talk between different epigenetic mechanisms during chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Cheung
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew J Barter
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julia Falk
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carole J Proctor
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Louise N Reynard
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David A Young
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Harris TI, Paterson CA, Farjood F, Wadsworth ID, Caldwell L, Lewis RV, Jones JA, Vargis E. Utilizing Recombinant Spider Silk Proteins To Develop a Synthetic Bruch's Membrane for Modeling the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4023-4036. [PMID: 33448804 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spider silks are intriguing biomaterials that have a high potential as innovative biomedical processes and devices. The intent of this study was to evaluate the capacity of recombinant spider silk proteins (rSSps) as a synthetic Bruch's membrane. Nonporous silk membranes were prepared with comparable thicknesses (<10 μm) to that of native Bruch's membrane. Biomechanical characterization was performed prior to seeding cells. The ability of RPE cells (ARPE-19) to attach and grow on the membranes was then evaluated with bright-field and electron microscopy, intracellular DNA quantification, and immunocytochemical staining (ZO-1 and F-actin). Controls were cultured on permeable Transwell support membranes and characterized with the same methods. A size-dependent permeability assay, using FITC-dextran, was used to determine cell-membrane barrier function. Compared to Transwell controls, RPE cells cultured on rSSps membranes developed more native-like "cobblestone" morphologies, exhibited higher intracellular DNA content, and expressed key organizational proteins more consistently. Comparisons of the membranes to native structures revealed that the silk membranes exhibited equivalent thicknesses, biomechanical properties, and barrier functions. These findings support the use of recombinant spider silk proteins to model Bruch's membrane and develop more biomimetic retinal models.
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9
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Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1757-1766. [PMID: 29194731 PMCID: PMC5976510 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering studies are actively developing novel means to repair adult articular cartilage defects using biological approaches. One such approach is the harnessing of adult human therapeutic cells such as those referred to as mesenchymal stem cells. Upon exposure to chondrogenic signals, these cells differentiate and initiate the production of a complex and voluminous cartilaginous matrix that is crucial to both the structure and function of cartilage. Furthermore, this complexity requires the time-sensitive activation of a large number of genes to produce the components of this matrix. The current study analyzed the kinetics of matrix production in an aggregate culture model where adult human mesenchymal stem cells were induced to differentiate as chondrocytes. The results indicate the existence of a biphasic mode of differentiation and maturation during which matrix genes and molecules are differentially activated and secreted. These results have important implications for developing novel approaches for the creation of tissue engineered articular cartilage. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1757-1766, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Sorrell
- Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Rodrigo A. Somoza
- Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Arnold I. Caplan
- Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
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10
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Asnaghi MA, Duhr R, Quasnichka H, Hollander AP, Kafienah W, Martin I, Wendt D. Chondrogenic differentiation of human chondrocytes cultured in the absence of ascorbic acid. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1402-1411. [PMID: 29726103 DOI: 10.1002/term.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioreactor systems will likely play a key role in establishing regulatory compliant and cost-effective production systems for manufacturing engineered tissue grafts for clinical applications. However, the automation of bioreactor systems could become considerably more complex and costly due to the requirements for additional storage and liquid handling technologies if unstable supplements are added to the culture medium. Ascorbic acid (AA) is a bioactive supplement that is commonly presumed to be essential for the generation of engineered cartilage tissues. However, AA can be rapidly oxidized and degraded. In this work, we addressed whether human nasal chondrocytes can redifferentiate, undergo chondrogenesis, and generate a cartilaginous extracellular matrix when cultured in the absence of AA. We found that when chondrocytes were cultured in 3D micromass pellets either with or without AA, there were no significant differences in their chondrogenic capacity in terms of gene expression or the amount of glycosaminoglycans. Moreover, 3D pellets cultured without AA contained abundant collagen Types II and I extracellular matrix. Although the amounts of Collagens II and I were significantly lower (34% and 50% lower) than in pellets cultured with AA, collagen fibers had similar thicknesses and distributions for both groups, as shown by scanning electron microscopy imaging. Despite the reduced amounts of collagen, if engineered cartilage grafts can be generated with sufficient properties that meet defined quality criteria without the use of unstable supplements such as AA, bioreactor automation requirements can be greatly simplified, thereby facilitating the development of more compact, user-friendly, and cost-effective bioreactor-based manufacturing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adelaide Asnaghi
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Duhr
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helen Quasnichka
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Wael Kafienah
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Wendt
