Breathable tissue engineering scaffolds: An efficient design-optimization by additive manufacturing

Additive Manufacturing of Bioceramic Implants for Restoration Bone Engineering: Technologies, Advances, and Future Perspectives

Treating bone defects is highly challenging because they do not heal on their own inside the patients, so implants are needed to assist in the reconstruction of the bone. Bioceramic implants based on additive manufacturing (AM) are currently emerging as promising treatment options for restoration bone engineering. On the one hand, additively manufactured bioceramic implants have excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, which are suitable for bone regeneration. On the other hand, the designable structure and adjustable pores of additively manufactured bioceramic implants allow them to promote suitable cell growth and tissue climbing. Herein, this review unfolds to introduce several frequently employed AM technologies for bioceramic implants. After that, advances in commonly used additively manufactured bioceramic implants, including bioinert ceramic implants, bioactive ceramic implants, and bioceramic/organic composite implants, are categorized and summarized. Finally, the future perspectives of additively manufactured bioceramic implants, in terms of mechanical performance improvement, innovative structural design, biological property enhancement, and other functionalization approaches, are proposed and forecasted. This review is believed to provide some fundamental understanding and cutting-edge knowledge for the additive manufacturing of bioceramic implants for restoration bone engineering.

Applying extrusion-based 3D printing technique accelerates fabricating complex biphasic calcium phosphate-based scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration

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Biphasic calcium phosphates offer a chemically similar biomaterial to the natural bone, which can significantly accelerate bone formation and reconstruction.

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Robocasting is a suitable technique to produce porous scaffolds supporting cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation.

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This review discusses materials and methods utilized for BCP robocasting, considering recent advancements and existing challenges in using additives for bioink preparation.

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Commercialization and marketing approach, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluations, biologic responses, and post-processing steps are also investigated.

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Possible strategies and opportunities for the use of BCP toward injured bone regeneration along with clinical applications are discussed.

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The study proposes that BCP possesses an acceptable level of bone substituting, considering its challenges and struggles.

Background

Aim of review

Key scientific concepts of review