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Anarte-Lazo E, Falla D, Devecchi V, Bernal-Utrera C, Rodriguez-Blanco C. Differences in physical examination findings between those who present with or without headache soon after a whiplash injury: a cross-sectional study. J Man Manip Ther 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38963328 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2024.2372911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine differences in physical examination findings between people with acute whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) with and without headache. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, participants with acute WAD were evaluated to assess differences in the presence of physical impairments. The following were assessed: pain intensity on manual palpation the over spinous process of C1-C3, zygapophyseal joints of C0-C4, and trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, suboccipitalis, masseter and temporalis muscles; cervical range of motion (ROM); flexion-rotation test (FRT); forward head posture; cranio-cervical flexion test (CCFT); neck flexor and extensor endurance; pressure-pain thresholds (PPT) over neural structures and upper limb neural tests (ULNT) in addition to median UNLT + CCF. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the association between examination findings and headache intensity. Logistic regression and discriminant analyses were also performed. RESULTS Forty-seven participants (26 men and 21 women; mean age = 38.9 years old) were included in the study. 60% of the participants presented with headache. Several examination findings were significantly different between groups. A group of examination findings composed of neck endurance, manual palpation over cervical and muscular structures, PPT, CCFT, ROM and FRT could discriminate between groups with a sensitivity of 86.7% and specificity of 90%. CONCLUSIONS Several neuromusculoskeletal features are different between people with acute WAD with or without headache. A combination of features could distinguish between groups with high levels of sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Anarte-Lazo
- Health Sciences, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - V Devecchi
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Bernal-Utrera
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - C Rodriguez-Blanco
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Satpute K, Bedekar N, Hall T. Mulligan manual therapy added to exercise improves headache frequency, intensity and disability more than exercise alone in people with cervicogenic headache: a randomised trial. J Physiother 2024; 70:224-233. [PMID: 38902195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
QUESTION What is the effect of a 4-week regimen of Mulligan manual therapy (MMT) plus exercise compared with exercise alone for managing cervicogenic headache? Is MMT plus exercise more effective than sham MMT plus exercise? Are any benefits maintained at 26 weeks of follow-up? DESIGN A three-armed, parallel-group, randomised clinical trial with concealed allocation, blinded assessment of some outcomes and intention-to-treat analysis. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-nine people with cervicogenic headache as per International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly allocated to 4 weeks of: MMT with exercise, sham MMT with exercise or exercise alone. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was headache frequency. Secondary outcomes were headache intensity, headache duration, medication intake, headache-related disability, upper cervical rotation range of motion, pressure pain thresholds and patient satisfaction. Outcome measures were collected at baseline and at 4, 13 and 26 weeks. RESULTS MMT plus exercise reduced headache frequency more than exercise alone immediately after the intervention (MD between groups in change from baseline: 2 days/month, 95% CI 2 to 3) and this effect was still evident at 26 weeks (MD 4 days, 95% CI 3 to 4). There were also benefits across all time points in several secondary outcomes: headache intensity, headache duration, headache-related disability, upper cervical rotation and patient satisfaction. Pressure pain thresholds showed benefits at all time points at the zygapophyseal joint and suboccipital areas but not at the upper trapezius. The outcomes in the sham MMT with exercise group were very similar to those of the exercise alone group. CONCLUSIONS In people with cervicogenic headache, adding MMT to exercise improved: headache frequency, intensity and duration; headache-related disability; upper cervical rotation; and patient satisfaction. These benefits were not due to placebo effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION CTRI/2019/06/019506.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Satpute
- Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Physiotherapy, Pune, India.
| | - Nilima Bedekar
- Sancheti Institute College of Physiotherapy, Pune, India
| | - Toby Hall
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Rodrigues A, Carvalho GF, Florencio LL, Martins J, Pinheiro-Araújo CF, Rosa MDD, Dach F, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Reliability and construct validity of the Craniocervical Flexion Test in patients with migraine. Braz J Phys Ther 2024; 28:101085. [PMID: 38936314 PMCID: PMC11260925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2024.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine may be accompanied by several cervical musculoskeletal dysfunctions, for example an altered performance on the Craniocervical Flexion Test (CCFT). However, CCFT measurement properties are still unclear in patients with migraine. OBJECTIVES To determine intra- and inter-examiner reliability, construct validity, standard measurement error (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC) of the CCFT in patients with migraine. METHODS Women diagnosed with migraine were considered eligible for this study. Participants were assessed by two examiners for the inter-examiner reliability, and with 7-10 days interval for the intra-examiner reliability. Construct validity was assessed considering headache and neck pain frequency and intensity, and self-reported questionnaires, including the Headache Impact Test - 6 items (HIT-6), the 12-item Allodynia Symptom Checklist/Brazil (ASC-12), and the Neck Disability Index (NDI). In addition, participants performed cervical endurance and maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the cervical flexors. RESULTS A total of 103 women with migraine were recruited. The intra-examiner reliability was rated as good (ICC= 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.87), while the inter-examiner reliability was rated as moderate (ICC= 0.55, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.67). The intra and inter-examiner SEM were 1.31 and 1.36 mmHg respectively, and MDC were 3.63 and 3.77 mmHg. The HIT-6 and the cervical endurance flexion test were associated with the CCFT in a multiple linear regression model (p = 0.004, R = 0.35). CONCLUSION The CCFT presents adequate intra- and inter-examiner reliability. Better performance on the CCFT test was associated with better HIT-6 scores and greater cervical endurance time, which was not influenced by the presence of neck pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rodrigues
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Ferreira Carvalho
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health, Safety and Society, Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Lidiane Lima Florencio
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jaqueline Martins
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Milena Dietrich Deitos Rosa
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Dach
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Bevilaqua-Grossi
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Altmis Kacar H, Ozkul C, Baran A, Guclu-Gunduz A. Effects of cervical stabilization training in patients with headache: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pain 2024; 28:633-648. [PMID: 37970662 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effects of Cervical Stabilization Training (CST) on the headache, neck pain and cervical musculoskeletal system in patients with headache compared to the control group. METHODS A total of 90 female patients with migraine, tension-type headache and cervicogenic headache (CGH) participated in this study. The patients were divided into the cervical stabilization training group (CSTG) and the control group (CG). The CSTG performed the CST three times a week for 8 weeks while the CG continued their ongoing medical treatment. The pain intensity was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale, forward head posture by craniovertebral angle measurement, the endurance of deep cervical flexor muscles by craniocervical flexion test and the endurance of cervical muscles by flexor and extensor endurance tests before and after 8 weeks. In addition, disability levels, health-related quality of life, sleep quality and mood were assessed by the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire, Neck Disability Index (NDI), Short Form 36 Quality of Life Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Beck Depression Scale, respectively. RESULTS Headache frequency, duration and intensity, neck pain intensity and forward head posture reduced while activation and performance of deep cervical flexor muscles, the endurance of cervical flexor and extensor muscles increased in the CSTG (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the disability levels, quality of life, sleep quality and mood also improved in the CSTG (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that CST reduces headaches and neck pain by improving the cervical musculoskeletal system in patients with headache. SIGNIFICANCE The CST improved the headache frequency, duration and intensity, neck pain intensity, cervical posture, activation of deep cervical flexor muscles and endurance of cervical muscles in patients with headache. In addition, improvements in the cervical musculoskeletal system contributed to a reduction in the intensity of headaches and neck pain. Therefore, CST may be preferred in the treatment of headaches, especially with coexisting neck pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Altmis Kacar
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Institute of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - C Ozkul
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Baran
- Department of Neurology, Medical Park Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Guclu-Gunduz
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Satpute K, Rathod R, Hall T. Reliability and measurement properties of upper cervical flexion-extension range of motion testing in people with cervicogenic headache and asymptomatic controls. J Man Manip Ther 2024; 32:182-189. [PMID: 37647294 PMCID: PMC10956903 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2023.2251869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine reliability of sagittal plane range of motion (ROM) assessment in a healthy population and in people with cervicogenic headache (CGH). METHODS Upper cervical flexion/extension ROM was measured using an iPhone magnetometer sensor and retraction/protraction ROM measured by linear displacement. Two independent raters evaluated these movements in 33 subjects with CGH and 33 age and gender matched asymptomatic healthy controls on two occasions. Measurement procedures were standardized; and the order of testing randomized. Reliability, standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC) were calculated. RESULTS Subjects comprised 30 females and 36 males. The iPhone method demonstrated high reliability (ICC >0.82) with SEM values ranging from 0.62 to 1.0 and MDC values ranging from 1.70 to 4.81 respectively. Evaluation of linear displacement demonstrated moderate reliability (ICC >64). with SEM values ranging from 0.38 to 1.91 and MDC values ranging from 1.05 to 1.63 respectively. Compared to healthy controls, upper cervical flexion, retraction and protraction ROM was significantly less in the CGH group with mean difference of 6.50°, 1.52 cm and 2.34 cm respectively. DISCUSSION Upper cervical spine sagittal plane ROM can be measured with moderate to high reliability and was found to be more restricted in people with CGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Satpute
- Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Physiotherapy, Pune, India
| | - Rashi Rathod
- Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Physiotherapy, Pune, India
| | - Toby Hall
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Justribó-Manion C, Mesa-Jiménez J, Bara-Casaus J, Zuil-Escobar JC, Wachowska K, Álvarez-Bustins G. Additional effects of therapeutic exercise and education on manual therapy for chronic temporomandibular disorders treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Physiother Theory Pract 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38353484 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2024.2316305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have evaluated the implementation of behavioral approaches in individuals with chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the benefits of a behavioral approach to craniofacial pain. Second, we assessed the benefits of kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, mouth opening without pain, and forward head posture. METHODS Individuals with chronic TMDs were treated for five weeks. The intervention group (n = 17) underwent pain neuroscience education, manual therapy, and therapeutic exercise, whereas the control group (n = 17) underwent manual therapy only. Outcomes were evaluated immediately, at seven and 19 weeks follow-up. The assessment tools used were the Craniofacial Pain Disability Inventory, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Mandibular Range of Motion Scale, and Cervical Range of Motion Tool. RESULTS The interventions did not influence the differences in the improvements between the groups observed for craniofacial pain disability (inter-subject p 0.4). The intervention had a moderate influence on the improvement of kinesiophobia and catastrophizing (Inter-subject p 0.09 and 0.1 respectively) with a clinically significant effect size (Estimated mean (EM) -8.6 standard deviation (SD) ±3.48 p 0.019; and EM -7.6 SD ± 5.11 p 0.15 respectively). CONCLUSION The behavioral approach improved catastrophizing and kinesiophobia outcomes in individuals with chronic TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Justribó-Manion
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado (CEINDO), Universitat Abat Oliva CEU, CEU Universities, Barcelona, Spain
- Spain National Centre, Foundation COME Collaboration, Barcelona, Spain
- Craniofacial Disorder Academy, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Mesa-Jiménez
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Integrative Craniofacial Therapy (Incraft Lab), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bara-Casaus
- Group Quiron Salud, Sagrado Corazón University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Zuil-Escobar
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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Deodato M, Granato A, Del Frate J, Martini M, Manganotti P. Differences in musculoskeletal dysfunctions and in postural alterations between chronic migraine and chronic tension type headache: A cross-sectional study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 37:404-411. [PMID: 38432837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of present study is to assess postural alterations and musculoskeletal dysfunctions over all spine in patients with chronic migraine and chronic tension type headache, moreover to highlight the differences between these two forms of primary headache. METHODS A Cross sectional study was adopted to evaluate the musculoskeletal profile in patients with chronic migraine and with chronic tension type headache. The Bio photogrammetric evaluation was performed using the postural assessment software PAS/SAPO, while unilateral passive accessory intervertebral motion (PAIMs) were applied for manual examinations of spine segments from C0 to L5 vertebra. The One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the three groups with the software GraphPad InStat 3.06. RESULTS A total of 60 patients were recruited, 20 for chronic tension type group, 20 for chronic migraine group and 20 healthy controls. The most interesting findings was that patients with chronic primary headaches presented postural alterations in all parameters (cranio-vertebral angle and lumbar-pelvic angle) and musculoskeletal dysfunctions in all spine with respect to healthy controls. Finally, the most clinically relevant finding was that no differences were found between chronic migraine and chronic tension type headache concerning the postural alterations nor the musculoskeletal dysfunctions. CONCLUSION The sensitization acts as a substrate or consequence of these musculoskeletal dysfunctions in chronic primary headache. Therefore, non-pharmacological treatments targeted in the musculoskeletal system may be a good option in the management of chronic primary headache, especially when these therapies integrate various techniques that involve all spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Deodato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Adress: via Pascoli 31, 34100, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Adress: via Pascoli 31, 34100, Trieste, Italy; Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Antonio Granato
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Adress: via Pascoli 31, 34100, Trieste, Italy; Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Jessica Del Frate
