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Nascimento-Carvalho B, da Silva BD, da Silva MB, Dos-Santos A, Ribeiro TF, da Silva Dias D, de Souza LE, Dutra MRH, Catanozi S, Caldini EG, De Angelis K, Scapini KB, Sanches IC, Irigoyen MC. Aerobic exercise attenuates dysautonomia, cardiac diastolic dysfunctions, and hemodynamic overload in female mice with atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7835. [PMID: 38570516 PMCID: PMC10991254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular risk increases during the aging process in women with atherosclerosis and exercise training is a strategy for management of cardiac risks in at-risk populations. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate: (1) the influence of the aging process on cardiac function, hemodynamics, cardiovascular autonomic modulation, and baroreflex sensitivity in females with atherosclerosis at the onset of reproductive senescence; and (2) the impact of exercise training on age-related dysfunctions in this model. Eighteen Apolipoprotein-E knockout female mice were divided equally into young (Y), middle-aged (MA), and trained middle-aged (MAT). Echocardiographic exams were performed to verify cardiac morphology and function. Cannulation for direct recording of blood pressure and heart rate, and analysis of cardiovascular autonomic modulation, baroreflex sensitivity were performed. The MA had lower cardiac diastolic function (E'/A' ratio), and higher aortic thickness, heart rate and mean arterial pressure, lower heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity compared with Y. There were no differences between Y and MAT in these parameters. Positive correlation coefficients were found between aortic wall thickness with hemodynamics data. The aging process causes a series of deleterious effects such as hemodynamic overload and dysautonomia in female with atherosclerosis. Exercise training was effective in mitigating aged-related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nascimento-Carvalho
- Unidade de Hipertensao, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Durante da Silva
- Unidade de Hipertensao, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maikon Barbosa da Silva
- Unidade de Hipertensao, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Dos-Santos
- Human Movement Lab, São Judas Tadeu University (USJT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle da Silva Dias
- Unidade de Hipertensao, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Leandro Eziquiel de Souza
- Unidade de Hipertensao, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Rascio Henriques Dutra
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Physiology Exercise Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Catanozi
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elia G Caldini
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Physiology Exercise Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Claudia Irigoyen
- Unidade de Hipertensao, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Dos-Santos A, do Nascimento Carvalho B, Da Costa-Santos N, Mello-Silva FQD, Pereira ADA, Jesus NRD, De Angelis K, Irigoyen MC, Bernardes N, Caperuto EC, Scapini KB, Sanches IC. Effects of Exercise Intensity on Cardiometabolic Parameters of Ovariectomized Obese Mice. Int J Sports Med 2023. [PMID: 37146639 DOI: 10.1055/a-2044-8691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of continuous-moderate vs. high-intensity interval aerobic training on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters in ovariectomized high-fat-fed mice. C57BL/6 female ovariectomized were divided into four groups (n=8): low-fat-fed sedentary (SLF); high-fat-fed sedentary (SHF); high-fat-fed moderate-intensity continuous trained (MICT-HF); and high-fat-fed high-intensity interval aerobic trained (HIIT-HF). The high-fat diet lasted 10 weeks. Ovariectomy was performed in the fourth week. The exercise training was carried out in the last four weeks of protocol. Fasting glycemia, oral glucose tolerance, arterial pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, and cardiovascular autonomic modulation were evaluated. Moderate-intensity continuous training prevented the increase in arterial pressure and promoted a reduction in HR at rest, associated with an improvement in the sympathovagal balance in MICT-HF vs. SHF. The high-intensity interval training reduced blood glucose and glucose intolerance in HIIT-HF vs. SHF and MICT-HF. In addition, it improved sympathovagal balance in HIIT-HF vs. SHF. Moderate-intensity continuous training was more effective in promoting cardiovascular benefits, while high-intensity interval training was more effective in promoting metabolic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Dos-Santos
- Human Movement Laboratory, Sao Judas Tadeu University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Claudia Irigoyen
- Heart Institute, department of hypertension, University of Sao Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Bernardes
