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Kuang YY, Xiong MQ, Cai JX. Clinical efficacy of gamma-oryzanol combined with Femoston for perimenopausal syndrome. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:4992-4998. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i22.4992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perimenopausal syndrome (PMS) is a chronic disease associated with estrogen deficiency. Because of the unsatisfactory outcomes of current conventional treatments for this condition, its treatment must be continuously explored and optimized.
AIM To assess the clinical effectiveness of γ-oryzanol in combination with Femoston for PMS.
METHODS A total of 119 patients with PMS were selected from June 2023 to December 2023, which included 59 and 60 patients in the control and observation group, respectively. The control and observation groups were treated with Femoston and γ-oryzanol + Femoston, respectively. Comparative analyses were performed in terms of clinical effectiveness, safety (dizziness and headache, nausea and vomiting, and breast tenderness), sex hormones [estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)], lumbar spine (L1–4) and bilateral femoral bone mineral density (BMD), and sleep quality (sleeping time and frequency of awakenings from sleep).
RESULTS Compared with the control group, the observation group had statistically higher total effective rates of treatment; lower overall incidence of adverse events; higher post-treatment E2 levels and L1–4 and bilateral femoral BMD; and lower LH and FSH levels, sleeping time, and frequency of awakenings from sleep after treatment.
CONCLUSION Therefore, for the treatment of PMS, γ-oryzanol combined with Femoston is significantly better than Femoston alone in terms of clinical effectiveness, exhibiting more pronounced clinical advantages in improving safety, sex hormone levels, BMD, and sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Kuang
- Women's Health Management Center, Jiujiang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min-Qi Xiong
- Women's Health Management Center, Jiujiang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jin-Xia Cai
- Women's Health Management Center, Jiujiang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi Province, China
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Sundell M, Spetz Holm AC, Fredrikson M, Hammar M, Hoffmann M, Brynhildsen J. Pulmonary embolism in menopausal hormone therapy: a population-based register study. Climacteric 2022; 25:615-621. [PMID: 36218141 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2022.2127352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral but not transdermal menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) increases the risk of venous thromboembolism. There is no evidence regarding the risk of the serious complication pulmonary embolism (PE). The aim was to investigate the risk of PE in women using MHT depending on administration route, type of progestin and treatment duration. METHOD The population-based case-control study covered 1,771,253 women aged 40-69 years, during 2006-2015. Diagnoses of PE (n = 13,974) and drug dispensations were received from national validated registers. RESULTS Current MHT users had a higher risk of PE than non-users (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.26). First ever users had the highest risk (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.23-3.50). Transdermal administration was not associated with increased risk of PE. The OR was slightly but non-significantly higher with estrogen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate than with norethisterone acetate. DISCUSSION The risk of PE was significantly increased in users of oral but not transdermal MHT, with the highest risk in first ever users of oral estrogen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate. The risk was considerably lower in women with recurrent treatment, probably because of the healthy user effect. CONCLUSION PE was most common close to initiation of oral treatment. Transdermal MHT did not increase the risk of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Sundell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna-Clara Spetz Holm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Mats Fredrikson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mats Hammar
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hoffmann
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Brynhildsen
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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3