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Adress: via Pascoli 31, 34100, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Miriam Martini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Adress: via Pascoli 31, 34100, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Adress: via Pascoli 31, 34100, Trieste, Italy; Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
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González-Castro A, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Rodríguez-Nogueira Ó, Álvarez-Álvarez MJ, Pinto-Carral A, Andrade-Gómez E. Proposal for a physiotherapy assessment form for the evaluation of women patients with uro-gynecological disorders: A Delphi study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296092. [PMID: 38150427 PMCID: PMC10752553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correct selection of treatment techniques and methods in physiotherapy depends directly on a well-structured anamnesis, examination and assessment. Within urogynecological and obstetric physiotherapy there is no standardized and protocolized assessment that allows to follow established steps. For all this, the main objective of this study was to identify the assessment items that should be included in the a physiotherapeutic uro-gynecological assessment. METHODS Delphi study through a group of experts. Prior to this, a systematic search was carried out, accompanied by a review of grey literature, to obtain the possible items to be included in the forms. Subsequently, a Delphi study with two consecutive rounds of questionnaires was developed. A total of 6 expert physiotherapists participated in the study. RESULTS The initial questionnaire had 97 items and after two rounds one item was eliminated to obtain a total of 96 items in the final questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS The experts agreed on most of the choices and finally obtained a standardized and protocolized assessment in uro-gynecological physiotherapy. Furthermore, this proposal should be considered by other professionals involved in the process of evaluation and treatment of pelvi-perineal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana González-Castro
- Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez
- SALBIS Research Group, Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Óscar Rodríguez-Nogueira
- SALBIS Research Group, Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Mª José Álvarez-Álvarez
- SALBIS Research Group, Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Arrate Pinto-Carral
- SALBIS Research Group, Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
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Pu LL, Miller E, Schenk R. Utilizing directional preference in the management of cervicogenic headache: a case series. J Man Manip Ther 2023; 31:466-473. [PMID: 37261421 PMCID: PMC10642309 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2023.2217592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Headaches are among the most common complaints requiring medical care, and annual expenditures for this condition are estimated to be 14 billion US dollars. The International Headache Society (IHS) describes cervicogenic headache (CGH) as a secondary type of headache emanating from the cervical spine which may be referred to one or more regions of the head and/or face. Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT) is an approach shown to be effective in the management of spinal musculoskeletal disorders; however, there is limited evidence as to its efficacy in the management of CGH. The purpose of this case series was to examine the MDT approach in the assessment, classification, and management of a sample of patients experiencing cervicogenic headache. CASE DESCRIPTION This study was a prospective case series. Following IRB approval, 15 patients meeting the study inclusion criteria were recruited from a hospital-based outpatient physical therapy clinic. All subjects received a physical therapy examination by a Diploma trained MDT clinician which included but was not limited to patient self-report forms and the testing of repeated end range movements. The Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Headache Disability Index (HDI), Yellow Flag Risk Form (YFRF), Cervical Flexion Rotation Test (CFRT), and the Craniocervical Flexion Test (CCFT) were administered at the initial visit, 5th visit, and 10th visit or discharge, whichever occurred first. The NPRS, NDI, and HDI were re-administered at a 3 month follow up. Following the initial examination, patients were classified into the MDT categories of derangement, dysfunction, postural, or 'other' and then received intervention based on directional preference. OUTCOMES Fifteen subjects (mean age, 45.9 years; F = 11, M = 4; symptom duration, 44.3 months; average visits, 8.8) received an examination and intervention and completed follow-up outcome measures. Based on MDT classification criteria, all 15 subjects in this case series were classified as derangements. A non-parametric Friedman test of Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation differences among repeated measures was conducted on all outcome measures revealing statistically significant improvements in NPRS (p < .01), NDI(p < .01), and HDI (p < .01) scores at visit 10 and 3 month follow up. The mean change scores exceeded the minimal clinical important difference (MCID) for NPRS (4.2), NDI (7.6), and HDI (28.5). CCFT scores improved significantly from the initial examination to visit 5 (p < .01) and YFRF scores improved significantly between visits 5 and 10 (p < .01). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION The diagnosis of CGH is difficult to determine based on pathoanatomical assessment. This case series suggests that the patient's response to repeated end range movements may indicate a directional preference for manual procedures and exercises which may be used in management of musculoskeletal conditions such as CGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin Pu
- Faith Regional Health Services, Department of Physical Therapy, Norfolk, NE, USA
| | - Eric Miller
- Program in Physical Therapy, D’Youville University, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Schenk
- Department of Physical Therapy, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Mingels S, Granitzer M, Schmid AB, Dankaerts W. Individual endogenous pain modulation profiles within a multidimensional context of people with cervicogenic headache - A retrospective exploratory study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 67:102855. [PMID: 37683308 PMCID: PMC10560891 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One in four individuals with cervicogenic headache (CeH) are unresponsive to therapy. Such therapy involves predominantly biomedical interventions targeting the upper-cervical spine. A recurring theme within musculoskeletal practice is the multidimensional nature and substantial heterogeneity of the condition. Such heterogeneity might be a reason for failure of a biomedical approach. Therefore, future studies investigating efficacy of managing CeH should ideally be based on identification, and better understanding of the heterogeneity of this population based on a comprehensive evaluation of clinically relevant contributing factors. OBJECTIVES The objective was to map profiles of individuals with CeH based on pain modulation within a multidimensional context. DESIGN Pain Modulation Profiles (PMPs) of 18 adults (29-51 years) with CeH were mapped retrospectively. METHOD The PMPs consisted of a Pain-Profile (bilateral suboccipital, erector spinae, anterior tibialis pressure pain thresholds), a Psycho-Social-Lifestyle-Profile (Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale, Headache Impact test, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), or a combination of both. Individual results were compared to normative data. Two Pain-Profiles were defined: normal or altered. Psycho-Social-Lifestyle-Profiles were categorized based on the number of altered psycho-social-lifestyle factors (range 0-5). RESULTS Mapping PMPs in individuals with CeH resulted in 50% presenting with a dominant altered Pain-Profile, 16.7% with a dominant altered Psycho-Social-Lifestyle-Profile, and 5.6% with dominant alterations in both Pain-Profile and Psycho-Social-Lifestyle-Profile. CONCLUSION Our results indicate heterogeneity of PMPs within the CeH population. Replication of these results is needed through dynamic assessment of the Pain-Profile before evaluating if these profiles can help patient-stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mingels
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium; REVAL Rehabilitation Research Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Marita Granitzer
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Annina B Schmid
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/AnninaBSchmid
| | - Wim Dankaerts
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium. https://twitter.com/WimDankaerts
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Luedtke K, Carvalho G, Szikszay T. Musculoskeletal dysfunctions and physiotherapy treatment strategies in patients with migraine. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 66:102805. [PMID: 37331926 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neck pain is prevalent in patients with migraine but its role for the physiotherapy management is unclear. METHOD In this narrative review, results of studies, contributing to the overall understanding of musculoskeletal dysfunctions in patients with migraine are summarized, as are approaches to subgroup migraine and attempts to improve migraine non-pharmacologically. RESULTS Our line of research shows that musculoskeletal dysfunctions are prevalent in patients with migraine. Pain provocation during manual palpation of the upper cervical spine might be relevant when referred pain to the head is elicited. This subgroup of patients might benefit from physiotherapy treatment to the neck. Preliminary data from treatment studies shows that a small reduction of headache and migraine days can be achieved when treating the neck. The reduction in migraine days might be enhanced when treating migraine as a chronic pain disease and adding pain neuroscience education to the neck treatment. CONCLUSIONS Physiotherapy assessment and treatment plays a role in the management of migraine. The effectiveness of different physiotherapy approaches and pain neuroscience education needs to be evaluated further in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Luedtke
- Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Gabriela Carvalho
- Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tibor Szikszay
- Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
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12
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Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Cook C, Cleland JA, Florencio LL. The cervical spine in tension type headache. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 66:102780. [PMID: 37268552 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The concept that headaches may originate in the cervical spine has been discussed over decades and is still a matter of debate. The cervical spine has been traditionally linked to cervicogenic headache; however, current evidence supports the presence of cervical musculoskeletal dysfunctions also in tension-type headache. PURPOSE This position paper discusses the most updated clinical and evidence-based data about the cervical spine in tension-type headache. IMPLICATIONS Subjects with tension-type headache exhibit concomitant neck pain, cervical spine sensitivity, forward head posture, limited cervical range of motion, positive flexion-rotation test and also cervical motor control disturbances. In addition, the referred pain elicited by manual examination of the upper cervical joints and muscle trigger points reproduces the pain pattern in tension-type headache. Current data supports that the cervical spine can be also involved in tension-type headache, and not just in cervicogenic headache. Several physical therapies including upper cervical spine mobilization or manipulation, soft tissue interventions (including dry needling) and exercises targeting the cervical spine are proposed for managing tension-type headache; however, the effectiveness of these interventions depends on a proper clinical reasoning since not all will be equally effective for all individuals with tension-type headache. Based on current evidence, we propose to use the terms cervical "component" and cervical "source" when discussing about headache. In such a scenario, in cervicogenic headache the neck can be the cause (source) of the headache whereas in tension-type headache the neck will have a component on the pain pattern, but it will be not the cause since it is a primary headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Chad Cook
- Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University, Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua A Cleland
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass, USA
| | - Lidiane L Florencio
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Di Antonio S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Castaldo M. Cervical musculoskeletal impairments and pain sensitivity in migraine patients. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 66:102817. [PMID: 37451884 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, examination of migraine patients relies on a clinical interview investigating symptoms characteristics. Despite this, to help identify distinct migraine subtypes and allow a personalized treatment approach, biomarkers to profile distinct migraine subtypes should be utilized in clinical and research settings. Therefore, there is a need to include physical and psychophysical examinations aimed at assessing migraine features quantitatively. PURPOSE This paper aimed to discuss if increased pressure pain sensitivity and impaired cervical musculoskeletal function could be considered 1) as quantitative features of migraine and 2) if they could be used as biomarkers to profile migraine patients in distinct subtypes. IMPLICATION Increased pain sensitivity and cervical musculoskeletal impairments have been suggested as quantitative biomarkers to phenotype and subgroup migraine patients in clinical and research settings. This could provide the first step for a mechanistically-driven and personalized treatment approach according to migraine phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Antonio
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Pain and Neuroplasticity (CNAP), SMI, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Pain and Neuroplasticity (CNAP), SMI, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Mech-Sense, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Clinical Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Matteo Castaldo
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Pain and Neuroplasticity (CNAP), SMI, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
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14
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Al-Khazali HM, Krøll LS, Ashina H, Melo-Carrillo A, Burstein R, Amin FM, Ashina S. Neck pain and headache: Pathophysiology, treatments and future directions. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 66:102804. [PMID: 37394323 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neck pain is a prevalent neurologic and musculoskeletal complaint in the general population and is often associated with primary headache disorders such as migraine and tension-type headache (TTH). A considerable proportion, ranging from 73% to 90%, of people with migraine or TTH also experience neck pain, and there is a positive correlation between headache frequency and neck pain. Furthermore, neck pain has been identified as a risk factor for migraine and TTH. Although the exact underlying mechanisms linking neck pain to migraine and TTH remain uncertain, pain sensitivity appears to play an important role. People with migraine or TTH exhibit lower pressure pain thresholds and higher total tenderness scores compared with healthy controls. PURPOSE This position paper aims to provide an overview of the current evidence on the relationship between neck pain and comorbid migraine or TTH. It will encompass the clinical presentation, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of neck pain in the context of migraine and TTH. IMPLICATIONS The relationship between neck pain and comorbid migraine or TTH is incompletely understood. In the absence of robust evidence, the management of neck pain in people with migraine or TTH relies mostly on expert opinion. A multidisciplinary approach is usually preferred, involving pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic strategies. Further research is necessary to fully dissect the linkage between neck pain and comorbid migraine or TTH. This includes the development of validated assessment tools, evaluation of treatment effectiveness, and exploration of genetic, imaging, and biochemical markers that might aid in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidar M Al-Khazali
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Skytte Krøll
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Håkan Ashina
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Agustin Melo-Carrillo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Rami Burstein
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Faisal Mohammad Amin
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sait Ashina
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Comprehensive Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.
