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Smotherman C, Sprague B, Datta S, Braithwaite D, Qin H, Yaghjyan L. Association of air pollution with postmenopausal breast cancer risk in UK Biobank. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:83. [PMID: 37443054 PMCID: PMC10339564 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01681-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the association of several air pollution measures with postmenopausal breast cancer (BCa) risk. METHODS This study included 155,235 postmenopausal women (of which 6146 with BCa) from UK Biobank. Cancer diagnoses were ascertained through the linkage to the UK National Health Service Central Registers. Annual exposure averages were available from 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2010 for NO2, from 2007 and 2010 for PM10, and from 2010 for PM2.5, NOX, PM2.5-10 and PM2.5 absorbance. Information on BCa risk factors was collected at baseline. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the associations of year-specific and cumulative average exposures with BCa risk, overall and with 2-year exposure lag, while adjusting for BCa risk factors. RESULTS PM10 in 2007 and cumulative average PM10 were positively associated with BCa risk (2007 PM10: Hazard ratio [HR] per 10 µg/m3 = 1.18, 95% CI 1.08, 1.29; cumulative average PM10: HR per 10 µg/m3 = 1.99, 95% CI 1.75, 2.27). Compared to women with low exposure, women with higher 2007 PM10 and cumulative average PM10 had greater BCa risk (4th vs. 1st quartile HR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.07, 1.24, p-trend = 0.001 and HR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.25, 1.44, p-trend < 0.0001, respectively). No significant associations were found for any other exposure measures. In the analysis with 2-year exposure lag, both 2007 PM 10 and cumulative average PM10 were positively associated with BCa risk (4th vs. 1st quartile HR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.10, 1.28 and HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.19, 1.39, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a positive association of 2007 PM10 and cumulative average PM10 with postmenopausal BCa risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Smotherman
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Brian Sprague
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Susmita Datta
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dejana Braithwaite
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Huaizhen Qin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lusine Yaghjyan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Caglayan EK, Caglayan K, Alkis I, Arslan E, Okur A, Banli O, Engin-Ustün Y. Factors Associated with Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women. J Menopausal Med 2015; 21:82-8. [PMID: 26357645 PMCID: PMC4561745 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.2015.21.2.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Breast density increases the risk of breast cancer, but also in the interpretation of mammography is also important. This study examine the risk factors affecting breast density in postmenopausal women. Methods Between January 2013 and January 2014, 215 patients admitted to The Clinics of Gynecology and Obstetrics with complaints of menopause were taken. According to the results of mammography, Group I (non-dense, n = 175) and Group II (dense, n = 40) were created. The informations of the caseswere analyzed retrospectively. Results In Group I, body mass index (BMI), number of pregnancies, parity were significantly higher than group II (P < 0.05). In group II, the withdrawal period of menstruation and progesterone levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05). In logistic regression analysis, BMI for dense breasts and number of pregnancies were found to be an independent risk factor (P < 0.05). Conclusion Increased BMI, pregnancy and parity, result of reduction in density , but longer duration of menopause and increased progesterone cause an increase in density. BMI and the number of pregnancy was found to be independent risk factors for reducing breast density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Kiyak Caglayan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Kasim Caglayan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ismet Alkis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversity, Van, Turkey
| | - Ergin Arslan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Aylin Okur
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Oktay Banli
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Yaprak Engin-Ustün
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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Progestogens in postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of breast cancer. Maturitas 2014; 77:311-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Labos G, Trakakis E, Pliatsika P, Augoulea A, Vaggopoulos V, Basios G, Simeonidis G, Creatsa M, Alexandrou A, Iliodromiti Z, Kassanos D, Lambrinoudaki I. Efficacy and safety of DT56a compared to hormone therapy in Greek post-menopausal women. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:521-6. [PMID: 23563111 DOI: 10.3275/8926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormone therapy (HT) is the treatment of choice for the alleviation of menopausal symptoms; concerns, however, about its concomitant long-term health risks have limited its use. DT56a is a unique enzymatic isolate of soybeans. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DT56a, compared to HT, in symptomatic post-menopausal women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eighty-nine post-menopausal women were studied prospectively. Women with climacteric symptoms were randomly assigned to receive eitherDT56a (no.=27) or oral low dose continuous combined HT (no.