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Whitney GA, Kean TJ, Fernandes RJ, Waldman S, Tse MY, Pang SC, Mansour JM, Dennis JE. Thyroxine Increases Collagen Type II Expression and Accumulation in Scaffold-Free Tissue-Engineered Articular Cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:369-381. [PMID: 28548569 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Low collagen accumulation in the extracellular matrix is a pressing problem in cartilage tissue engineering, leading to a low collagen-to-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) ratio and poor mechanical properties in neocartilage. Soluble factors have been shown to increase collagen content, but may result in a more pronounced increase in GAG content. Thyroid hormones have been reported to stimulate collagen and GAG production, but reported outcomes, including which specific collagen types are affected, are variable throughout the literature. Here we investigated the ability of thyroxine (T4) to preferentially stimulate collagen production, as compared with GAG, in articular chondrocyte-derived scaffold-free engineered cartilage. Dose response curves for T4 in pellet cultures showed that 25 ng/mL T4 increased the total collagen content without increasing the GAG content, resulting in a statistically significant increase in the collagen-to-GAG ratio, a fold change of 2.3 ± 1.2, p < 0.05. In contrast, another growth factor, TGFβ1, increased the GAG content in excess of threefold more than the increase in collagen. In large scaffold-free neocartilage, T4 also increased the total collagen/DNA at 1 month and at 2 months (fold increases of 2.1 ± 0.8, p < 0.01 and 2.1 ± 0.4, p < 0.001, respectively). Increases in GAG content were not statistically significant. The effect on collagen was largely specific to collagen type II, which showed a 2.8 ± 1.6-fold increase of COL2A1 mRNA expression (p < 0.01). Western blots confirmed a statistically significant increase in type II collagen protein at 1 month (fold increase of 2.2 ± 1.8); at 2 months, the fold increase of 3.7 ± 3.3 approached significance (p = 0.059). Collagen type X protein was less than the 0.1 μg limit of detection. T4 did not affect COL10A1 and COL1A2 gene expression in a statistically significant manner. Biglycan mRNA expression increased 2.6 ± 1.6-fold, p < 0.05. Results of this study show that an optimized dosage of T4 is able to increase collagen type II content, and do so preferential to GAG. Moreover, the upregulation of COL2A1 gene expression and type II collagen protein accumulation, without a concomitant increase in collagens type I or type X, signifies a direct enhancement of chondrogenesis of hyaline articular cartilage without the induction of terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Adam Whitney
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute , Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas J Kean
- 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- 4 Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen Waldman
- 5 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University , Toronto, Canada
| | - M Yat Tse
- 6 Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
| | - Stephen C Pang
- 6 Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
| | - Joseph M Mansour
- 7 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James E Dennis
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute , Seattle, Washington.,3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
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Ayerst BI, Merry CLR, Day AJ. The Good the Bad and the Ugly of Glycosaminoglycans in Tissue Engineering Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E54. [PMID: 28608822 PMCID: PMC5490411 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High sulfation, low cost, and the status of heparin as an already FDA- and EMA- approved product, mean that its inclusion in tissue engineering (TE) strategies is becoming increasingly popular. However, the use of heparin may represent a naïve approach. This is because tissue formation is a highly orchestrated process, involving the temporal expression of numerous growth factors and complex signaling networks. While heparin may enhance the retention and activity of certain growth factors under particular conditions, its binding 'promiscuity' means that it may also inhibit other factors that, for example, play an important role in tissue maintenance and repair. Within this review we focus on articular cartilage, highlighting the complexities and highly regulated processes that are involved in its formation, and the challenges that exist in trying to effectively engineer this tissue. Here we discuss the opportunities that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) may provide in advancing this important area of regenerative medicine, placing emphasis on the need to move away from the common use of heparin, and instead focus research towards the utility of specific GAG preparations that are able to modulate the activity of growth factors in a more controlled and defined manner, with less off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie I Ayerst
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- Stem Cell Glycobiology Group, Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering & Modelling (STEM), Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Ayerst BI, Smith RAA, Nurcombe V, Day AJ, Merry CLR, Cool SM. Growth Differentiation Factor 5-Mediated Enhancement of Chondrocyte Phenotype Is Inhibited by Heparin: Implications for the Use of Heparin in the Clinic and in Tissue Engineering Applications. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:275-292. [PMID: 27899064 PMCID: PMC5397242 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparin is widely used in the clinic as an anticoagulant, and researchers are now using it to enhance stem cell expansion/differentiation protocols, as well as to improve the delivery of growth factors for tissue engineering (TE) strategies. Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) belongs to the bone morphogenetic protein family of proteins and is vital for skeletal formation; however, its interaction with heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) has not been studied. We identify GDF5 as a novel heparin/HS binding protein and show that HS proteoglycans are vital in localizing GDF5 to the cell surface. Clinically relevant doses of heparin (≥10 nM), but not equivalent concentrations of HS, were found to inhibit GDF5's biological activity in both human mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived chondrocyte pellet cultures and the skeletal cell line ATDC5. We also found that heparin inhibited both GDF5 binding to cell surface HS and GDF5-induced induction of Smad 1/5/8 signaling. Furthermore, GDF5 significantly increased aggrecan gene expression in chondrocyte pellet cultures, without affecting collagen type X expression, making it a promising target for the TE of articular cartilage. Importantly, this study may explain the variable (and disappointing) results seen with heparin-loaded biomaterials for skeletal TE and the adverse skeletal effects reported in the clinic following long-term heparin treatment. Our results caution the use of heparin in the clinic and in TE applications, and prompt the transition to using more specific GAGs (e.g., HS derivatives), with better-defined structures and fewer off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie I Ayerst