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15
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Di Antonio S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Ponzano M, Bovis F, Torelli P, Pelosin E, Finocchi C, Castaldo M. Migraine patients with and without neck pain: Differences in clinical characteristics, sensitization, musculoskeletal impairments, and psychological burden. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 66:102800. [PMID: 37344290 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to assess differences in clinical characteristics across healthy controls and migraine patients with (MNP) and without (MwoNP) neck pain. METHOD This study assessed: headache frequency; headache disability index (HDI); central sensitization inventory (CSI); Hospital Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D) scale; active range of motion (AROM); flexion rotation test (FRT); activation pressure score (APS); number of active/latent myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in head/neck muscles; number of positive cervical vertebral segments (C1/C2) who reproduce migraine pain; wind-up ratio (WUR); mechanical pain threshold (MPT) and static pressure pain threshold (sPPT) over the trigeminal area; sPPT and dynamic PPT (dPPT) over the cervical area; sPPTs and MPT over the hand. RESULTS Compared to controls, MNP had: worse CSI, HADS-A, and HADS-D (all, p < 0.002); reduced AROM (flexion, extension, left lateral-flexion, and right-rotation), FRT, APS, and a higher number of MTrPs and positive cervical vertebral segments (all, p < 0.020); reduced trigeminal MPT and sPPT, cervical sPPT and dPPT, hand MPT and sPPT (all, p < 0.006). Compared to controls, MwoNP had: worse CSI, and HADS-A (all, p < 0.002); reduced AROM (flexion, and left lateral-flexion), FRT, APS, and a higher number of MTrPs and positive cervical vertebral segments (all, p < 0.017); reduced trigeminal MPT and cervical dPPT (all, p < 0.007). Compared to MwoNP, MNP had higher headache frequency, worse HDI and CSI (all, p < 0.006); reduced AROM (flexion, and right rotation) (all, p < 0.037); reduced cervical dPPT (all, p < 0.002). CONCLUSION MNP had worse headache characteristics, more pronounced cervical musculoskeletal impairments, enhanced signs and symptoms related to sensitization, and worse psychological burden compared to MwoNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Antonio
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Pain and Neuroplasticity (CNAP), SMI, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Pain and Neuroplasticity (CNAP), SMI, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Mech-Sense, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Clinical Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marta Ponzano
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of Biostatistics, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Bovis
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of Biostatistics, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Torelli
- Headache Centre, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elisa Pelosin
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cinzia Finocchi
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Castaldo
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Pain and Neuroplasticity (CNAP), SMI, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
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16
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Bevilaqua-Grossi D, Pinheiro-Araujo CF, Carvalho GF, Florencio LL. Neck pain repercussions in migraine - The role of physiotherapy. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 66:102786. [PMID: 37291009 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine is a neurological and disabling disease whose peripheral manifestations can be addressed with physiotherapy. These manifestations can include pain and hypersensitivity to muscular and articular palpation in the neck and face region, a higher prevalence of myofascial trigger points, limitation in global cervical motion, especially in the upper segment (C1-C2), and forward head posture with worse muscular performance. Furthermore, patients with migraine can present cervical muscle weakness and greater co-activation of antagonists in maximum and submaximal tasks. In addition to musculoskeletal repercussions, these patients can also present balance impairment and a greater risk of falls, especially when chronicity of migraine frequency is present. The physiotherapist is a relevant player in the interdisciplinary team and can help these patients to control and manage their migraine attacks. PURPOSE This position paper discusses the most relevant musculoskeletal repercussions of migraine in the craniocervical area under the perspective of sensitization and disease chronification, besides addressing physiotherapy as an important strategy for evaluating and treating these patients. IMPLICATIONS Physiotherapy as a non-pharmacological treatment option in migraine treatment may potentially reduce musculoskeletal impairments related to neck pain in this population. Disseminating knowledge about the different types of headaches and the diagnostic criteria can support physiotherapists who compose a specialized interdisciplinary team. Furthermore, it is important to acquire competencies in neck pain assessment and treatment approaches according to the current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Bevilaqua-Grossi
- Health Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carina F Pinheiro-Araujo
- Health Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela F Carvalho
- Institute of Health Sciences, Academic Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Lidiane L Florencio
- Department of Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain.
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Becher B, Lozano-López C, Castro-Carletti EMD, Hoffmann M, Becher C, Mesa-Jimenez J, Fernandez-de-Las-Peñas C, Armijo-Olivo S. Effectiveness of therapeutic exercise for the management of cervicogenic headache: A systematic review. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 66:102822. [PMID: 37479561 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic exercise for managing pain and disability in patients with cervicogenic headache (CEH). METHODS A protocol for this systematic review was published in PROSPERO (CRD42019122703). PRISMA and AMSTAR2 standards were followed. Based on an extensive systematic search in five databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINHAL, PsychInfo and SportDISCUS) and the CENTRAL trial register, two reviewers carefully and independently assessed, selected results, collected data, rated the risk of bias (RoB) of included studies with the Cochrane risk of bias tool, synthesized the available evidence, and rated it using GRADE methodology. RESULTS A total of 12 manuscripts, reporting on 11 studies were included. Most studies showed a high risk of bias (63,63%). Additionally, a great deal of heterogeneity was observed regarding interventions, comparisons, and outcomes and thus, results could not be synthesized in meta-analyses. The quality of the evidence was found to be from low to very low. Significant differences with large effect sizes were found when comparing multimodal exercise vs. control groups on headache outcomes (SMD = 0.73; 95%CI [0.31, 1.14] for headache intensity and SMD = 0.98; 95%CI [0.56, 1.41], for headache frequency). CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that therapeutic exercise may be effective to achieve clinically relevant reductions in headache intensity and frequency as well as disability for patients suffering from cervicogenic headache. However, more high-quality research is needed to gain confidence in this finding and possibly determine optimal types and dosage of therapeutic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Becher
- University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cesar Fernandez-de-Las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susan Armijo-Olivo
- University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany; Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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18
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Bot MN, van der Meer HA, Meurs de Vries M, Bronkhorst EM, Kalaykova SI, Creugers NHJ. Diagnostics and Management of Pediatric Headache: An Exploratory Study among Dutch Physical Therapists. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1135. [PMID: 37508632 PMCID: PMC10378271 DOI: 10.3390/children10071135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Physiotherapists are often part of a multidisciplinary treatment plan for children with headaches. The literature on physical therapeutic diagnostics and management of headaches is often focused on adults. To gain insight, identify knowledge gaps, and increase the evidence needed for clinical physical therapeutic practice with children with headaches, an exploratory method is warranted. The purpose of this study was to describe the views, beliefs, and experiences of physical therapists regarding diagnostics and treatment options for children with headaches. The method consisted of a survey and two peer consultation group meetings. A total of 195 individual surveys were returned and 31 out of 47 peer consultation groups participated. Most participants were specialized in pediatric physical therapy (93.3%). They use the 4P-factor model (predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and protective factors) as a guiding principle in the diagnostic and therapeutic process in children with headaches. This model helps to organize and to understand how a variety of factors interact in a biopsychosocial relationship. Pediatric physical therapists focus their treatments on factors interfering with movement and functional abilities of the child with headaches. Knowledge of how temporomandibular disfunction can relate to headaches is currently insufficient for pediatric physical therapists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Bot
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig A van der Meer
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ewald M Bronkhorst
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stanimira I Kalaykova
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico H J Creugers
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Satpute K, Bedekar N, Hall T. Cervical neuro-musculoskeletal impairments in people with cervicogenic headache: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10833196.2023.2187996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Satpute
- Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Physiotherapy, Pune, India
| | - Nilima Bedekar
- Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Sancheti Institute College of Physiotherapy, Pune, India
| | - Toby Hall
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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20
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Rasmussen AV, Jensen RH, Karlsson LE, Mose LS. Consensus recommendations on the role of nurses in the care of headache patients: protocol for a european e-delphi study. BMC Nurs 2023; 22:52. [PMID: 36829195 PMCID: PMC9960450 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nurses play an important role in the treatment of headache patients at the specialized headache centers in Europe, however, a unified definition of nursing tasks and conduction of tasks is lacking. The objective of this e-Delphi study is twofold. Initially, to obtain healthcare professional headache experts' opinions on which tasks are associated with nurses' care in migraine treatment. Then, through an iterative multi-staged process, to combine the opinions into group consensus statements and develop evident European nursing recommendations for migraine treatment. METHODS In Delphi studies there are no unambiguous methodological guidelines and this protocol is being published to ensure transparency and quality in the study process. We invite nurses working in specialized headache centers and neurologists co-working with nurses in Finland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Estonia and Switzerland to participate anonymously in the expert panel. This e-Delphi study consists of three rounds of online questionnaires. We use Open-ended questions to capture the essentials of nurse tasks as understood by the expert panel members. Data are analyzed using content analysis. Predefined statements are applied for the experts to rate the importance of nurses' tasks synthesized from a systematic examination of the existing literature. Consensus is measured using descriptive statistics; median, Interquartile range (IQR) and percentage agreement. Measurement of agreement between participants will be analyzed using inferential statistics; Kendall's coefficient and stability between rounds; Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Statements, which receive consensus in the third round, are included in the final compilation of European recommendations for nurse care for migraine patients. DISCUSSION The e-Delphi study will provide European recommendations on nurse care in migraine treatment, which could not be created on the basis of the existing literature. The recommendations can open for the conduction of further research including measurement of efficacy of clinical implementation of the recommended tasks. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered at The Region of Southern Denmark (21/52,885). According to The Regional Ethical Committee and Danish law, no additional approval is relevant (20212000-145). A written informed consent is obtained from all participants before inclusion in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rigmor Hoejland Jensen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDanish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leena Eklund Karlsson
- grid.10825.3e0000 0001 0728 0170Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louise Schlosser Mose