- Human Movement Laboratory, Sao Judas Tadeu University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Nascimento‐Carvalho B, Dos‐Santos A, Da Costa‐Santos N, Carvalho SL, de Moraes OA, Santos CP, De Angelis K, Caperuto EC, Irigoyen M, Scapini K, Sanches IC. Food readjustment plus exercise training improves cardiovascular autonomic control and baroreflex sensitivity in high-fat diet-fed ovariectomized mice. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15609. [PMID: 36898722 PMCID: PMC10005889 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite consensus on the benefits of food readjustment and/or moderate-intensity continuous exercise in the treatment of cardiometabolic risk factors, there is little evidence of the association between these two cardiovascular risk management strategies after menopause. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of food readjustment and/or exercise training on metabolic, hemodynamic, autonomic, and inflammatory parameters in a model of loss of ovarian function with diet-induced obesity. Forty C57BL/6J ovariectomized mice were divided into the following groups: high-fat diet-fed - 60% lipids throughout the protocol (HF), food readjustment - 60% lipids for 5 weeks, readjusted to 10% for the next 5 weeks (FR), high-fat diet-fed undergoing moderate-intensity exercise training (HFT), and food readjustment associated with moderate-intensity exercise training (FRT). Blood glucose evaluations and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. Blood pressure was assessed by direct intra-arterial measurement. Baroreflex sensitivity was tested using heart rate phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside induced blood pressure changes. Cardiovascular autonomic modulation was evaluated in time and frequency domains. Inflammatory profile was evaluated by IL-6, IL-10 cytokines, and TNF-alpha measurements. Only the exercise training associated with food readjustment strategy induced improved functional capacity, body composition, metabolic parameters, inflammatory profile, and resting bradycardia, while positively changing cardiovascular autonomic modulation and increasing baroreflex sensitivity. Our findings demonstrate that the association of these strategies seems to be effective in the management of cardiometabolic risk in a model of loss of ovarian function with diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nascimento‐Carvalho
- Unidade de Hipertensao, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Sao Paulo (InCor‐HCFMUSP)São PauloBrazil
- Human Movement LabSão Judas Tadeu University (USJT)São PauloBrazil
| | | | | | | | - Oscar A. de Moraes
- Unidade de Hipertensao, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Sao Paulo (InCor‐HCFMUSP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Camila P. Santos
- Department of MedicineFederal University of São Paulo (Unifesp)São PauloBrazil
| | - Katia De Angelis
- Department of MedicineFederal University of São Paulo (Unifesp)São PauloBrazil
| | | | - Maria‐Claudia Irigoyen
- Unidade de Hipertensao, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Sao Paulo (InCor‐HCFMUSP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Katia B. Scapini
- Human Movement LabSão Judas Tadeu University (USJT)São PauloBrazil
| | - Iris C. Sanches
- Human Movement LabSão Judas Tadeu University (USJT)São PauloBrazil
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Tirandi A, Montecucco F, Liberale L. Physical activity to reduce PCSK9 levels. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:988698. [PMID: 36093150 PMCID: PMC9453490 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.988698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount of physical activity (PA) people practice everyday has been reducing in the last decades. Sedentary subjects tend to have an impaired lipid plasma profile with a higher risk of atherosclerosis and related cardio- and cerebrovascular events. Regular PA helps in both primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention because of its beneficial effect on the whole metabolism. Several studies reported lower levels of plasma lipids in trained subjects, but the precise mechanisms by which PA modulates lipoproteins remain only partially described. Thereupon, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a serin protease whose main function is to reduce the amount of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) receptors, with the direct consequence of reducing LDL-C uptake by the liver and increasing its circulating pool. Accordingly, recently developed PCSK9 inhibitors improved cardiovascular prevention and are increasingly used to reach LDL-C goals in patients at high CV risk. Whether PA can modulate the levels of PCSK9 remains partially explored. Recent studies suggest PA as a negative modulator of such a deleterious CV mediator. Yet the level of evidence is limited. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent reports concerning the regulatory role of PA on PCSK9 plasma levels, highlighting the beneficial role of regular exercise on the prevention of atherosclerosis and overall CV health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Tirandi