- 1 Institute of Medical Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore .,2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond A A Smith
- 1 Institute of Medical Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- 1 Institute of Medical Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony J Day
- 2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- 3 School of Materials, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom .,4 Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M Cool
- 1 Institute of Medical Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore .,5 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
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Ng J, Wei Y, Zhou B, Burapachaisri A, Guo E, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Extracellular matrix components and culture regimen selectively regulate cartilage formation by self-assembling human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:183. [PMID: 27931263 PMCID: PMC5146812 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage formation from self-assembling mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro recapitulate important cellular events during mesenchymal condensation that precedes native cartilage development. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) components and culture regimen on cartilage formation by self-assembling human MSCs in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCs) were seeded and compacted in 6.5-mm-diameter transwell inserts with coated (type I, type II collagen) or uncoated (vehicle) membranes, at different densities (0.5 × 106, 1.0 × 106, 1.5 × 106 per insert). Pellets were formed by aggregating hMSCs (0.25 × 106) in round-bottomed wells. All tissues were cultured for up to 6 weeks for in vitro analyses. Discs (cultured for 6, 8 or 10 weeks) and pellets (cultured for 10 weeks) were implanted subcutaneously in immunocompromised mice to evaluate the cartilage stability in vivo. RESULTS Type I and type II collagen coatings enabled cartilage disc formation from self-assembling hMSCs. Without ECM coating, hMSCs formed dome-shaped tissues resembling the pellets. Type I collagen, expressed in the prechondrogenic mesenchyme, improved early chondrogenesis versus type II collagen. High seeding density improved cartilage tissue properties but resulted in a lower yield of disc formation. Discs and pellets exhibited compositional and organizational differences in vitro and in vivo. Prolonged chondrogenic induction of the discs in vitro expedited endochondral ossification in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The outcomes of cartilage tissues formed from self-assembling MSCs in vitro and in vivo can be modulated by the control of culture parameters. These insights could motivate new directions for engineering cartilage and bone via a cartilage template from self-assembling MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yiyong Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia University, 345 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Aonnicha Burapachaisri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Edward Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia University, 345 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Akpancar S, Tatar O, Turgut H, Akyildiz F, Ekinci S. The Current Perspectives of Stem Cell Therapy in Orthopedic Surgery. ARCHIVES OF TRAUMA RESEARCH 2016; 5:e37976. [PMID: 28144608 PMCID: PMC5253188 DOI: 10.5812/atr.37976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Musculoskeletal injuries may be painful, troublesome, life limiting and also one of the global health problems. There has been considerable amount of interest during the past two decades to stem cells and tissue engineering techniques in orthopedic surgery, especially to manage special and compulsive injuries within the musculoskeletal system. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The aim of this study was to present a literature review regarding the most recent progress in stem cell procedures and current indications in orthopedics clinical care practice. The Medline and PubMed library databases were searched for the articles related with stem cell procedures in the field of orthopedic surgery and additionally the reference list of each article was also included to provide a comprehensive evaluation. RESULTS Various sources of stem cells have been studied for orthopedics clinical care practice. Stem cell therapy has successfully used for major orthopedic procedures in terms of bone-joint injuries (fractures-bone defects, nonunion, and spinal injuries), osteoarthritis-cartilage defects, ligament-tendon injuries, femoral head osteonecrosis and osteogenesis imperfecta. Stem cells have also used in bone tissue engineering in combining with the scaffolds and provided faster and better healing of tissues. CONCLUSIONS Large amounts of preclinical studies have been made of stem cells and there is an increasing interest to perform these studies within the human population but preclinical studies are insufficient; therefore, much more and efficient studies should be conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Akpancar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gulhane Military Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Corresponding author: Serkan Akpancar, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gulhane Military Medicine Academy, Ankara, Turkey. Tel: +90-5443229700, Fax: +90-3124045500, E-mail:
| | - Oner Tatar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Air Force Academy Kasımpaşa Military Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Turgut
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bursa Military Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Faruk Akyildiz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gulhane Military Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Safak Ekinci
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Agri Military Hospital, Agri, Turkey
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Modular Tissue Assembly Strategies for Biofabrication of Engineered Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:100-114. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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