- Research Unit of Neurology, University hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Finsensgade 35, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark. .,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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21
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Meise R, Carvalho GF, Thiel C, Luedtke K. Additional effects of pain neuroscience education combined with physiotherapy on the headache frequency of adult patients with migraine: A randomized controlled trial. Cephalalgia 2023; 43:3331024221144781. [PMID: 36739510 DOI: 10.1177/03331024221144781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim To assess the efficacy of pain neuroscience education combined with physiotherapy for the management of migraine.Background Physiotherapy can significantly reduce the frequency of migraine, but the evidence is based only on a few studies. Pain neuroscience education might pose a promising treatment, as it addresses migraine as a chronic pain disease.Methods In this non-blinded randomized controlled trial, migraine patients received physiotherapy + pain neuroscience education or physiotherapy alone, preceded by a three-month waiting period. Primary outcomes were frequency of headache (with and without migraine features), frequency of migraine and associated disability.Results Eighty-two participants were randomized and analyzed. Both groups showed a decrease of headache frequency (p = 0.02, d = 0.46) at post-treatment (physiotherapy: 0.77 days, 95%CI: -0.75 to 2.29 and physiotherapy + pain neuroscience education: 1.25 days, 95%CI: -0.05 to 2.55) and at follow-up (physiotherapy: 1.93, 95%CI: 0.07 to 3.78 and physiotherapy + pain neuroscience education: 3.48 days, 95%CI: 1.89 to 5.06), with no difference between groups (p = 0.26, d = 0.26). Migraine frequency was reduced significantly in the physiotherapy + pain neuroscience education group, and not in the physiotherapy group, at post-treatment (1.28 days, 95%CI: 0.34 to 2.22, p = 0.004) and follow-up (3.05 days, 95%CI: 1.98 to 5.06, p < 0.0001), with a difference between groups at follow-up (2.06 days, p = 0.003). Migraine-related disability decreased significantly in both groups (physiotherapy: 19.8, physiotherapy + pain neuroscience education: 24.0 points, p < 0.001, d = 1.15) at follow-up, with no difference between groups (p = 0.583). Secondary outcomes demonstrated a significant effect of time with no interaction between time and group. No harm or adverse events were observed during the study.Conclusion In comparison to physiotherapy alone, pain neuroscience education combined with physiotherapy can further reduce the frequency of migraine, but had no additional effect on general headache frequency or migraine-related disability.Trial Registration The study was pre-registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00020804).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Meise
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck, Universitaet zu Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gabriela Ferreira Carvalho
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck, Universitaet zu Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christian Thiel
- Department of Applied Health Sciences, Hochschule fuer Gesundheit (University of Applied Sciences), Bochum, Germany.,Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kerstin Luedtke
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck, Universitaet zu Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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22
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Elizagaray-García I, Perez-Garcia L, Párraga-Delgado R, Javier-Valverde F, Luedtke K, Gil-Martínez A. Flexion-rotation test and C0-C2 axial rotation test. Are they equally reliable for novice clinicians? Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2022; 62:102625. [PMID: 35961064 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the inter- and intra-examiner reliability for the neck flexion-rotation test and the C0-C2 axial rotation test when applied in asymptomatic subjects by two novice physiotherapists. DESIGN Repeated measures reliability study design. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of [X], in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki (CSEULS-PI: 004/2020). METHODS 32 asymptomatic adults were included, recruited by convenience sampling. Two sessions were scheduled for each subject, with an intersession break of 30 min. Two inexperienced raters blinded to their own previous and peer results performed three movements to both sides using the flexion-rotation test and the C0-C2 axial rotation test in randomised order of rater, test and direction. A third researcher collected the data measured by inertial sensors and displayed to the Pro Motion Capture software. RESULTS Both raters showed good-excellent intra-examiner reliability (ICC(2,3) ranging from 0.88 to 0.94) and moderate to good inter-examiner reliability (ICC(2,3) ranging from 0.58 to 0.86) to measure the rotation ROM with the FRT. The C0-C2 axial rotation test resulted in poor to moderate intra-examiner reliability (ICC(2,3) ranging from 0.33 to 0.74) and poor inter-examiner reliability using (ICC(2,3) ranging from 0.16 to 0.37). CONCLUSION Although performed by novice raters, the FRT showed good to excellent intra and inter-examiner reliability. Results for the C0-C2 axial rotation test were less reliable. We suggest that novice physiotherapists use the FRT instead of the C0-C2 axial rotation test in order to determine C1-C2 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Elizagaray-García
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28023, Madrid, Spain; CranioSPain Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, 28023, Madrid, Spain; Motion in Brains Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, 28023, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Rehabilitación Funcional y Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte (IRF-La Salle). Centro Superior Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Perez-Garcia
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28023, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Párraga-Delgado
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28023, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Javier-Valverde
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28023, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Kerstin Luedtke
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Gil-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28023, Madrid, Spain; CranioSPain Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, 28023, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Rehabilitación Funcional y Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte (IRF-La Salle). Centro Superior Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de investigación biosanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de fisioterapia, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Cagnie B, Castien R, Scholten-Peeters GGM. Translating the new International IFOMPT Cervical Framework into a framework flowchart for clinical practice and education. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2022; 36:331-336. [PMID: 36404531 PMCID: PMC10041416 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-220155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2020, a revised version of the International IFOMPT Cervical Framework was published. This framework provides both physical therapists and educators the necessary information to guide the assessment of the cervical spine region for potential vascular pathologies of the neck in advance of planned Orthopaedic Manual Therapy (OMT) interventions. OBJECTIVE The objective was to develop a framework flowchart which is useful in clinical practice and education to assist physical therapists to improve the safety of OMT, and apply this in a case report. METHODS The framework was developed in co-creation with manual therapy experts, researchers, educators in manual therapy, patients, medical specialists and the Manual Therapy Association in The Netherlands and Belgium. Manual therapists and patients tested the framework for intelligibility and usefulness. RESULTS A framework flowchart is developed and presented, that is easy to use in both clinical practice and education. It is a visual representation of the sequence of steps and decisions needed during the process. A case description of a patient with neck pain and headache is added to illustrate the clinical usefulness of the framework flowchart. CONCLUSION The framework flowchart helps physical therapists in their clinical reasoning to provide safe OMT interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cagnie
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rene Castien
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences Program Musculoskeletal Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwendolyne G M Scholten-Peeters
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences Program Musculoskeletal Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Cummins D, Rivett DA, Thomas LC, Osmotherly PG. Reproduction and resolution of familiar head pain with upper cervical spine sustained joint mobilization may help identify cervicogenic headaches: a case-control study. J Man Manip Ther 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35844199 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2022.2099181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relative value of clinical tests toward identifying cervicogenic headache (CGH) remains under investigated. Whilst certain physical examination findings have been associated with CGH, consensus on which findings provide the strongest association remains elusive. OBJECTIVES To determine which cervical musculoskeletal assessment procedures used in CGH are positively associated with CGH. DESIGN Single blind observational study. METHODS Four selected musculoskeletal assessment procedures of the cervical spine, craniocervical flexion test, cervical flexion-rotation test, cervical retraction range of motion and reproduction and resolution of familiar head pain with upper cervical spine sustained joint mobilization, were applied to 20 headache and 20 controls. Inclusion criteria for the headache group met the International Headache Society criteria for CGH except positive diagnostic blocks. RESULTS Upper cervical spine sustained joint mobilization testing associated with reproduction and resolution of familiar head pain was strongly associated with CGH (Odds Ratio = 36, p < 0.01). This was 78% sensitive and 90% specific in identifying CGH. Other physical tests were not statistically associated with CGH. CONCLUSIONS Reproduction and resolution of familiar head pain with upper cervical spine sustained joint mobilization is effective in differentiating those with CGH from control participants. Other cervical measures did not clearly identify CGH in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Cummins
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Darren A Rivett
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Lucy C Thomas
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Peter G Osmotherly
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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25
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García-Pérez-de-Sevilla G, Gónzalez-de-la-Flor Á, Martín-Vera D, Domínguez-Balmaseda D, del-Blanco-Muñiz JÁ. Deep Cervical Muscles and Functionality in Patients with Chronic Tension-Type Headache: An Observational Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58070917. [PMID: 35888636 PMCID: PMC9320185 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Chronic tension-type headache (TTH) is the type of headache with the highest prevalence. The involvement of musculoskeletal structures in TTH is supported by evidence in the scientific literature. Among these, deep cervical muscle strength appears to be related to the function of the cervical spine and the clinical characteristics of TTH. This study aimed to correlate anatomical, functional, and psychological variables in patients with TTH. Materials and methods: An observational descriptive study was carried out with 22 participants diagnosed with TTH for at least six months. The characteristics of headaches, including ultrasound-based deep neck flexor and extensor muscle thickness, range of motion (ROM), and pressure pain threshold (PPT), were recorded. We also conducted the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ) and the Craniocervical Flexion Test (CCFT). Results: Moderate–large negative correlations were found between the PVAQ and the muscle thickness of right deep flexors contracted (r = −0.52; p = 0.01), left multifidus contracted (r = −0.44; p = 0.04), right multifidus at rest (r = −0.48; p = 0.02), and right multifidus contracted (r = −0.45; p = 0.04). Moderate–large positive correlations were found between the CCFT score and the left cervical rotation ROM (r = 0.53; p = 0.01), right cervical rotation ROM (r = 0.48; p = 0.03), muscle thickness of left multifidus contracted (r = 0.50; p = 0.02), and muscle thickness of right multifidus at rest (r = 0.51; p = 0.02). The muscle thickness of the contracted right deep cervical flexors showed a moderate negative correlation with headache intensity (r = −0.464; p = 0.03). No correlations were found between PPT and the rest of the variables analyzed. Conclusions: In patients with TTH, a higher thickness of deep cervical muscles was associated with higher ROM and higher scores in the CCFT. In turn, the thickness of deep cervical muscles showed negative correlations with pain hypervigilance and headache intensity. These results contribute to a better understanding of the physical and psychosocial factors contributing to the development of TTH, which is useful for implementing appropriate prevention and treatment measures.