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Liberale
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
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Stoyell-Conti FF, Irigoyen MC, Sartori M, Ribeiro AA, Dos Santos F, Machi JF, Figueroa DMT, Rodrigues B, De Angelis K. Aerobic Training Is Better Than Resistance Training on Cardiac Function and Autonomic Modulation in Female ob/ob Mice. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1464. [PMID: 31866872 PMCID: PMC6906161 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise training on cardiac function and autonomic modulation in female ob/ob mice. Methods: Four-week-old female wild type and obese (ob/ob) mice were divided into five groups (n = 8): control (WT), obese (OB) obese + aerobic training (OBA), obese + resistance training (OBR), and obese + combined training (OBC). The exercise training was performed on treadmill and/or ladder at 40-60% maximum test during 8 weeks. Cardiac function was measured using echo machine. Heart rate variability (HRV) was evaluated in the time and frequency domain. Results: OB group presented higher body weight gain (~600%), glycemia (~44%) and glucose intolerance (~150%), reduction of cardiac vagal modulation, evidenced by a lower RMMSD (~56%), total power and high frequency band, and a higher isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) (~24%) in relation to the WT group. Aerobic and combined training led to a lower IVRT (OBA: ~14%; OBC: ~14%) and myocardial global index (OBA: ~37%; OBC: ~44%). The OBA group presented an increased in vagal indexes of HRV than the other ob/ob groups. A negative correlation was observed between the delta of aerobic exercise capacity and MPI (r = 0.45; p = 0.002) and exercise capacity and body weight gain (r = 0.39; p = 0.002). Conclusion: Only the obese females underwent to aerobic exercise training showed improvement in cardiac function and HRV. Moreover, the aerobic exercise capacity as well as a greater responsivity to aerobic exercise training is intimately associated with these improvements, reinforcing the importance of aerobic exercise training to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Fernandes Stoyell-Conti
- Health Professional Division, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Translational Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria-Claudia Irigoyen
- Hypertension Unit, Medical School, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Sartori
- Hypertension Unit, Medical School, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Aparecida Ribeiro
- Hypertension Unit, Medical School, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dos Santos
- Hypertension Unit, Medical School, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Freire Machi
- Hypertension Unit, Medical School, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami (UM), Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | | | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Translational Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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da Silva Dias D, Moraes-Silva IC, Bernardes N, de Oliveira Brito-Monzani J, Stoyell-Conti FF, Machi JF, Llesuy S, Irigoyen MC, De Angelis K. Exercise training initiated at old stage of lifespan attenuates aging-and ovariectomy-induced cardiac and renal oxidative stress: Role of baroreflex. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110635. [PMID: 31195102 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of aging and menopause is a potent risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. We studied the impact of aerobic exercise training (ET) initiated in the old stage of lifespan in hemodynamics, metabolic, autonomic and oxidative stress. METHODS Aged (18 months old) female Wistar rats were divided into: ovariectomized and untrained (AG-OVX), and ovariectomized and trained (AG-OVXt, ET for 8 weeks). Intact aged (AG) and young female rats (3 months old; Y) were also studied. Blood pressure and metabolic parameters were measured. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was studied by bradycardic (BR) and tachycardic (TR) responses to vasoactive drugs. Cardiac and renal lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthatione peroxidase (GPx), and gluthatione redox balance (GSH/GSSG) were analyzed. RESULTS AG-OVXt group increased aerobic performance in 35%, decreased adipose tissue and triglycerides in 36% and 27%, respectively, and improved insulin tolerance in 50% in comparison to AG-OVX. AG-OVX presented hypertensive levels of blood pressure (systolic: 155 ± 5, diastolic: 111 ± 3 mmHg). In contrast, AG-OVXt presented blood pressure values similar to Y rats (systolic: 129 ± 3, diastolic: 112 ± 3 mmHg). TR and BR were reduced by 70% and 46%, respectively, in AG-OVX vs. Y. Once more, AG-OVXt presented similar results to Y. ET decreased LPO in the heart and kidney. In the latter, renal CAT and SOD were corrected by ET, while cardiac redox balance was partially recovered. Improved BRS was correlated with improved oxidative stress markers. CONCLUSIONS Even when initiated after aging and ovariectomy deleterious effects, ET is able to normalize BRS and highly improve cardiac and renal oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle da Silva Dias