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Ren M, Ruan X, Gu L, Pexman-Fieth C, Kahler E, Yu Q. Ultra-low-dose estradiol and dydrogesterone: a phase III study for vasomotor symptoms in China. Climacteric 2021; 25:286-292. [PMID: 34402360 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1956894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultra-low-dose estradiol plus dydrogesterone for vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women in China (trial registration CTR20160689). METHODS A total of 332 patients were randomized to continuous combined estradiol 0.5 mg + dydrogesterone 2.5 mg or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was change in the number of hot flushes per day from baseline to end of treatment. Secondary efficacy endpoints included change in the number of moderate-to-severe hot flushes per day, menopausal symptoms from baseline and quality of life. RESULTS Between baseline and end of treatment, change in the mean number of hot flushes per day was -5.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 6.6, -5.2) with estradiol + dydrogesterone and -4.5 (95% CI -5.1, -3.8) with placebo, with a mean difference of -1.4 hot flushes per day (95% CI -2.2, -0.7; p < 0.001). Significant differences in favor of estradiol + dydrogesterone were also observed in several secondary efficacy endpoints. The study treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSION Continuous combined estradiol 0.5 mg + dydrogesterone 2.5 mg reduced hot flushes in postmenopausal women in China. This ultra-low-dose regimen provides an additional option for women experiencing the vasomotor symptoms of menopause. These data are consistent with previous results in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - X Ruan
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - L Gu
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - C Pexman-Fieth
- Global Clinical Development, Established Pharmaceuticals Division, Abbott GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - E Kahler
- Global Biometrics, Established Pharmaceuticals Division, Abbott Laboratories GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Q Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Dydrogesterone is an orally active synthetic progestogen, with a molecular structure similar to that of natural progesterone. As dydrogesterone does not inhibit ovulation at standard doses, is devoid of estrogenic or androgenic properties, and does not induce metabolic side effects, it is suitable for use throughout a woman's lifetime, from adolescence to older age, for conditions associated with altered levels of endogenous progesterone. Aside from its well established role as a component of menopausal hormone therapy, dydrogesterone is indicated in younger women for treatment of dysmenorrhea, irregular menstrual cycles, premenstrual syndrome, and threatened or recurrent miscarriage; and is effective as luteal phase support during assisted reproduction techniques. In this narrative review, evidence is examined for use of dydrogesterone across a range of disorders affecting menses and pregnancy. A case study woven into the review illustrates the clinical uses of dydrogesterone during a young woman's journey to become a mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Stute
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinic Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Design, synthesis, and biological activities of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyrazole, pyridine, coumarin and isoxazole: Dydrogesterone derivatives as antitumor agents. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
On the basis of our consideration to design and to develop antitumor activities of heterocyclic compound derivatives, especially in fused ring system, we refer to the possibility of the heterocyclic extension of one of the most important steroid compounds used as a medicinal drug. The reaction of dydrogesterone with each of the malononitrile or ethylcyanoacetate containing elemental sulfur afforded thiophene derivatives 1a,b. Also, dydrogesterone was reacted with a mixture of ethylcyanoacetate–hydrazine, ethylcyanoacetae–urea, or ethylcyanoacetate–thiourea to produce pyrazole derivative 4 and pyrimidine derivatives 5a,b. Thienopyrimidine derivatives 2a–d were introduced from the reaction of thiophene derivatives 1a,b with either phenylisothiocyanate or benzoylisothioyanate. Furthermore, compounds 1a,b were directed toward the reaction with ethylcyanoacetate to produce compounds 6a,b, and the last compounds 6a,b were directed toward cyclization to obtain thienopyridine derivatives 7a,b. In addition, compounds 6a,b were subjected to react with different carbonyl compounds, such as salicylaldehyde, cyclopentanone-elemental sulfur, malonaldehyde, and acetylacetone to produce coumarin derivatives 8a,b, fused thiophene derivatives 9a,b, and pyridine derivatives 10a–d. Isooxazole derivatives 12a,b were afforded through the reaction of compounds 6a,b with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Finally, 2-pyridone derivatives 14a,b were obtained through the reaction of compounds 6a,b with benzoylacetonitrile. Conformation structure of the synthesized compounds was established by applying IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry, and their antitumor activity was examined. Some compounds showed promising growth inhibitory effects on the three different cell lines.