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26
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Di Antonio S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Ponzano M, Bovis F, Torelli P, Finocchi C, Castaldo M. Cervical musculoskeletal impairments in the 4 phases of the migraine cycle in episodic migraine patients. Cephalalgia 2022; 42:827-845. [PMID: 35332826 DOI: 10.1177/03331024221082506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess cervical musculoskeletal impairments during the 4 phases of a migraine cycle in episodic migraine patients, controlling for the presence of concomitant neck pain. METHODS Differences in cervical musculoskeletal impairments were assessed during the 4 migraine phases in episodic migraine patients and compared with healthy controls controlling for concomitant neck pain. Cervical musculoskeletal impairments were assessed as follow: cervical active range of motion; flexion rotation test; craniocervical flexion test and calculation of activation pressure score; the total number of myofascial trigger points in head/neck muscles; the number of positivevertebral segments (headache's reproduction) during passive accessory intervertebral movement; pressure pain thresholds over C1, C2, C4, C6 vertebral segments bilaterally, trigeminal area, hand, and leg. Signs of pain sensitization were assessed by evaluating mechanical pain threshold over trigeminal area and hand, pressure pain thresholds, and the wind-up ratio. The Bonferroni-corrected p-value (05/4 = 0.013) was adopted to assess the difference between groups, while a p-value of 0.05 was considered significant for the correlation analysis. RESULTS A total of 159 patients and 52 controls were included. Flexion rotation test and craniocervical flexion test were reduced in all 4 phases of the migraine cycle versus healthy controls (p < 0.001). The number of myofascial trigger points and positive vertebral segments was increased in all 4 phases of the migraine cycle versus healthy controls (p < 0.001). Flexion, extension, and total cervical active range of motion and cervical pressure pain thresholds were reduced in episodic migraine in the ictal phase versus controls (p < 0.007) with no other significant differences. Outside the ictal phase, the total cervical active range of motion was positively correlated with trigeminal and leg pressure pain threshold (p < 0.026), the number of active myofascial trigger points and positive positive vertebral segments were positively correlated with higher headache frequency (p=0.045), longer headache duration (p < 0.008), and with headache-related disability (p = 0.031). Cervical pressure pain thresholds were positively correlated with trigeminal, hand, and leg pressure pain threshold (p < 0.001), and trigeminal and leg mechanical pain thresholds (p < 0.005), and negatively correlated with the wind-up ratio (p < 0.004). CONCLUSION In all phases of the migraine cycle, independent of the presence of concomitant neck pain, episodic migraine patients showed reduced flexion rotation test and craniocervical flexion test and an increased number of myofascial trigger points and passive accessory vertebral segments. These impairments are correlated with enhanced headache duration, headache-related disability, and signs of widespread pain sensitization. Reduction in active cervical movement and increased mechanical hyperalgesia of the cervical was consistent in ictal episodic migraine patients and the subgroups of episodic migraine patients with more pronounced widespread sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Antonio
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Pain and Neuroplasticity (CNAP), School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Pain and Neuroplasticity (CNAP), School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark.,Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Mech-Sense, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marta Ponzano
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of Biostatistics, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Bovis
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of Biostatistics, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Torelli
- Headache Centre, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Cinzia Finocchi
- Headache Centre, IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Castaldo
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Pain and Neuroplasticity (CNAP), School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
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Jung A, Eschke RC, Gabler T, Pawlowsky V, Luedtke K. [Effectiveness of physiotherapeutic treatment interventions on pain intensity, duration, frequency, and quality of life of patients with migraine : A systematic review]. Schmerz 2021; 36:272-283. [PMID: 34936005 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-021-00611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the current guidelines preventive treatment of migraine should consist of a combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological forms of treatment. Physiotherapeutic modalities could be an option for nonpharmacological migraine management. OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the efficacy of physiotherapeutic interventions on pain intensity, duration and frequency as well as the quality of life of patients with migraine. METHODS A systematic literature search was carried out in four databases: the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Web of Science, Medline via PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were published up to the end of July 2021 and examined the effectiveness of physiotherapeutic treatment in migraine patients were eligible for inclusion. Studies that did not examine an adult population, interventions not carried out by a physiotherapist or not reporting an appropriate outcome were excluded. The assessment of the risk of bias was carried out with the revised version of the Cochrane risk of bias tool 2.0. A descriptive and quantitative synthesis using mean difference with a random effects model and 95% confidence intervals were used. RESULTS The present review included 13 RCTs reporting on a total of 595 patients. The risk of bias was high for four studies, low for two studies and the remaining seven studies had some concerns. The interventions examined were multimodal physiotherapy programs, various mobilization techniques, trigger point therapy, manual lymphatic drainage, massage and various stretching techniques. All interventions examined had a significantly positive effect on the selected parameters compared to the baseline values. Especially combinations of various physiotherapeutic modalities showed clinically relevant results. CONCLUSION The evidence suggests that multimodal physiotherapy treatment is a good supplement to medication and should therefore be considered as a nonpharmacological treatment for patients with migraine; however, further RCTs with a low risk of bias are necessary in order to confirm the effectiveness with high quality evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Jung
- Institut für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Deutschland.
| | - Robert-Christopher Eschke
- Institut für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - Tom Gabler
- Institut für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - Vera Pawlowsky
- Institut für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - Kerstin Luedtke
- Institut für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Deutschland
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Leddy JJ, Haider MN, Noble JM, Rieger B, Flanagan S, McPherson JI, Shubin-Stein K, Saleem GT, Corsaro L, Willer B. Clinical Assessment of Concussion and Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms for Neurologists. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021; 21:70. [PMID: 34817724 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Concussion produces a variety of signs and symptoms. Most patients recover within 2-4 weeks, but a significant minority experiences persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS), some of which may be from associated cervical or persistent neurologic sub-system (e.g., vestibular) dysfunction. This review provides evidence-based information for a pertinent history and physical examination of patients with concussion. RECENT FINDINGS The differential diagnosis of PPCS is based on the mechanism of injury, a thorough medical history and concussion-pertinent neurological and cervical physical examinations. The concussion physical examination focuses on elements of autonomic function, oculomotor and vestibular function, and the cervical spine. Abnormalities identified on physical examination can inform specific forms of rehabilitation to help speed recovery. Emerging data show that there are specific symptom generators after concussion that can be identified by a thorough history, a pertinent physical examination, and adjunct tests when indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Leddy
- UBMD, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Mohammad Nadir Haider
- UBMD, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - James M Noble
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, and G.H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Rieger
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Steven Flanagan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob I McPherson
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | | | - Ghazala T Saleem
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Louis Corsaro
- Northern Westchester and Southern Putnam County School Districts, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barry Willer
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
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29
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Mousavi-Khatir SR, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Saadat P, Javanshir K, Zohrevand A. The Effect of Adding Dry Needling to Physical Therapy in the Treatment of Cervicogenic Headache: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 23:579-589. [PMID: 34687308 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the long-term effect of adding real or sham dry needling with conventional physiotherapy in cervicogenic headache. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial. SETTING Physiotherapy Clinic, Rouhani Hospital of Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran. SUBJECTS Sixty-nine patients with cervicogenic headache. METHODS Patients were randomly assigned into a control group (n = 23) receiving conventional physical therapy; a dry needling group (n = 23) receiving conventional physical therapy and dry needling on the cervical muscles; placebo needling group (n = 23) receiving conventional physical therapy and superficial dry needling at a point away from the trigger point. The primary outcome was the headache intensity and frequency. Neck disability, deep cervical flexor performance and range of motion were secondary outcomes. Outcomes were assessed immediately after treatment and one, three and six months later. RESULTS Sixty-five patients were finally included in the analysis. Headache intensity and neck disability decreased significantly more in the dry needling compared to sham and control groups after treatment and during all follow-ups. The frequency of headaches also reduced more in the dry needling than in control and sham groups, but it did not reach statistical significance. Higher cervical range of motion and enhancement of deep cervical flexors performance was also observed in the dry needling compared to sham and control groups. CONCLUSION Dry needling has a positive effect on pain and disability reduction, cervical range of motion and deep cervical flexor muscles performance in patients with cervicogenic headache and active trigger points, although the clinical relevance of the results was small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Roghayeh Mousavi-Khatir
- Assistant Professor of Physiotherapy (PhD), Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
- Professor of Physiotherapy (PhD), Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Payam Saadat
- Associate Professor of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Khodabakhsh Javanshir
- Physiotherapist, PhD, Associate professor (Corresponding Author), Mobility Impairment Research Center, Physiotherapy Department,, Babol University of Medical Sciences
| | - Amirhossein Zohrevand
- Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Development of culturally sensitive pain neuroscience education materials for Hausa-speaking patients with chronic spinal pain: A modified Delphi study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253757. [PMID: 34214080 PMCID: PMC8253446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop culturally sensitive pain neuroscience education (PNE) materials for Hausa speaking patients with chronic spinal pain (CSP). PNE is a program of teaching patients about pain that has gained considerable attention in research and is increasingly used during physical therapy for patients with chronic pain. It helps in decreasing pain, disability, fear-avoidance, pain catastrophization, movement restriction, and health care utilization among patients with chronic pain. However, existing PNE materials and their application are limited to few languages and cultural inclinations. Due to the variations in pain perceptions, beliefs, and related outcomes among different population groups, culture-sensitive PNE materials addressing these outcomes are warranted. A focus-group discussion comprising 4 experts was used to adapt and develop preliminary PNE materials. Thereafter, an internet-based 3-round modified Delphi-study involving 22 experts ensued. Experts’ consensus/recommendations concerning the content were used in modifying the PNE materials. Consensus was predefined as ≥75% level of (dis)agreement. Eighteen experts completed the Delphi rounds. Nineteen, 18 and 18 experts participated in rounds 1, 2 and 3 respectively, representing 86%, 94% and 100% participation rate respectively. Consensus agreement was reached in every round and content of the materials, including drawings, examples, figures and metaphors were adapted following the experts’ suggestions. We therefore concluded that, culture-sensitive PNE materials for Hausa speaking patients with CSP were successfully produced. The present study also provides a direction for further research whereby the effects of culturally-sensitive PNE materials can be piloted among Hausa speaking patients with CSP.
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31
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Rodrigues A, Florencio LL, Martins J, Bragatto MM, Fernández-de-Las-Penãs C, Dach F, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical flexion test in patients with migraine: Discriminative validity and accuracy. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14248. [PMID: 33884715 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the discriminative validity and provide a clinical cut-off of the craniocervical flexion test (CCFT) in migraineurs stratified by the report of neck pain, headache-related disability and neck disability. METHODS Fifty women without headache and 102 women with migraine were recruited by convenience from a local tertiary care setting. Migraine diagnosis followed the International Classification of Headache Disorders. All volunteers underwent the CCFT. Patients with migraine answered the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) and Neck Disability Index (NDI) questionnaires. Discriminative validity was verified by group comparison, and the clinical cut-off was obtained and classified according to the diagnostic accuracy of the CCFT. RESULTS The CCFT presented discriminative validity for comparing control (median = 28, IQR = 6) with migraine (median = 26, IQR = 4, P = .01) and migraine with neck pain (median = 26, IQR = 4, P = .01), but not among the migraine subtypes with disability by migraine or neck pain-related disability on the MIDAS and NDI. The diagnostic accuracies were classified between poor and not discriminating with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranging from 57% to 69% and non-acceptable values of sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative likelihood ratios. CONCLUSION The CCFT can discriminate asymptomatic controls from migraine patients with and without neck pain. However, it cannot discriminate patients with migraine according to their pain-related disability. Also, the CCFT does not offer an optimal cut-off value in migraine patients adequate to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rodrigues
- Department of Health Sciences-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Lima Florencio
- Department of Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaqueline Martins
- Department of Health Sciences-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcela Mendes Bragatto
- Department of Health Sciences-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - César Fernández-de-Las-Penãs
- Department of Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabiola Dach
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Débora Bevilaqua-Grossi
- Department of Health Sciences-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Consensus among musculoskeletal experts for the management of patients with headache by physiotherapists? A delphi study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2021; 52:102325. [PMID: 33548766 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though a large amount of research on the management of headache has been conducted, the clinical effectiveness of these treatments remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To reach consensus among international musculoskeletal experts on what the most appropriate management is in patients that suffer from headache. DESIGN Expert group and Delphi-study. METHODS A total of 11 experts participated in the expert panel groups, where the role of physiotherapy in the management of headache was discussed. Afterwards, 14 of the initial 25 participants in the field of headache completed the whole Delphi study, which was conducted over 4 rounds. The first round aimed to identify clinical indicators and treatments that are useful in patients with headache. These questions were then categorized and ranked during the second, third, and fourth rounds. Consensual agreement was set at ≥ 80%. RESULTS After the final round, 9 interventions were rated as useful by the participants. In the final extra round, 14 clinical indicators were retrieved as important to decide whether or not to start one of the consensual treatments. The top 3 management strategies were (1) upper cervical spine mobilisations in cervivogenic headache, (2) active mobilisation exercises of the cervical spine in cervivogenic headache, and (3) lifestyle advice in tension-type headache and migraine. CONCLUSION International experts agreed that most scientifically established effective treatments are useful in cervicogenic headache. Consensual agreement on treatments for migraine and tension-type headache were only reached for specific treatments. Their recommendations provide a framework for further research and the clinical management of headache.