=26). Symptomatic women not wishing to receive any treatment served as controls (no.=36). Menopausal symptoms as assessed through the Kupperman index, serum lipids and lipoproteins, calcium, as well as bone mineral density (BMD), endometrial thickness, and mammography were assessed at baseline and at 12 months. RESULTS Patients receiving HT and DT56a showed a significant and independent decrease in menopausal symptoms (mean difference in Kupperman score, DT56a group: -3.98, HT group -5.601, no treatment group +1.76, p-value <0.001). Lumbar spine BMD T-score was significantly lower in women receiving no treatment, as opposed to the two treatment arms which showed no significant change (No treatment, baseline: -0.60, final: -0.85, p=0.001; HT, baseline: -84, final -0.99, p=0.79; DT56a, baseline -0.51, final: -0.76, p=0.75). No differences in femoral bone density, ET or mammography classification were detected in any of the treatment arms. Likewise, serum lipids or lipoproteins did not differ between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS DT56a decreased menopausal symptoms significantly and in the same degree as HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Labos
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Samsioe G, Hruska J. Optimal tolerability of ultra-low-dose continuous combined 17beta-estradiol and norethisterone acetate: laboratory and safety results. Climacteric 2010; 13:34-44. [PMID: 20001563 DOI: 10.3109/13697130903480706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of two ultra-low doses of oral continuous combined hormone therapy and placebo on metabolic parameters, and to assess safety endpoints and overall tolerability in healthy postmenopausal women. DESIGN In a subpopulation of the Clinical study on Hormone dose Optimisation In Climacteric symptoms Evaluation (CHOICE) trial, lipids and parameters of glucose metabolism and hemostasis were analyzed in Nordic women (n = 158) at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of treatment with 0.5 mg 17beta-estradiol (E2) + 0.25 mg norethisterone acetate (NETA), 0.5 mg E2 + 0.1 mg NETA or placebo. Adverse events occurring from the first trial-related activity, whether related or not related to the study medication, were recorded for the entire population (n = 575) of the trial. The seriousness, relationship to treatment and the reason for withdrawal were reported. RESULTS Both ultra-low-dose combinations were neutral to changes in lipid and lipoprotein, hemostasis parameters and carbohydrate metabolism during the trial. The incidence of serious adverse events was only 1% in respective treatment groups. Adverse events were the reason for withdrawal in only 2% and 6% of women in the 0.5 mg E2 + 0.25 mg and 0.1 mg NETA groups, and in 8% in the placebo group. No weight gain or change in blood pressure was reported during the trial in any of the study groups. CONCLUSION The treatments had neutral effects on metabolic parameters in the study population. Excellent tolerability of both ultra-low doses resulted in high completion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Samsioe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kvinnokliniken, Universitetssjukhuset, Lund, Sweden
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Soares PM, Cabello C, Magna LA, Tinois E, Benetti-Pinto CL. Breast density in women with premature ovarian failure or postmenopausal women using hormone therapy: analytical cross-sectional study. SAO PAULO MED J 2010; 128:211-4. [PMID: 21120432 PMCID: PMC10938997 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802010000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Studies on postmenopausal women have reported increased risk of breast cancer relating to the type and duration of hormone therapy (HT) used. Women with premature ovarian failure (POF) represent a challenge, since they require prolonged HT. Little is known about the impact of prolonged HT use on these women's breasts. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of one type of HT on the breast density of women with POF, compared with postmenopausal women. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). METHODS 31 women with POF and 31 postmenopausal women, all using HT consisting of conjugated equine estrogen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate, and matched according to HT duration, were studied. Mammography was performed on all subjects and was analyzed by means of digitization or Wolfe's classification, stratified into two categories: non-dense (N1 and P1 patterns) and dense (P2 and Dy). RESULTS No significant difference in breast density was found between the two groups through digitization or Wolfe's classification. From digitization, the mean breast density was 24.1% ± 14.6 and 18.1% ± 17.2 in the POF and postmenopausal groups, respectively (P = 0.15). Wolfe's classification identified dense breasts in 51.6% and 29.0%, respectively (P = 0.171). CONCLUSION There was no difference in breast density between the women with POF and postmenopausal women, who had used HT for the same length of time. These results may help towards compliance with HT use among women with POF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Magda Soares
- MD, Postgraduate student, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - César Cabello
- MD, PhD. Associate professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luis Alberto Magna
- MD, PhD. Titular professor, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Tinois
- Physicist and engineer, Biomedical Engineering Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Laguna Benetti-Pinto
