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Davis R, Singh A, Jackson MJ, Coelho RT, Prakash D, Charalambous CP, Ahmed W, da Silva LRR, Lawrence AA. A comprehensive review on metallic implant biomaterials and their subtractive manufacturing. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 2022; 120:1473-1530. [PMID: 35228769 PMCID: PMC8865884 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-022-08770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a tremendous increase in the demand for converting biomaterials into high-quality industrially manufactured human body parts, also known as medical implants. Drug delivery systems, bone plates, screws, cranial, and dental devices are the popular examples of these implants - the potential alternatives for human life survival. However, the processing techniques of an engineered implant largely determine its preciseness, surface characteristics, and interactive ability with the adjacent tissue(s) in a particular biological environment. Moreover, the high cost-effective manufacturing of an implant under tight tolerances remains a challenge. In this regard, several subtractive or additive manufacturing techniques are employed to manufacture patient-specific implants, depending primarily on the required biocompatibility, bioactivity, surface integrity, and fatigue strength. The present paper reviews numerous non-degradable and degradable metallic implant biomaterials such as stainless steel (SS), titanium (Ti)-based, cobalt (Co)-based, nickel-titanium (NiTi), and magnesium (Mg)-based alloys, followed by their processing via traditional turning, drilling, and milling including the high-speed multi-axis CNC machining, and non-traditional abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), laser beam machining (LBM), ultrasonic machining (USM), and electric discharge machining (EDM) types of subtractive manufacturing techniques. However, the review further funnels down its primary focus on Mg, NiTi, and Ti-based alloys on the basis of the increasing trend of their implant applications in the last decade due to some of their outstanding properties. In the recent years, the incorporation of cryogenic coolant-assisted traditional subtraction of biomaterials has gained researchers' attention due to its sustainability, environment-friendly nature, performance, and superior biocompatible and functional outcomes fitting for medical applications. However, some of the latest studies reported that the medical implant manufacturing requirements could be more remarkably met using the non-traditional subtractive manufacturing approaches. Altogether, cryogenic machining among the traditional routes and EDM among the non-traditional means along with their variants, were identified as some of the most effective subtractive manufacturing techniques for achieving the dimensionally accurate and biocompatible metallic medical implants with significantly modified surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Davis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, 800005 India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vaugh Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 211007 India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, 800005 India
| | - Mark James Jackson
- School of Integrated Studies, College of Technology and Aviation, Kansas State University, Salina, KS 67401 USA
| | | | - Divya Prakash
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vaugh Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 211007 India
| | | | - Waqar Ahmed
- School of Mathematics and Physics, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS UK
| | - Leonardo Rosa Ribeiro da Silva
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902 Brazil
| | - Abner Ankit Lawrence
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vaugh Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 211007 India
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Investigation of Coatings, Corrosion and Wear Characteristics of Machined Biomaterials through Hydroxyapatite Mixed-EDM Process: A Review. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133597. [PMID: 34203154 PMCID: PMC8269714 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Together, 316L steel, magnesium-alloy, Ni-Ti, titanium-alloy, and cobalt-alloy are commonly employed biomaterials for biomedical applications due to their excellent mechanical characteristics and resistance to corrosion, even though at times they can be incompatible with the body. This is attributed to their poor biofunction, whereby they tend to release contaminants from their attenuated surfaces. Coating of the surface is therefore required to mitigate the release of contaminants. The coating of biomaterials can be achieved through either physical or chemical deposition techniques. However, a newly developed manufacturing process, known as powder mixed-electro discharge machining (PM-EDM), is enabling these biomaterials to be concurrently machined and coated. Thermoelectrical processes allow the migration and removal of the materials from the machined surface caused by melting and chemical reactions during the machining. Hydroxyapatite powder (HAp), yielding Ca, P, and O, is widely used to form biocompatible coatings. The HAp added-EDM process has been reported to significantly improve the coating properties, corrosion, and wear resistance, and biofunctions of biomaterials. This article extensively explores the current development of bio-coatings and the wear and corrosion characteristics of biomaterials through the HAp mixed-EDM process, including the importance of these for biomaterial performance. This review presents a comparative analysis of machined surface properties using the existing deposition methods and the EDM technique employing HAp. The dominance of the process factors over the performance is discussed thoroughly. This study also discusses challenges and areas for future research.
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Dommeti VK, Pramanik S, Roy S. Mechanical response of different types of surface texture for medical application using finite element study. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2021; 235:717-725. [PMID: 33739183 DOI: 10.1177/09544119211002722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Titanium implants are commonly used in dental and other joint replacements and its several modifications have been taken place to improve the adhesion between bone and implant. Different chemical and physical modifications are generally applied to the titanium surface for improving interlocking between bone and implant materials. The present work has been investigated the shear strength stiffness and stress concentration between Representative Volume Element (RVE) model and coating material while the surface of the RVE model modified with different types of surface textures. The surface topology parameters resulted a significant increase in shear strength by 55% and 45% for straight texture and U-shape texture, respectively compared with plain surface. The stiffness reduced significantly by 18% for U-shape and but to 36% only for X-shape, when compared with plain surface. The stress concentration factor in biaxial case both dome shape and X-shape has 45%and 25% in U-shape lower than that of the plain surface. Therefore, this investigation predicted the interfacial shear strength properties generated for different surface topologies to determine the bonding behavior of the implant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Krishna Dommeti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Sumit Pramanik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Sandipan Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
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