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Stevenson JC, Rozenberg S, Maffei S, Egarter C, Stute P, Römer T. Progestogens as a component of menopausal hormone therapy: the right molecule makes the difference. Drugs Context 2020; 9:dic-2020-10-1. [PMID: 33312219 PMCID: PMC7716720 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2020-10-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimizing menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) requires an awareness of the benefits and risks associated with the available treatments. This narrative review, which is based on the proceedings of an Advisory Board meeting and supplemented by relevant articles identified in literature searches, examines the role of progestogens in MHT, with the aim of providing practical recommendations for prescribing physicians. Progestogens are an essential component of MHT in menopausal women with a uterus to prevent endometrial hyperplasia and reduce the risk of cancer associated with using unopposed estrogen. Progestogens include natural progesterone, dydrogesterone (a stereoisomer of progesterone), and a range of synthetic compounds. Structural differences and varying affinities for other steroid receptors (androgen, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid) confer a unique biological and clinical profile to each progestogen that must be considered during treatment selection. MHT, including the progestogen component, should be tailored to each woman, starting with an estrogen and a progestogen that has the safest profile with respect to breast cancer and cardiovascular effects, while addressing patient-specific needs, risk factors, and treatment goals. Micronized progesterone and dydrogesterone appear to be the safest options, with lower associated cardiovascular, thromboembolic, and breast cancer risks compared with other progestogens, and are the first-choice options for use in ‘special situations,’ such as in women with high-density breast tissue, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and risk factors for venous thromboembolism, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Stevenson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Serge Rozenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU St Pierre, Laboratoire de santé génésique Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Silvia Maffei
- Cardiovascular Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Cardiovascular Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Italian National Research Council - Regione Toscana 'G. Monasterio Foundation', Pisa, Italy
| | - Christian Egarter
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Stute
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Women's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Römer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Evangelisches Klinikum Weyertal gGmbH, Academic Hospital, University of Cologne, Germany
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Tsiligiannis S, Wick-Urban BC, van der Stam J, Stevenson JC. Efficacy and safety of a low-dose continuous combined hormone replacement therapy with 0.5 mg 17β-estradiol and 2.5 mg dydrogesterone in subgroups of postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms. Maturitas 2020; 139:20-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Anagnostis P, Paschou SA, Katsiki N, Krikidis D, Lambrinoudaki I, Goulis DG. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Risk: Where are we Now? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 17:564-572. [PMID: 29984659 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180709095348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transition to menopause is associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, mainly attributed to lipid and glucose metabolism dysregulation, as well as to body fat redistribution, leading to abdominal obesity. Indeed, epidemiological evidence suggests that both early menopause (EM, defined as age at menopause <45 years) and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI, defined as age at menopause <40 years) are associated with 1.5-2-fold increase in CVD risk. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) exerts a favorable effect on CVD risk factors (with subtle differences regarding oestrogen dose, route of administration, monotherapy or combination with progestogen and type of progestogen). Concerning CVD morbidity and mortality, most studies have shown a beneficial effect of MHT in women at early menopausal age (<10 years since the final menstrual period) or younger than 60 years. MHT is strongly recommended in women with EM and POI, as these women, if left untreated, are at risk of CVD, osteoporosis, dementia, depression and premature death. MHT has also a favorable benefit/ risk profile in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women, provided that the patient is not at a high CVD risk (as assessed by 10-year calculation tools). Transdermal oestrogens have a lower risk of thrombosis compared with oral regimens. Concerning progestogens, natural progesterone and dydrogesterone have a neutral effect on CVD risk factors. In any case, the decision for MHT should be individualized, tailored according to the symptoms, patient preference and the risk of CVD, thrombotic episodes and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Anagnostis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, "Aghia Sophia" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Katsiki
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, "Hippokration General Hospital", Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Krikidis
- 2nd Cardiology Department, "Hippokration General Hospital", Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irene Lambrinoudaki
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Jiang YX, Shi WJ, Ma DD, Zhang JN, Ying GG, Zhang H, Ong CN. Dydrogesterone exposure induces zebrafish ovulation but leads to oocytes over-ripening: An integrated histological and metabolomics study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 128:390-398. [PMID: 31078873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dydrogesterone (DDG) is a synthetic progestin widely used in numerous gynecological diseases. DDG has been shown to disturb fish reproduction, however, the mechanism is still unclear. Here we studied the histological changes and differences of metabolome between exposed and control fish gonads after exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to 2.8, 27.6, and 289.8 ng/L DDG until sexual maturity for a total of 140 days. Dydrogesterone exposure led to male-biased zebrafish sex ratios. Histological examination revealed that DDG induced postovulatory follicles and atretic follicles in the ovary of the female fish. Postovulatory follicles indicated the occurrence of ovulation. DDG also increased spermatids and spermatozoa in the male fish testis, suggesting promotion of spermatogenesis. Ovarian metabolome showed that DDG increased the concentrations of free amino acids, urea, putrescine, free fatty acids, acylcarnitines, lysophospholipids, and other metabolites catabolized from phospholipids. Most of these metabolites are biodegradation products of proteins and lipids, suggesting the existence of ovulated oocytes over-ripening. Further, DDG upregulated arachidonic acid (AA) and its 5‑lipoxygenase (5-LOX) metabolites 5‑oxo‑6,8,11,14‑eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) in the ovary, which could lead to suppression of AA cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolite prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). It is believed that AA induced oocyte maturation, while 5-oxo-ETE and related metabolites in purinergic signaling promoted ovulation. Whereas, the suppression of PGF2α production might block spawning and damaged follicular tissue digestion, which explained the oocytes over-ripening and atretic follicles in the treated ovary. Overall, our results suggested that DDG exposure induced zebrafish oocyte maturation and ovulation but led to oocytes over-ripening via the AA metabolic pathway and purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong-Dong Ma
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Choon-Nam Ong
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117547, Singapore.