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Hirsch T, Barthel M, Aarts P, Chen YA, Freivogel S, Johnson MJ, Jones TA, Jongsma MLA, Maier M, Punt D, Sterr A, Wolf SL, Heise KF. A First Step Toward the Operationalization of the Learned Non-Use Phenomenon: A Delphi Study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2021; 35:383-392. [PMID: 33703971 DOI: 10.1177/1545968321999064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative discrepancy between residual functional capacity and reduced use of the contralesional hand, frequently observed after a brain lesion, has been termed Learned Non-Use (LNU) and is thought to depend on the interaction of neuronal mechanisms during recovery and learning-dependent mechanisms. OBJECTIVE Albeit the LNU phenomenon is generally accepted to exist, currently, no transdisciplinary definition exists. Furthermore, although therapeutic approaches are implemented in clinical practice targeting LNU, no standardized diagnostic routine is described in the available literature. Our objective was to reach consensus regarding a definition as well as synthesize knowledge about the current diagnostic procedures. METHODS We used a structured group communication following the Delphi method among clinical and scientific experts in the field, knowledge from both, the work with patient populations and with animal models. RESULTS Consensus was reached regarding a transdisciplinary definition of the LNU phenomenon. Furthermore, the mode and strategy of the diagnostic process, as well as the sources of information and outcome parameters relevant for the clinical decision making, were described with a wide range showing the current lack of a consistent universal diagnostic approach. CONCLUSIONS The need for the development of a structured diagnostic procedure and its implementation into clinical practice is emphasized. Moreover, it exists a striking gap between the prevailing hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the LNU phenomenon and the actual evidence. Therefore, basic research is needed to bridge between bedside and bench and eventually improve clinical decision making and further development of interventional strategies beyond the field of stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Hirsch
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hildesheim/Holzminden/Goettingen, Faculty of Social Work and Health, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Maria Barthel
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hildesheim/Holzminden/Goettingen, Faculty of Social Work and Health, Hildesheim, Germany.,University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hildesheim/Holzminden/Goettingen, Faculty of Engineering and Health, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Pauline Aarts
- Sint Maartenskliniek, Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Georgia State University, Department of Occupational Therapy, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susanna Freivogel
- Danube University Krems, Department for Clinical Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Michelle J Johnson
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Theresa A Jones
- University of Texas at Austin, Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Martina Maier
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Synthetic, Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive Systems (SPECS), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Punt
- University of Birmingham, School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Annette Sterr
- University of Surrey, School of Psychology, Guildford, UK.,Center for Postacute Neurorehabilitation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven L Wolf
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- KU Leuven, Research Center for Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, Department of Movement Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
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Wilber CG, Leddy JJ, Bezherano I, Bromley L, Edwards AE, Willer BS, Haider MN. Rehabilitation of Concussion and Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms. Semin Neurol 2021; 41:124-131. [PMID: 33663005 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Concussion and persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS) are encountered by clinicians in sports medicine, pediatrics, neurology, physiatry, emergency medicine, and primary care. Clinical management may require a multidisciplinary approach. This article presents a structured method for the diagnosis of concussion and PPCS in the outpatient setting, which includes a history, physical examination, and additional tests as clinically indicated to help identify underlying symptom generators. Treatment for concussion and PPCS should be individualized, based on predominant signs and symptoms, and can include subsymptom threshold aerobic exercise, cervical physical therapy, vestibulo-ocular rehabilitation, behavioral and cognitive psychotherapy, and some symptom-specific pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Wilber
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UBMD, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - John J Leddy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UBMD, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Itai Bezherano
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UBMD, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lacey Bromley
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, D'Youville College, Buffalo, New York.,Bennett Rehabilitation Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Amanda E Edwards
- UB Counseling Services, Department of Athletics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Barry S Willer
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mohammad N Haider
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UBMD, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,PhD Program in Biomedical Science, Program of Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Satpute K, Bedekar N, Hall T. Effectiveness of Mulligan manual therapy over exercise on headache frequency, intensity and disability for patients with migraine, tension-type headache and cervicogenic headache - a protocol of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:243. [PMID: 33657998 PMCID: PMC7931349 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non - pharmacological management of migraine, tension-type headache (TTH), and cervicogenic headache (CGH) may include spinal manual therapy and exercise. Mulligan Manual Therapy (MMT) utilizes a protocol of headache elimination procedures to manage headache parameters and associated disability, but has only been evaluated in CGH. There is little evidence for its effectiveness in migraine and TTH. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of MMT and exercise over exercise and placebo in the management of migraine, TTH, and CGH. METHODS This pragmatic trial is designed as a prospective, three-armed randomised controlled trial in a clinical setting provided at a general hospital physiotherapy department. Two hundred ninety-seven participants with a diagnosis of migraine, TTH or CGH based on published headache classification guidelines will be included. An assessor blind to group allocation will measure outcomes pre-and post-intervention as well as 3 and 6 months after commencement of treatment. Participants will be allocated to one of the three groups: MMT and exercise; placebo and exercise; and exercise alone. The primary outcome measure is headache frequency. Secondary outcome measures are headache duration and intensity, medication intake, pressure pain threshold (PPT), range of motion recorded with the flexion rotation test, and headache disability recorded with Headache Activities of Daily Living Index (HADLI). The intention-to-treat principle will be followed for statistical analysis. Between groups differences for all outcome measures at baseline and at reassessment points and 95% confidence intervals will be calculated using a mixed model ANOVA. Post hoc tests will be conducted to identify any significant difference between groups and over time. DISCUSSION This pragmatic study will provide evidence for the effectiveness of MMT when compared with a placebo intervention and exercise on headache frequency, intensity, and disability. Limitations are that baseline evaluation of headache parameters may be affected by recall bias. External validity will be limited to the population with a minimum 1-year history of headache. The HADLI is not yet extensively evaluated for its psychometric properties and association between PPT and headache parameters is lacking. Performance bias is inevitable as a single therapist will be delivering all interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered prospectively under the Clinical Trial Registry India (Registration number: CTRI/2019/06/019506 , dated on 03/06/2019). .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Satpute
- Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Physiotherapy, Off Westerly by Pass, Narhe, Pune, Maharashatra, 411041, India.
| | - Nilima Bedekar
- Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Sancheti Institute College of Physiotherapy, Thube Park, Shivaji Nagar, Pune, Maharashatra, 411001, India
| | - Toby Hall
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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Paquin JP, Tousignant-Laflamme Y, Dumas JP. Effects of SNAG mobilization combined with a self-SNAG home-exercise for the treatment of cervicogenic headache: a pilot study. J Man Manip Ther 2021; 29:244-254. [PMID: 33541242 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2020.1864960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervicogenic headache (CGH) may originate from the C1-C2 zygapophyseal joints. CGH is often associated with loss of range of motion (ROM), specific to this segment, and measurable by the cervical flexion-rotation test (CFRT). The main purposes of the study were: 1) to investigate the immediate effect of C1-C2 rotation SNAG mobilizations plus C1-C2 self-SNAG rotation exercise for patients with CGH and 2) to explore the link between the CFRT results and treatment response. METHODS A prospective quasi-experimental single-arm design was used where patients with CGH received eight physical therapy treatments using a C1-C2 rotational SNAG technique combined with a C1-C2 self-SNAG rotation exercise over a four-week period. Outcome measures were pain intensity/frequency and duration, active cervical ROM, CFRT, neck-related and headache-related self-perceived physical function, fear-avoidance beliefs, pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia. RESULTS The intervention produced strong effects on pain intensity, CFRT, physical function and pain catastrophizing. Moderate improvement was noted on active cervical ROM and on fear-avoidance beliefs and kinesiophobia. No link was found between pre-intervention CFRT ROM and treatment response. CONCLUSION SNAG mobilization combined with a self-SNAG exercise resulted in favorable outcomes for the treatment of CGH on patient-important and biomechanical outcomes, as well as pain-related cognitive-affective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Paquin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université De Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yannick Tousignant-Laflamme
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université De Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Research Center of the CHUS (CRCHUS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Qc, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Dumas
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université De Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Abstract
This article provides a summary of clinical assessment methods and nonpharmacologic rehabilitation techniques used for concussed patients. It describes concussion-relevant physical examination methods to identify underlying symptom generators. This approach allows practitioners to prescribe targeted rehabilitation therapies to treat postconcussion symptoms. Evidence-based rehabilitation approaches include cervical rehabilitation, vestibulo-ocular rehabilitation, and sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise.