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivana C Moraes-Silva
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Bernardes
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina de Oliveira Brito-Monzani
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Filipe Fernandes Stoyell-Conti
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil; College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA
| | - Jacqueline Freire Machi
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Susana Llesuy
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria-Claudia Irigoyen
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Stamatelopoulos K, Papavagelis C, Augoulea A, Armeni E, Karagkouni I, Avgeraki E, Georgiopoulos G, Yannakoulia M, Lambrinoudaki I. Dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women: Protocol of a cross-sectional and prospective study. Maturitas 2018; 116:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sartori M, Conti FF, Dias DDS, Dos Santos F, Machi JF, Palomino Z, Casarini DE, Rodrigues B, De Angelis K, Irigoyen MC. Association between Diastolic Dysfunction with Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Females ob/ob Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:572. [PMID: 28878683 PMCID: PMC5572327 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate autonomic and cardiovascular function, as well as inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in ob/ob female mice. Methods: Metabolic parameters, cardiac function, arterial pressure (AP), autonomic, hormonal, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated in 12-weeks female wild-type (WT group) and ob/ob mice (OB group). Results: OB animals showed increased body weight, blood glucose, and triglyceride levels, along with glucose intolerance, when compared to WT animals. Ejection fraction (EF) and AP were similar between groups; however, the OB group presented diastolic dysfunction, as well as an impairment on myocardial performance index. Moreover, the OB group exhibited important autonomic dysfunction and baroreflex sensitivity impairment, when compared to WT group. OB group showed increased Angiotensin II levels in heart and renal tissues; decreased adiponectin and increased inflammatory markers in adipose tissue and spleen. Additionally, OB mice presented a higher damage to proteins and lipoperoxidation and lower activity of antioxidant enzymes in kidney and heart. Correlations were found between autonomic dysfunction with angiotensin II and inflammatory mediators, as well as between inflammation and oxidative stress. Conclusions: Our results showed that female adult ob/ob mice presented discrete diastolic dysfunction accompanied by autonomic disorder, which is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sartori
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe F Conti
- Translational Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Nove de JulhoSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Dos Santos
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline F Machi
- Department of Integrative Immunological Cardiovascular Research, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern UniversityFort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Zaira Palomino
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce E Casarini
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinas, Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Translational Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Nove de JulhoSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria-Claudia Irigoyen
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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Souza HCD, Tezini GCSV. Autonomic Cardiovascular Damage during Post-menopause: the Role of Physical Training. Aging Dis 2013; 4:320-8. [PMID: 24307965 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2013.0400320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Menopause is part of the aging process and is characterized by the natural cessation of menstruation; during this time, the production of ovarian hormones, especially estrogen, is sharply reduced. This reduction can cause symptoms and disorders that affect most women and can interfere with their quality of life. Women are also more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases during this period, considering that these ovarian hormones would be associated with a protective effect on the cardiovascular system, by acting at various levels, contributing to the body homeostasis. Among several effects on the cardiovascular system, the ovarian hormones seem to play an important