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Griesinger G, Blockeel C, Tournaye H. Oral dydrogesterone for luteal phase support in fresh in vitro fertilization cycles: a new standard? Fertil Steril 2018; 109:756-762. [PMID: 29778368 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oral dydrogesterone has been used for luteal phase support on an empirical basis since the early days of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. Systematic comparisons of oral dydrogesterone with vaginal progesterone, so far considered to be the standard of care, started to appear in the middle 2000s. Recently, a large, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy phase III trial on the use of daily 30 mg oral dydrogesterone versus daily 600 mg micronized vaginal progesterone for LPS in IVF was published. This company-sponsored trial confirmed the efficacy findings from previous independent researchers and firmly established the noninferiority of daily 30 mg oral dydrogesterone for luteal phase support. Despite oral administration and first pass through the liver, dydrogesterone was as well tolerated as vaginal progesterone in safety analyses. Moreover, no new fetal safety concerns have arisen from that trial. Given the widespread preference of women for an oral compound, dydrogesterone may well become the new standard for luteal phase support in fresh embryo transfer IVF cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Griesinger
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Christophe Blockeel
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman Tournaye
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Effects of the Hormone Replacement Therapy and of Soy Isoflavones on Bone Resorption in Postmenopause. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100297. [PMID: 30248918 PMCID: PMC6210155 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common form of osteoporosis and one of the major public health problems in developed countries. The prevalence of this condition, associated with the physiological stage of menopause, is continuously increasing. This study evaluated the effectiveness of soy isoflavones as compared to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in low doses, on the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, by determining bone mineral density (BMD) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (D-pyr) in physiological postmenopausal women. The study was conducted over a period of 12 months, on three parallel groups, which included a total of 325 postmenopausal women (HRT group: n = 95; phytoestrogens group: n = 124; control group: n = 106). At the one-year evaluation, we observed T-score normalization in a small number of cases (5.26%, 2.42% and 0.00%, respectively). The average values of D-Pyr decreased by 11.38% in the group treated with phytoestrogens (p < 0.05) and by 15.32% in the group that followed HRT (p < 0.05); it increased by 4.38% in the control group (p > 0.05). Both therapies have beneficial effects on bone metabolism, leading to a significant decrease in the evolution of bone resorption and there are no major differences between the efficacy of HRT and phytoestrogens in terms of the effects on BMD and bone resorption.