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Intrarater and Interrater Reliability of the Flexion Rotation Test and Cervical Range of Motion in People With Migraine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2020; 43:874-881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Zasler N, Haider MN, Grzibowski NR, Leddy JJ. Physician Medical Assessment in a Multidisciplinary Concussion Clinic. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2020; 34:409-418. [PMID: 31479079 PMCID: PMC7096076 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Concussive brain injury (CBI) is encountered by clinicians in sports medicine, pediatrics, neurosurgery, neurology, physiatry, and primary care. There is no gold standard diagnostic test for CBI, nor is there consensus on what neuromusculoskeletal physical examination tests should be performed on patients who have sustained CBI. This article presents an approach to the history and physical examination of the patient who has sustained a CBI that is based on a review of the literature evidence and the authors' extensive experience with this patient population. Suggested components include an elemental neurological examination that emphasizes the oculomotor/ophthalmologic and vestibular systems, as well as appropriate musculoskeletal assessment of the craniocervical and upper shoulder girdle complex. The use of supplementary tests for CBI, including assessment of exercise tolerance using the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test and tests of neurocognitive function, can aid in the differential diagnosis of CBI. The proposed protocol is envisioned for initial and follow-up assessments in the clinic after CBI, as well as for those with more protracted signs or symptoms. If symptoms persist beyond 2 weeks in adults or 4 weeks in adolescents, then referral to a multidisciplinary center that focuses on CBI is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Zasler
- Concussion Care Centre of Virginia, Ltd, Richmond (Dr Zasler); Tree of Life Services, Inc, Richmond, Virginia (Dr Zasler); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (Dr Zasler); UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo (Drs Haider and Leddy); and Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo (Dr Haider and Mr Grzibowski)
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Swart ECS, Good CB, Henderson R, Manolis C, Yanta C, Parekh N, Neilson LM. Identifying Outcome Measures for Migraine Value-Based Contracting Using the Delphi Method. Headache 2020; 60:2139-2151. [PMID: 32997806 DOI: 10.1111/head.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify meaningful migraine outcome measures among key stakeholders to inform value-based contracts for migraine medications. BACKGROUND Value-based contracts linking medication payments to predefined performance metrics aim to promote value through aligned incentives and shared risk between manufacturers and payers. The emergence of new and expensive pharmaceuticals for migraine presents an opportunity for value-based contract development. However, uncertainty remains around which outcomes are most meaningful to all migraine stakeholders. METHODS This study utilized a Delphi survey to incorporate views from 82 stakeholders, including patients (n = 21), providers (n = 23), payers (n = 10), employers (n = 18), and pharmaceutical company representatives (n = 10). A list of 15 migraine-related outcomes was created from a literature review and subject matter expert consultation. Stakeholders reported on the value of these outcomes through a 5-point Likert scale and selection of their top 3 most meaningful outcomes. All participants except patients and employers also used a 5-point Likert scale to rate the feasibility of collecting each outcome measure. Consensus was defined as ≥75% agreement on the importance and feasibility of an outcome (Likert scores ≥4/5 or selection of an outcome as most meaningful). RESULTS After 2 rounds, consensus was achieved for importance of 9 outcomes on the Likert scale. "Decrease in migraine frequency" reached 100% agreement (82/82), followed by "increased ability to resume normal activities" (96%, 79/82). When asked to choose the 3 most meaningful outcomes, stakeholders selected "decrease in migraine frequency" (88%, 72/82) followed by "decrease in migraine severity" (80%, 66/82). The 2 measures rated as most feasibly collected were "decrease in emergency department/urgent care visits" (95%, 40/42) and "decrease in migraine frequency" (90%, 38/42). There were statistically significant differences between non-patient and patient stakeholders in selection of "decrease in emergency department/urgent care visits" [20% (12/61) vs 0% (0/21), P = .031]; and employer and patient stakeholders in selection of "decrease in work days missed" [44% (8/18) vs 5% (1/21), P = .006] and "decrease in emergency department/urgent care visits" [22% (4/18) vs 0% (0/21), P = .037] as most meaningful outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The measures "decrease in migraine frequency" followed by "decrease in migraine severity" were identified as top priority migraine outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C S Swart
- UPMC Centers for High-Value Health Care and Value-Based Pharmacy Initiatives, UPMC Health Plan, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chester B Good
- UPMC Centers for High-Value Health Care and Value-Based Pharmacy Initiatives, UPMC Health Plan, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Chronis Manolis
- UPMC Centers for High-Value Health Care and Value-Based Pharmacy Initiatives, UPMC Health Plan, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Claire Yanta
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Lynn M Neilson
- UPMC Centers for High-Value Health Care and Value-Based Pharmacy Initiatives, UPMC Health Plan, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Thoomes-de Graaf M, Thoomes E, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Plaza-Manzano G, Cleland JA. Normative values of cervical range of motion for both children and adults: A systematic review. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2020; 49:102182. [PMID: 32861355 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. OBJECTIVE To synthesize studies reporting normative values of active cervical range of motion (ROM) in healthy children and adults. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Evaluating active cervical ROM is part of routine assessment of patients with neck pain. Interpretation of outcomes necessitates having normative data per age category. Currently available normative values differ across studies, perhaps due to (the measurement properties of) the devices used. METHODS A systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Electronic searches included EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, CINAHL and Google Scholar databases from inception to August 2018. Included studies had to involve healthy subjects in which active cervical ROM was assessed or when determining normative values was the aim of the study. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using an adapted version of the QUADAS. A mean value was re-calculated for the total group in case data were presented per gender per age-category only. When possible, data were pooled. RESULTS From 2151 unique hits, 217 articles were selected for full text assessment, after which 162 articles were excluded. Data were extracted from 55 articles using 16 different measurement devices. Twenty-five studies were rated as being of "low risk of bias". Only data from studies evaluating the CROM device and Zebris could be pooled. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review revealed that although a large number of studies assessed normative data for active cervical ROM, the methodological quality of most studies was low and the heterogeneity between studies was high. Only the normative data for active cervical ROM using the CROM device seems to be useful. Overall, reference values for measuring active cervical ROM is unclear for most measurement devices. Normative values of cervical range of motion for both children and adults: a systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Thoomes
- Fysio-Experts, Hazerswoude-Rijndijk, the Netherlands
| | - César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Gustavo Plaza-Manzano
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joshua A Cleland
- Department of Physical Therapy, Franklin Pierce University, Manchester, NH, USA; Faculty, Manual Therapy Fellowship Program, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA
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Schwarz A, Ziegeler C, Daneshkhah S, May A, Luedtke K. Predicting the outcome of the greater occipital nerve block - an observational study on migraine patients with and without musculoskeletal cervical impairment. Cephalalgia 2020; 41:78-89. [PMID: 32867534 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420954518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The importance of neck pain and the trigeminocervical complex in migraine is of high pathophysiological interest since a block to the greater occipital nerve is more effective for some primary headaches than others. This observational study hypothesised that the response to manual palpation of the upper cervical spine predicts the efficacy of the greater occipital nerve-block. METHODS We divided patients, scheduled by a neurologist to receive a greater occipital nerve-block to reduce their migraine symptoms, into three groups: Patients with no pain response to manual palpation of the neck, patients with local pain, and those with referred pain to the head. Primary outcome was the percentage change in headache frequency. Additionally, items from the quantitative sensory testing protocol were included. RESULTS Eighty-seven chronic migraine patients were recruited consecutively from a specialised outpatient clinic and 71 were included for analyses and stratified into the three groups: No pain (n = 11), local pain (n = 28), and referred pain to the head (n = 32). Overall, patients experienced a reduction of 1.9 headache days per month (SD 3.4, p < 0,0001). The groups differed significantly in the percentage change of headache frequency (p = 0.041) with the "no pain" group showing the largest reduction. The pressure-pain-threshold over C2 and headache on the day of the intervention influenced the outcome significantly (R2 0,27, p = 0,00078). No serious adverse events occurred. Sixty-five percent of the patients had headaches during the examination. The groups did not differ regarding the distribution of patients with neck-pain in absence of migraine at baseline (p = 0.618). CONCLUSION Patients that were less sensitive to palpation in the cervical region and headache-free on the day of the intervention improved more after the greater occipital nerve-block.Registration: Registered a priori at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00015995).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Schwarz
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Health Sciences, Academic Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L), University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christian Ziegeler
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sima Daneshkhah
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne May
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Luedtke
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Health Sciences, Academic Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L), University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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On-site multi-component intervention to improve productivity and reduce the economic and personal burden of neck pain in Swiss office-workers (NEXpro): protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:391. [PMID: 32560714 PMCID: PMC7305619 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-specific neck pain and headache are major economic and individual burden in office-workers. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a multi-component intervention combining workstation ergonomics, health promotion information group workshops, neck exercises, and an app to enhance intervention adherence to assess possible reductions in the economic and individual burden of prevalent and incident neck pain and headache in office workers. Methods/design This study is a stepped wedge cluster-randomized controlled trial. Eligible participants will be any office-worker aged 18–65 years from two Swiss organisations in the Cantons of Zurich and Aargau, working more than 25 h a week in predominantly sedentary office work and without serious health conditions of the neck. One hundred twenty voluntary participants will be assigned to 15 clusters which, at randomly selected time steps, switch from the control to the intervention group. The intervention will last 12 weeks and comprises workstation ergonomics, health promotion information group workshops, neck exercises and an adherence app. The primary outcome will be health-related productivity losses (presenteeism, absenteeism) using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes are neck disability and pain (measured by the Neck Disability Index, and muscle strength and endurance measures), headache (measured by the short-form headache impact test), psychosocial outcomes (e.g. job-stress index, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire), workplace outcomes (e.g. workstation ergonomics), adherence to intervention, and additional measures (e.g. care-seeking). Measurements will take place at baseline, 4 months, 8 months, and 12 months after commencement. Data will be analysed on an intention to treat basis and per protocol. Primary and secondary outcomes will be examined using linear mixed-effects models. Discussion To the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first that investigates the impact of a multi-component intervention combining current evidence of effective interventions with an adherence app to assess the potential benefits on productivity, prevalent and incident neck pain, and headache. The outcomes will impact the individual, their workplace, as well as private and public policy by offering evidence for treatment and prevention of neck pain and headache in office-workers. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04169646. Registered 15 November 2019 - Retrospectively registered.
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Herrero Babiloni A, Lam JTAT, Exposto FG, Beetz G, Provost C, Gagnon DH, Lavigne GJ. Interprofessional Collaboration in Dentistry: Role of physiotherapists to improve care and outcomes for chronic pain conditions and sleep disorders. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 49:529-537. [PMID: 32531851 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Physiotherapists can manage chronic pain patients by using technical interventions such as mobility, strengthening, manual therapy, or flexibility in a specific and functional manner, being a key component of a multidisciplinary team. Dentists are involved in the management of different chronic pain conditions such as temporomandibular disorders and sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea. However, they are frequently unaware of the benefits of collaborating with physical therapists. In this review, the collaboration of physical therapists and dentists will be explored when managing orofacial pain, headaches, and sleep disorders. The physical therapist is important in the management of these disorders and also in the screening of risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Herrero Babiloni
- Sacre-Cœur Hospital, CIUSS du Nord-de-l'île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Faculté de Medicine Dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jacqueline T A T Lam
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fernando G Exposto
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gabrielle Beetz
- Sacre-Cœur Hospital, CIUSS du Nord-de-l'île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Catherine Provost
- Sacre-Cœur Hospital, CIUSS du Nord-de-l'île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dany H Gagnon
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gilles J Lavigne
- Sacre-Cœur Hospital, CIUSS du Nord-de-l'île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Faculté de Medicine Dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Luedtke K, Starke W, Korn KV, Szikszay TM, Schwarz A, May A. Neck treatment compared to aerobic exercise in migraine: A preference-based clinical trial. CEPHALALGIA REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515816320930681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The main objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of aerobic exercise with physiotherapy. A second objective was to evaluate whether patients with pain referred to the head during manual palpation will benefit more from physiotherapy than patients with local or no pain. Methods: A total of 103 patients with migraine received physiotherapy ( n = 79) or supervised aerobic exercise ( n = 24) according to their preference as an add-on treatment. Both groups had the same contact time with a specialized physiotherapist. The primary outcome measure was headache frequency during the 4 weeks after the intervention. Eighty-seven patients were analyzed at the primary end point ( n = 69 in the physiotherapy group; n = 18 in the aerobic exercise group). A follow-up assessment was conducted 3 months after the final intervention. Results: During the initial assessment of the upper cervical spine, 17 patients reported no pain, 45 local pain, and 25 referred pain to the head. Patients in the physiotherapy group had a mean reduction of 1.8 days (standard deviation (SD) 6.07), while patients in the aerobic exercise group had a mean reduction of 1.2 days (SD 4.27) at the primary end point. This difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.8). The largest improvement was noted in the group that showed referred pain to the head and received physiotherapy (2.13 days (SD 7.82)). Only patients in the physiotherapy group reported a subjectively perceived general improvement. Conclusions: Patients had a strong preference for physiotherapy. Both groups showed small reductions in headache frequency. Effects were superior after physiotherapy but not statistically significant. Patients with pain referred to the head responded best to a physiotherapy intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Luedtke
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences, Academic Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L), University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Wiebke Starke
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tibor Maximillian Szikszay
- Department of Health Sciences, Academic Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L), University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Annika Schwarz
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne May
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Florencio LL, Plaza-Manzano G, Arias-Buría JL. Clinical Reasoning Behind Non-Pharmacological Interventions for the Management of Headaches: A Narrative Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17114126. [PMID: 32527071 PMCID: PMC7312657 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Headache is the clinical syndrome most commonly observed by neurologists in daily practice. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are commonly used for the management of headaches; however, the clinical reasoning behind these interventions is not properly applied. We conducted a narrative literature review using as data sources for academic PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, EBSCO, PEDro, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Collaboration Trials Register, and SCOPUS. This narrative literature review mainly considered systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomised clinical trials, and expert opinions published after the year 2000 discussing clinical reasoning for application of non-pharmacological interventions in individuals with tension-type, migraine, and cervicogenic headaches. After the data extraction, we organized the literature thematically as follows: (1) mapping of theoretical aspects of non-pharmacological interventions; (2) summarizing most updated literature about effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions grouped by targeted tissue and headache; (3) identifying research gaps in the existing literature and proposing hypotheses for better understanding of current clinical reasoning. We found that there are many non-pharmacological treatment strategies used for headaches, including beyond the tissue-based impairment treatments (bottom-up) and strategies targeting the central nervous system (top down). Bottom-up strategies include joint-biased, soft-tissue biased, or needling interventions, whereas top-down strategies include exercise and cognitive interventions. Evidence shows that the effectiveness of these interventions depends on the application of proper clinical reasoning, since not all strategies are effective for all headaches. For instance, evidence of non-pharmacological interventions is more controversial for migraines than for tension-type or cervicogenic headaches, since migraine pathogenesis involves activation of sub-cortical structures and the trigemino- vascular system, whereas pathogenesis of tension-type or cervicogenic headaches is most associated to musculoskeletal impairments of the cervical spine. We conclude that current literature suggests that not all non-pharmacological interventions are effective for all headaches, and that multimodal, not isolated, approaches seem to be more effective for patients with headaches. Most published studies have reported small clinical effects in the short term. This narrative literature review provides some hypotheses for discrepancies in the available literature and future research. Clinical reasoning should be applied to better understand the effects of non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Fernández-de-las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (L.L.F.); (J.L.A.-B.)