role in the autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure. A reduction in ovarian hormones causes an autonomic imbalance and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In fact, this increased risk is justified by the key role the autonomic nervous system plays in all cardiac regulatory mechanisms, exerting a tonic and reflexive influence on the main variables of the cardiovascular system. The autonomic system controls various cardiovascular parameters, such as the modulation of heart rate and blood pressure, myocardial contractility and venous capacitance, directly participating in the regulation of cardiac output. Over the years, the standard treatment for menopause symptoms and disorders has been hormone replacement therapy (HRT). However, many studies have indicated the risks of HRT, which justify the need for new non-pharmacological therapies. To this end, physical training, mainly aerobic, has been applied with excellent results on the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system, as it reduces the risk of cardiac diseases and improves the survival rate with direct beneficial effects on the quality of life of these women during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C D Souza
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory of the Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Treadmill Exercise Training Modulates Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism and Circulating PCSK9 Concentration in High-Fat-Fed Mice. J Lipids 2013; 2013:908048. [PMID: 23862065 PMCID: PMC3703876 DOI: 10.1155/2013/908048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a novel biomarker of LDL clearance and a therapeutic target of cardiovascular disease. We examined the effects of aerobic exercise training in modulating PCSK9 abundance and hepatic sterol regulation in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice. Mice (n = 8) were assigned to a low-fat (LF), high-fat (HF), or an HF with exercise (HF + EX) group for 8 weeks. The HF + EX group was progressively trained 5 days/week on a motorized treadmill. The HF + EX group was protected against body weight (BW) gain and diet-induced dyslipidemia compared with the HF group. The HF + EX group demonstrated an increase in hepatic PCSK9 mRNA (1.9-fold of HF control, P < 0.05) and a reduction in plasma PCSK9 (14%) compared with the HF group. Compared with HF mice, HF + EX mice demonstrated reduced hepatic cholesterol (14%) and increased (P < 0.05) nuclear SREBP2 protein (1.8-fold of HF group) and LDLr mRNA (1.4-fold of HF group). Plasma PCSK9 concentrations correlated positively with plasma non-HDL-C (P = 0.01, r = 0.84). Results suggest that treadmill exercise reduces non-HDL cholesterol and differentially modulates hepatic and blood PCSK9 abundance in HF-fed C57BL/6 mice.
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11
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Morvan E, Lima NEA, Machi JF, Mostarda C, De Angelis K, Irigoyen MC, Wichi RB, Rodrigues B, Maifrino LBM. Metabolic, hemodynamic and structural adjustments to low intensity exercise training in a metabolic syndrome model. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:89. [PMID: 23777435 PMCID: PMC3697989 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The increase in fructose consumption is paralleled by a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome, and consequently, cardiovascular disease mortality. We examined the effects of 8 weeks of low intensity exercise training (LET) on metabolic, hemodynamic, ventricular and vascular morphological changes induced by fructose drinking in male rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided into (n = 8 each) control (C), sedentary fructose (F) and ET fructose (FT) groups. Fructose-drinking rats received D-fructose (100 g/l). FT rats were assigned to a treadmill training protocol at low intensity (30% of maximal running speed) during 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Measurements of triglyceride concentrations, white adipose tissue (WAT) and glycemia were carried out together with insulin tolerance test to evaluate metabolic profile. Arterial pressure (AP) signals were directly recorded. Baroreflex sensitivity (BS) was evaluated by the tachycardic and bradycardic responses. Right atria, left ventricle (LV) and ascending aorta were prepared to morphoquantitative analysis. Results LET reduced WAT (−37.7%), triglyceride levels (−33%), systolic AP (−6%), heart weight/body weight (−20.5%), LV (−36%) and aortic (−76%) collagen fibers, aortic intima-media thickness and circumferential wall tension in FT when compared to F rats. Additionally, FT group presented improve of BS, numerical density of atrial natriuretic peptide granules (+42%) and LV capillaries (+25%), as well as the number of elastic lamellae in aorta compared with F group. Conclusions Our data suggest that LET, a widely recommended practice, seems to be particularly effective for preventing metabolic, hemodynamic and morphological disorders triggered by MS.