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12
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Pharmacodynamic effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in postmenopausal women: results from a multiple-rising-dose study. Menopause 2018; 24:677-685. [PMID: 28169916 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estetrol (E4) is an estrogen produced exclusively by the human fetal liver during pregnancy. In this study the pharmacodynamic effects of escalating doses of E4 in postmenopausal women were investigated. METHODS This was a partly randomized, open-label, multiple-rising-dose study in 49 postmenopausal women. Participants were randomized to receive either 2 mg E4 or 2 mg estradiol-valerate (E2 V) for 28 days. Subsequent dose-escalation groups were (non-randomized): 10, 20 and 40 mg E4. Blood samples were collected regularly for measuring endocrine and hemostasis variables, lipids and lipoproteins, fasting glucose and bone turnover markers. RESULTS Estetrol treatment resulted in a decrease of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and an increase of sex-hormone binding globulin. Changes in hemostasis variables were small. A lowering effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was accompanied with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and no or minimal changes in triglycerides. The considerable decrease in osteocalcin levels in the three highest E4 dose groups and the small decrease in C-telopeptide levels were comparable to the E2 V control group and suggest a preventive effect on bone loss. All changes observed were dose-dependent. CONCLUSIONS In this study, estetrol treatment showed dose-dependent estrogenic effects on endocrine parameters, bone turnover markers, and lipids and lipoproteins. The effect on triglycerides was small as were the effects on hemostatic variables. These results support the further investigation of estetrol as a candidate for hormone therapy. Quantitatively, the effects of 10 mg estetrol were similar to the study comparator 2 mg estradiol valerate.
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13
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Chen JT, Kotani K. Different Effects of Oral Contraceptive and Dydrogesterone Treatment on Oxidative Stress Levels in Premenopausal Women. J Clin Med Res 2017; 10:146-153. [PMID: 29317960 PMCID: PMC5755654 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3307w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to observe the changes in blood oxidative stress levels by oral contraceptive (OC) and/or dydrogesterone (DG) treatment. Methods A retrospective cohort of 27 premenopausal women with primary dysmenorrhea consisted of the OC treatment group (N = 17) and the DG treatment group (N = 10) by choice of the initial treatment. The OC group included two subgroups: patients with continuous OC treatment (treated for at least 15 months, N = 10) and patients with discontinuous OC treatment (switched to DG treatment after approximately 6 months of initial OC treatment: N = 7). The DG group had 15 months of continuous DG treatment. Blood parameters, including diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs: an oxidative stress marker), were measured. Results The d-ROMs level was elevated in the OC group 3 months after initial treatment (mean: from 321 (at baseline) to 512 Carratelli Units (Carr U); P < 0.01), while such changes were not observed in the DG group. The d-ROMs level was reduced in the discontinuous OC subgroup 15 months after initial treatment (from 508 (3 months after initial treatment) to 372 Carr U; P < 0.01), while such changes were not observed in the continuous OC subgroup. The DG group displayed unchanged the d-ROMs level. Conclusion Replacing OC with DG can attenuate oxidative stress as elevated by OC, thereby alleviating the possible vascular risks with OC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Jeong SY, Kang S, Hua CS, Ting Z, Park S. Synbiotic effects of β-glucans from cauliflower mushroom and Lactobacillus fermentum on metabolic changes and gut microbiome in estrogen-deficient rats. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:31. [PMID: 29151980 PMCID: PMC5679333 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background We investigated whether the long-term consumption of a symbiotic formulation with Lactobacillus fermentum (probiotic) and β-glucan from cauliflower mushroom (prebiotic) would delay the progression of post-menopausal symptoms in ovariectomized (OVX) rats and explored their mechanisms of action, including changes in gut microbiota. Methods OVX rats were fed with high-fat diets containing 1% dextrin (control), 1% lyophilized cauliflower mushroom extract (CFM), 0.1% L. fermentum JS (LFE), 1% CFM plus 0.1% LFE (CFLF), or 30 μg 17β-estradiol/kg body weight (positive-control) for 8 weeks. Results CFM contained 95.8% β-glucans. OVX increased the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the large intestines. Only CFLF lowered tail skin temperature without increasing serum 17β-estradiol and uterine index. Visceral fat mass was lower in CFLF and positive-control groups by increasing daily energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Dyslipidemia induced by