- Cátedra Institucional en Docencia, Clínica e Investigación en Fisioterapia, Terapia Manual, Punción Seca y Ejercicio Terapéutico, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Lidiane L. Florencio
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (L.L.F.); (J.L.A.-B.)
- Cátedra Institucional en Docencia, Clínica e Investigación en Fisioterapia, Terapia Manual, Punción Seca y Ejercicio Terapéutico, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Plaza-Manzano
- Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Arias-Buría
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (L.L.F.); (J.L.A.-B.)
- Cátedra Institucional en Docencia, Clínica e Investigación en Fisioterapia, Terapia Manual, Punción Seca y Ejercicio Terapéutico, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Background The trigeminal nerve theory has been proposed as a pathophysiological mechanism of migraine; however, its association with the triggers of migraine remains unclear. Cervical disability such as neck pain and restricted cervical rotation, have been associated with not only cervicogenic headaches but also migraine. The presence of cervical disability could worsen of the migraine, and also the response to pharmacologic treatment may be reduced. The aim in this review is to highlight the involvement of cervical disability in migraine, considering contributing factors. Findings In recent years, evidence of neck pain complaints in migraine has been increasing. In addition, there is some recent evidence of cervical musculoskeletal impairments in migraine, as detected by physical assessment. However, the main question of whether neck pain or an associated cervical disability can act as an initial factor leading to migraine attacks still remains. Daily life imposes heavy loads on cervical structures (i.e. muscles, joints and ligaments), for instance, in the forward head position. The repetitive nociceptive stimulation initiating those cervical skeletal muscle positions may amplify the susceptibility to central migraine and contribute to chronicity via the trigeminal cervical complex. Conclusion Further studies are needed to explain the association between cervical disability as a source of pain and the development of migraine. However, evidence suggests that cervical disability needs to be considered in the prevention and treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Aoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, JCHO Yokohama Central Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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von Piekartz H, Schwiddessen J, Reineke L, Armijo-Olivio S, Bevilaqua-Grossi D, Biasotto Gonzalez DA, Carvalho G, Chaput E, Cox E, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Gadotti IC, Gil Martínez A, Gross A, Hall T, Hoffmann M, Julsvoll EH, Karegeannes M, La Touche R, Mannheimer J, Pitance L, Rocabado M, Strickland M, Stelzenmüller W, Speksnijder C, van der Meer HA, Luedke K, Ballenberger N. International consensus on the most useful assessments used by physical therapists to evaluate patients with temporomandibular disorders: A Delphi study. J Oral Rehabil 2020; 47:685-702. [PMID: 32150764 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify assessment tools used to evaluate patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) considered to be clinically most useful by a panel of international experts in TMD physical therapy (PT). METHODS A Delphi survey method administered to a panel of international experts in TMD PT was conducted over three rounds from October 2017 to June 2018. The initial contact was made by email. Participation was voluntary. An e-survey, according to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES), was posted using SurveyMonkey for each round. Percentages of responses were analysed for each question from each round of the Delphi survey administrations. RESULTS Twenty-three experts (completion rate: 23/25) completed all three rounds of the survey for three clinical test categories: 1) questionnaires, 2) pain screening tools and 3) physical examination tests. The following was the consensus-based decision regarding the identification of the clinically most useful assessments. (1) Four of 9 questionnaires were identified: Jaw Functional Limitation (JFL-8), Mandibular Function Impairment Questionnaire (MFIQ), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular disorders (TSK/TMD) and the neck disability index (NDI). (2) Three of 8 identified pain screening tests: visual analog scale (VAS), numeric pain rating scale (NRS) and pain during mandibular movements. (3) Eight of 18 identified physical examination tests: physiological temporomandibular joint (TMJ) movements, trigger point (TrP) palpation of the masticatory muscles, TrP palpation away from the masticatory system, accessory movements, articular palpation, noise detection during movement, manual screening of the cervical spine and the Neck Flexor Muscle Endurance Test. CONCLUSION After three rounds in this Delphi survey, the results of the most used assessment tools by TMD PT experts were established. They proved to be founded on test construct, test psychometric properties (reliability/validity) and expert preference for test clusters. A concordance with the screening tools of the diagnostic criteria of TMD consortium was noted. Findings may be used to guide policymaking purposes and future diagnostic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry von Piekartz
- Department Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation science, University of Applied Science Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Julius Schwiddessen
- Department Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation science, University of Applied Science Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lukas Reineke
- Department Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation science, University of Applied Science Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Susan Armijo-Olivio
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Rehabilitation Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton Institute of Health Economics (IHE), Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Gabriela Carvalho
- Lübeck University and Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eve Chaput
- University of Montreal and Western University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Quebec Association of Orthopedic Manual Physiotherapy (AQPMO), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erin Cox
- Kinatex Sports Physio, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Cesar Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Cátedra de Docencia, Clínica e Investigación en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual, Punción Seca y Ejercicio Terapéutico - University Rey Juan Carlos of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inae Caroline Gadotti
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Anita Gross
- Rehabilitation Sciences - McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Toby Hall
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Roy La Touche
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios - Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación Motion in Brains, Instituto de Neurociencia y Ciencias del Movimiento (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios, Universitarios La Salle - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencia y Dolor Craneofacial (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeffrey Mannheimer
- Delaware Valley Physical Therapy Associates, New Jersey, NJ, USA.,Department of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Physical Therapy Board of Craniofacial & Cervical Therapeutics Office for physical therapy, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Laurent Pitance
- Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité FSM, Institut de Recherche Expetimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratoire de Neuro musculo squelettique (NMSK) - University catholic of Louvain, Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mariano Rocabado
- Dean Faculty of Rehabilitation Science, University Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mark Strickland
- Operations Central Texas, For Health Sciences - University of St. Augustine, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | | | - Caroline Speksnijder
- Division Surgical Specialty, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Special Dental Care, Head and Neck Surgical Oncology - University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig Aleida van der Meer
- Centre for Applied Research on Education - Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam Centre for Innovative Health Practice (ACHIEVE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Luedke
- Department of Physical Therapy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Ballenberger
- Department Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation science, University of Applied Science Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Calixtre LB, Oliveira AB, Alburquerque-Sendín F, Armijo-Olivo S. What is the minimal important difference of pain intensity, mandibular function, and headache impact in patients with temporomandibular disorders? Clinical significance analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2020; 46:102108. [PMID: 31999615 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are insufficient studies providing Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) for outcomes related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). OBJECTIVES (1) To provide the MCID of outcomes related to TMD using the Global Rating of Change Scale (GRCS) as an anchor. (2) To verify which outcomes can predict a moderate or large response to the treatment. STUDY DESIGN Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in subjects with TMD. METHODS Sixty-one women with TMD were divided into intervention and control groups. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) of masticatory muscles, Mandibular Function Impairment Questionnaire (MFIQ), and Craniocervical Flexion Test (CCFT) were collected at baseline and 5-weeks follow-up. RESULTS Participants were divided based on their response to the treatment, according to the GRCS. MCID values were provided for subjects that moderately or largely improved to the treatment. MCID was between 0 and 1.90 for orofacial pain, around 2 points for the MFIQ, between 3 and 6.26 points for the HIT-6, around 0.2 kg/cm2 for the PPTs on masticatory muscles, around 2.5 mm for MMO and between 60 and 68 points for CCFT. Orofacial pain and HIT-6 were the most discriminative variables at determining whether patients would largely/moderately improve or would not improve after treatment. CONCLUSIONS The values of MCID could be used as guidance for both clinical practice and research. Pain intensity and headache impact were the most predictive outcomes for improvement of the general health status of women with TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Bojikian Calixtre
- Laboratory of Clinical and Occupational Kinesiology (LACO), Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Beatriz Oliveira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Occupational Kinesiology (LACO), Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Alburquerque-Sendín
- Department of Sociosanitary Sciences, Radiology and Physical Medicine, University of Córdoba, GC05 Systemic and Chronic Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases of the Locomotor System and Connective Tissue, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Susan Armijo-Olivo
- University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany; Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine/Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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50
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Luedtke K, Basener A, Bedei S, Castien R, Chaibi A, Falla D, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Gustafsson M, Hall T, Jull G, Kropp P, Madsen BK, Schaefer B, Seng E, Steen C, Tuchin P, von Piekartz H, Wollesen B. Outcome measures for assessing the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in frequent episodic or chronic migraine: a Delphi study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e029855. [PMID: 32051295 PMCID: PMC7044826 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this Delphi survey was to establish an international consensus on the most useful outcome measures for research on the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for migraine. This is important, since guidelines for pharmacological trials recommend measuring the frequency of headaches with 50% reduction considered a clinically meaningful effect. It is unclear whether the same recommendations apply to complementary (or adjunct) non-pharmacological approaches, whether the same cut-off levels need to be considered for effectiveness when used as an adjunct or stand-alone intervention, and what is meaningful to patients. SETTING University-initiated international survey. PARTICIPANTS The expert panel was chosen based on publications on non-pharmacological interventions in migraine populations and from personal contacts. 35 eligible researchers were contacted, 12 agreed to participate and 10 completed all 3 rounds of the survey. To further explore how migraine patients viewed potential outcome measures, four migraine patients were interviewed and presented with the same measurement tools as the researchers. PROCEDURES The initial Delphi round was based on a systematic search of the literature for outcome measures used in non-pharmacological interventions for headache. Suggested outcome measures were rated by each expert, blinded towards the other members of the panel, for its usefulness on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from definitely not useful to extremely useful. Results were combined using median values and IQRs. Tools rated overall as definitely or probably not useful were excluded from subsequent rounds. Experts further suggested additional outcome measures that were presented to the panel in subsequent rounds. Additionally, experts were asked to rank the most useful tools and provide information on feasible cut-off levels for effectiveness for the three highest ranked tools. RESULTS Results suggest the use of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS), Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) and headache frequency as primary outcome measures. Patient experts suggested the inclusion of a measure of quality of life and evaluation of associated symptoms and fear of attacks. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations are for the use of the MIDAS, the HIT-6 and headache frequency, in combination with an outcome measure for quality of life. Associated symptoms and fear of attacks should also be considered as secondary outcomes, if relevant for the individual target population. The cut-off level for effectiveness should be lower for non-pharmacological interventions, especially when used as an adjunct to medication. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER German Register of Clinical Trials (DRKS00011777).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Luedtke
- Pain and Exercise Research, Universitat zu Lubeck Sektion Medizin, Lubeck, Germany
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Basener
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bedei
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rene Castien
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aleksander Chaibi
- Head and Neck Research Group, Research Centre Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deborah Falla
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cesar Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mirja Gustafsson
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Toby Hall
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gwen Jull
- Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Kropp
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bjarne K Madsen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Kopenhagen, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Seng
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claudia Steen
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Tuchin
- Department of Chiropractic, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Bettina Wollesen
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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