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Moraes OA, Colucci JA, Souza LE, Scapini KB, Moraes-Silva IC, Mostarda C, De Angelis K, Casarini DE, Irigoyen MC. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in non-obese diabetic mice. Auton Neurosci 2013; 177:143-7. [PMID: 23622812 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is known that diabetes is associated with autonomic dysfunction; however, data about autonomic function in non-obese diabetic mice (NOD) remain scarce. We evaluated the autonomic profile of NOD mice. Female mice, 24-28 week old, were divided in two groups: NOD (n = 6) and control (n = 6, Swiss mice). NOD mice with glycemia ≥ 300 mg/dl were used. Heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial pressure variability (APV) in time and frequency domains, symbolic analysis of heart rate (HR) and baroreflex sensitivity were evaluated. HR and arterial pressure (AP) were similar between the groups; however, HRV (total variance of RR interval: NOD=21.07 ± 3.75 vs. C = 42.02 ± 6.54 ms(2)) and the vagal modulation index RMSSD were lower in NOD group (4.01 ± 0.32 vs. 8.28 ± 0.97 ms). Moreover, the absolute and normalized low-frequency (LF) components were also enhanced in NOD (normalized = 61.0 ± 4.0%) as compared to control mice (normalized = 20.0 ± 4.0%). Both the absolute and normalized high-frequency (HF) components were lower in NOD (normalized = 39.0 ± 4.0%) when compared to the control group (normalized = 80.0 ± 4.0). In the symbolic analysis the 0V pattern, an indication of sympathetic activity, was higher in NOD and 2 LV pattern, an indication of parasympathetic activity, was lower in the NOD than in the control group. Both bradycardic and tachycardic responses were decreased in NOD (3.01 ± 0.72 vs. 4.54 ± 0.36 bpm/mmHg and 2.49 ± 0.31 vs. C = 3.43 ± 0.33 bpm/mmHg) when compared to the control group. Correlation analysis showed negative correlations between vagal indexes (RMSSD, %HF and 2LV) and glycemic levels. In conclusion, NOD mice develop severe diabetes correlated with autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Moraes
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), 44 Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar Avenue, 05403-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil; Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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Flues K, Moraes-Silva IC, Mostarda C, Souza PRM, Diniz GP, Moreira ED, Piratello AC, Chaves MLB, De Angelis K, Salemi VMC, Irigoyen MC, Caldini EG. Cardiac and pulmonary arterial remodeling after sinoaortic denervation in normotensive rats. Auton Neurosci 2011; 166:47-53. [PMID: 22079748 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood pressure variability (BPV) and baroreflex dysfunction may contribute to end-organ damage process. We investigated the effects of baroreceptor deficit (10 weeks after sinoaortic denervation - SAD) on hemodynamic alterations, cardiac and pulmonary remodeling. Cardiac function and morphology of male Wistar intact rats (C) and SAD rats (SAD) (n=8/group) were assessed by echocardiography and collagen quantification. BP was directly recorded. Ventricular hypertrophy was quantified by the ratio of left ventricular weight (LVW) and right ventricular weight (RVW) to body weight (BW). BPV was quantified in the time and frequency domains. The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), alpha-skeletal actin (α-skelectal), collagen type I and type III genes mRNA expression were evaluated by RT-PCR. SAD did not change BP, but increased BPV (11±0.49 vs. 5±0.3 mmHg). As expected, baroreflex was reduced in SAD. Pulmonary artery acceleration time was reduced in SAD. In addition, SAD impaired diastolic function in both LV (6.8±0.26 vs. 5.02±0.21 mmHg) and RV (5.1±0.21 vs. 4.2±0.12 mmHg). SAD increased LVW/BW in 9% and RVW/BW in 20%, and augmented total collagen (3.8-fold in LV, 2.7-fold in RV, and 3.35-fold in pulmonary artery). Also, SAD increased type I (~6-fold) and III (~5-fold) collagen gene expression. Denervation increased ANP expression in LV (75%), in RV (74%) and increased α-skelectal expression in LV (300%) and in RV (546%). Baroreflex function impairment by SAD, despite not changing BP, induced important adjustments in cardiac structure and pulmonary hypertension. These changes may indicate that isolated baroreflex dysfunction can modulate target tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Flues
- Experimental Hypertension Laboratory, Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Flues K, Paulini J, Brito S, Sanches IC, Consolim-Colombo F, Irigoyen MC, De Angelis K. Exercise training associated with estrogen therapy induced cardiovascular benefits after ovarian hormones deprivation. Maturitas 2010; 65:267-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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