OVX was improved by CFM and CFLF as much as in the positive-control group. Homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin resistance was lower in CFLF than in the positive-control. Hepatic insulin signaling (pAkt➔GSK-3β) was potentiated in the ascending order of the control, LFE, CFM, CFLF, and positive-control. AMPK phosphorylation showed similar patterns of hepatic insulin signaling but LFE increased it more than CFM. The changes in gut microbiota were prevented by CFLF in OVX rats, and the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the CFLF was similar to the positive-control group. Conclusion OVX changed gut microbiota and was associated with menopausal symptoms; however, the synbiotics, CFM and LFE, prevented menopausal symptoms and improved the gut microbiota in estrogen-deficient rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Yeop Jeong
- Department of R&D, Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, Sunchang, South Korea
| | - Suna Kang
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do 336-795 South Korea
| | - Cao Shi Hua
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do 336-795 South Korea
| | - Zhang Ting
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do 336-795 South Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do 336-795 South Korea
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15
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To the Editor:. Menopause 2017; 24:471. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Chew F, Wu X. Sources of information influencing the state-of-the-science gap in hormone replacement therapy usage. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171189. [PMID: 28158240 PMCID: PMC5291391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Medical reviews and research comprise a key information source for news media stories on medical therapies and innovations as well as for physicians in updating their practice. The present study examined medical review journal articles, physician surveys and news media coverage of hormone replacement therapy (HT) to assess the relationship between the three information sources and whether/if they contributed to a state-of-the-science gap (a condition when the evaluation of a medical condition or therapy ascertained by the highest standards of investigation is incongruent with the science-in-practice such as physician recommendations and patient actions). Methods We content-analyzed 177 randomly sampled HT medical reviews between 2002 and 2014, and HT news valence in three major TV networks, newspapers and magazines/internet sites in 2002–2003, 2008–2009 and 2012–14. The focus in both analyses was whether HT benefits outweighed risks, risks outweighed benefits or both risks and benefits were presented. We also qualitatively content-analyzed all 19 surveys of US physicians’ HT recommendations from 2002 to 2009, and 2012 to 2014. Results Medical reviews yielded a mixed picture about HT (40.1% benefits, 26.0% risks, and 33.9% both benefits and risks). While a majority of physician surveys were pro-HT 10/19), eight showed varied attitudes and one was negative. Newspaper and television coverage reflected a pro and con balance while magazine stories were more positive in the later reporting period. Conclusion Medical journal review articles, physicians, and media reports all provide varying view points towards hormone therapy use thus leading to limited knowledge about the actual risks and benefits of HT among peri- and menopausal women and a state-of-the-science gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Chew
- S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xianwei Wu
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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17
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Progestogens in menopausal hormone therapy. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2015; 14:134-43. [PMID: 26327902 PMCID: PMC4498031 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2015.52154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Progestogens share one common effect: the ability to convert proliferative endometrium to its secretory form. In contrast, their biological activity is varied, depending on the chemical structure, pharmacokinetics, receptor affinity and different potency of action. Progestogens are widely used in the treatment of menstrual cycle disturbances, various gynaecological conditions, contraception and menopausal hormone therapy. The administration of progestogen in menopausal hormone therapy is essential in women with an intact uterus to protect against endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. Progestogen selection should be based on the characteristics available for each progestogen type, relying on the assessment of relative potency of action in experimental models and animal models, and on the indirect knowledge brought by studies of the clinical use of different progestogen formulations. The choice of progestogen should involve the conscious use of knowledge of its benefits, with a focus on minimizing potential side effects. Unfortunately, there are no direct clinical studies comparing the metabolic effects of different progestogens.