- Physicist and engineer, Biomedical Engineering Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lyytinen H, Dyba T, Pukkala E, Ylikorkala O. Do the dose or route of administration of norethisterone acetate as a part of hormone therapy play a role in risk of breast cancer: National-wide case-control study from Finland. Int J Cancer 2009; 127:185-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Stuedal A, Ma H, Bjørndal H, Ursin G. Postmenopausal hormone therapy with estradiol and norethisterone acetate and mammographic density: findings from a cross-sectional study among Norwegian women. Climacteric 2009; 12:248-58. [DOI: 10.1080/13697130802638458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Panoulis C, Lambrinoudaki I, Vourtsi A, Augoulea A, Kaparos G, Aravantinos L, Christodoulakos G, Creatsas G. Progestin may modify the effect of low-dose hormone therapy on mammographic breast density. Climacteric 2009; 12:240-7. [DOI: 10.1080/13697130802684601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Benetti-Pinto CL, Soares PM, Magna LA, Petta CA, Dos Santos CC. Breast density in women with premature ovarian failure using hormone therapy. Gynecol Endocrinol 2008; 24:40-3. [PMID: 18224543 DOI: 10.1080/09637480701690543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with premature ovarian failure (POF) are treated with estrogen-progestin therapy; however, doubts remain regarding the effect of this therapy on the breasts of women with POF. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the breast density of women with POF using estrogen-progestin therapy compared with normally menstruating women. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in 31 women with POF using conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate and a control group of 31 normally menstruating women, paired by age. All underwent mammography, analyzed by digitization and Wolfe's classification, the latter defined as non-dense (N1 and P1) or dense (P2 and Dy). Parity, breastfeeding and body mass index were evaluated, as well as duration of hormone use and ovarian failure in the POF group. RESULTS Digitization revealed no difference in mean breast density between the groups: 24.1+/-14.6% and 21.8+/-11.3% for POF and control groups, respectively. The Wolfe classification also failed to detect any significant difference between the groups, dense breasts being detected in 51.6% and 35.5% of cases in the POF and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSION Periods of hypoestrogenism followed by hormone therapy resulted in no changes in breast density in women with POF, compared with normally menstruating women of the same age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Laguna Benetti-Pinto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Standard and Low-dose Hormone Therapy for Postmenopausal Women—Focus on the Breast. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 46:127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/s1028-4559(07)60006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Warren MP. Historical perspectives in postmenopausal hormone therapy: defining the right dose and duration. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82:219-26. [PMID: 17290731 DOI: 10.4065/82.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recommended dosages of postmenopausal estrogen therapy (ET) and estrogen-progestin therapy (EPT), like those of oral contraceptives, have decreased markedly since oral estrogens were first introduced. Recently, the movement toward lower doses of ET/ EPT has accelerated because of the results of the Women's Health Initiative, which showed that lower-dose ET/EPT may provide similar efficacy and an improved safety profile compared with higher-dose preparations. For example, lower ET/EPT doses effectively relieve vasomotor and vulvovaginal symptoms associated with menopause, prevent bone loss, protect the endometrium, and are better tolerated than commonly prescribed doses. Current guidelines suggest the use of the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with treatment goals, benefits, and risks for the individual woman. However, the impact of treatment discontinuation should be considered when advising women to use hormone therapy for relieving menopausal symptoms for the shortest possible duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Warren
- Center for Menopause, Hormonal Disorders and Women's Health, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 622 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
Since the results of the women health initiative study showing an overall negative risk-benefit ratio with 0.625 mg of conjugated estrogens plus 2.5mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate, the use of the lowest effective dose of steroids in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is recommended. A low-dose regimen appears to induce less side effects such as breast tenderness or leg pain than do higher dose preparations. The decrease in hot flashes with low-dose estrogens, range 60-70%, is less than the 80-90% reduction with standard dosing. But this mean that 60-70% of menopausal women do not need higher doses. The same applies to bone preservation which is dose dependent: the number of non-respondant women will be higher than with standard doses. However, randomized double-blind, placebo controls trials have defined positive effects on bone of low doses of HRT with adequate calcium and Vitamin D in elderly women. The use of bone densitometry and of biochemical markers of bone turnover is mandatory in women using low or ultra-low-dose preparations. In spite of the lack of trials conducted with low-dose HRT, this treatment seems to be safer: Beside the low-dose HRT, one must consider some other facts: In the future, it is conceivable that more comprehensive pharmacogenomic studies will lead to effective algorithms for individualizing the right dose of steroids to be used in HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Rozenbaum
- President of the French Menopause Society (AFEM), 15 rue Daru, 75008 Paris, France.
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