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Liu J, Lin H, Huang Y, Liu Y, Wang B, Su F. Cognitive effects of long-term dydrogesterone treatment used alone or with estrogen on rat menopausal models of different ages. Neuroscience 2015; 290:103-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu H, Huang H, Li B, Wu D, Wang F, Zheng XH, Chen Q, Wu B, Fan X. Olive oil in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis after artificial menopause. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:2087-95. [PMID: 25506212 PMCID: PMC4259560 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s72006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The goal of this study was to investigate the anti-osteoporosis effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) in vivo, and explore its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties in Sprague Dawley rats and its anticancer properties in patients. Materials and methods A total of 120 healthy female Sprague Dawley rats aged 6 months were divided into four groups: 1) sham-operated control (Sham group, n=30); 2) ovariectomized (OVX group, n=30); 3) ovariectomized rats supplemented with EVOO (OVX + Olive, n=30); 4) ovariectomized rats supplemented with estrogen (OVX + E2, n=30). EVOO and estrogen were administered by oral gavage at a dose of 1 mL/100 g weight on a daily basis for 12 consecutive weeks. Twelve weeks later blood samples were obtained to detect the levels of calcium, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, interleukin-6 (IL-6), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and nitrate content. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometer measured bone mineral density (BMD) of ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats that had been fed olive oil for 3 months. Blood samples from patients, who regularly consumed olive oil over a 1 year period were also used to measure carbohydrate antigen 125, carcino-embryonic antigen, α-fetoprotein, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels. BMD of lumbar spine and left femur was also evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results Animal experiments showed that EVOO significantly increased BMD and decreased phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, IL-6, MDA, and nitrate levels. However, it had no significant effect on the Ca2+ level. In clinical follow-up, EVOO also improved patient BMD levels on L3, L4, and left femoral neck, and reduced carbohydrate antigen 125, α-fetoprotein, and carcino-embryonic antigen levels. But it had no significant effect on the carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level. Conclusion EVOO illustrated significant anti-osteoporosis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties in vivo. However, further studies are required to determine the active component(s) responsible for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Boheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao hua Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Bifang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Tella SH, Gallagher JC. Prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 142:155-70. [PMID: 24176761 PMCID: PMC4187361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the beginning, that is from the 1960's, when a link between menopause and osteoporosis was first identified; estrogen treatment was the standard for preventing bone loss, however there was no fracture data, even though it was thought to be effective. This continued until the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study in 2001 that published data on 6 years of treatment with hormone therapy that showed an increase in heart attacks and breast cancer. Even though the risks were small, 1 per 1500 users annually, patients were worried and there was a large drop off in estrogen use. In later analyses the WHI study showed that estrogen reduced fractures and actually prevented heart attacks in the 50-60 year age group. Estrogen alone appeared to be safer to use than estrogen+the progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate and actually reduced breast cancer. At the same time other drugs were being developed for bone that belong to the bisphosphonate group and the first generation of compounds showed moderate potency on bone resorption. The second and third generation compounds were much more potent and in a series of large trials were shown to reduce fractures. For the last 15 years the treatment of osteoporosis belonged to the bisphosphonate compounds, most of which reduce fracture rates by 50 percent. With the exception of gastrointestinal irritation the drugs are well tolerated and highly effective. The sophistication of the delivery systems now allow treatment that can be given daily, weekly, monthly and annually either orally or intravenously. Bone remodeling is a dynamic process that repairs microfractures and replaces old bone with new bone. In the last 10 years there has been a remarkable understanding of bone biology so that new therapies can be specifically designed on a biological basis. The realization that RANKL was the final cytokine involved in the resorption process and that marrow cells produced a natural antagonist called Osteoprotegerin (OPG) quickly led to two lines of therapy. First OPG was used as a therapy to block RANKL was initially successful but later antibodies against OPG developed and this line of treatment had to be discontinued. The next step was to develop a monoclonal antibody against RANKL and this proved to be highly effective in blocking bone resorption. It led to development of a drug Denosumab that successfully reduces fractures and is now one of the therapeutic options for osteoporosis treatment. On the anabolic side bone biology research showed that osteocytes produces sclerostin an inhibitor of the anabolic WNT signaling pathway. Recent development of a monoclonal antibody against sclerostin has shown remarkable anabolic activity in bone showing large increases in bone density and fracture trials are now underway. The newer treatments for osteoporosis are likely to be based on our understanding of bone biology and the design of new highly specific compounds with fewer side effects. This review summarizes the diagnosis of postmenopausal osteoporosis and various available non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies available for its management. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Menopause'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Harsha Tella
- Internal Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, 601 N 30th Street, Suite 6718, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - J Christopher Gallagher
- Department of Endocrinology, Creighton University School of Medicine, 601 N 30th Street, Suite 6718, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
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