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Friedrich RP, Cicha I, Alexiou C. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092337. [PMID: 34578651 PMCID: PMC8466586 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many promising nanotechnological approaches to biomedical research have been developed in order to increase implementation of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering in clinical practice. In the meantime, the use of nanomaterials for the regeneration of diseased or injured tissues is considered advantageous in most areas of medicine. In particular, for the treatment of cardiovascular, osteochondral and neurological defects, but also for the recovery of functions of other organs such as kidney, liver, pancreas, bladder, urethra and for wound healing, nanomaterials are increasingly being developed that serve as scaffolds, mimic the extracellular matrix and promote adhesion or differentiation of cells. This review focuses on the latest developments in regenerative medicine, in which iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) play a crucial role for tissue engineering and cell therapy. IONPs are not only enabling the use of non-invasive observation methods to monitor the therapy, but can also accelerate and enhance regeneration, either thanks to their inherent magnetic properties or by functionalization with bioactive or therapeutic compounds, such as drugs, enzymes and growth factors. In addition, the presence of magnetic fields can direct IONP-labeled cells specifically to the site of action or induce cell differentiation into a specific cell type through mechanotransduction.
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A Novel Research Technology to Explore the Mystery of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Optogenetics. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6613368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining increasing popularity worldwide for the function of health promotion and adjuvant therapy. However, the world's understanding of TCM is far from enough, which seriously limits the modernization and internationalization of TCM. Therefore, modern and efficient analytical methods are urgently needed to understand the mechanism of TCM. Optogenetics is one of the most prevalent technologies in the 21st century and has been used to explore life science, especially neuroscience. It already has had great influences in the study of neural circuits and animal models of mental diseases and was named “Method of the Year” by the Nature Methods journal in 2010. Increased interests occurred in the applications of optogenetics to explore a myriad of medical and mental health disorders. However, it has not so far been noticed by TCM researchers. We elaborated on an idea that introducing this technique into the field of TCM research to improve diagnosis, treatments, and evaluating the therapeutic effects. In this review, we made a systematic prospect in the theory, feasibility, and application of TCM optogenetics. We mainly focused on applying optogenetic methodologies to make a more comprehensive understanding of TCM.
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G. P, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S. Challenges in nonparenteral nanomedicine therapy. THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF NONPARENTERAL NANOMEDICINES 2021. [PMCID: PMC7499062 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820466-5.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sahle FF, Kim S, Niloy KK, Tahia F, Fili CV, Cooper E, Hamilton DJ, Lowe TL. Nanotechnology in regenerative ophthalmology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:290-307. [PMID: 31707052 PMCID: PMC7474549 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, regenerative medicine is gaining momentum and is giving hopes for restoring function of diseased, damaged, and aged tissues and organs and nanotechnology is serving as a catalyst. In the ophthalmology field, various types of allogenic and autologous stem cells have been investigated to treat some ocular diseases due to age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and corneal and lens traumas. Nanomaterials have been utilized directly as nanoscaffolds for these stem cells to promote their adhesion, proliferation and differentiation or indirectly as vectors for various genes, tissue growth factors, cytokines and immunosuppressants to facilitate cell reprogramming or ocular tissue regeneration. In this review, we reviewed various nanomaterials used for retina, cornea, and lens regenerations, and discussed the current status and future perspectives of nanotechnology in tracking cells in the eye and personalized regenerative ophthalmology. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensive and timely insights on the emerging field of nanotechnology for ocular tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Feleke Sahle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sangyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kumar Kulldeep Niloy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Faiza Tahia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Cameron V Fili
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Emily Cooper
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - David J Hamilton
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Tao L Lowe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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LaVail MM, Nishikawa S, Steinberg RH, Naash MI, Duncan JL, Trautmann N, Matthes MT, Yasumura D, Lau-Villacorta C, Chen J, Peterson WM, Yang H, Flannery JG. Phenotypic characterization of P23H and S334ter rhodopsin transgenic rat models of inherited retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2018; 167:56-90. [PMID: 29122605 PMCID: PMC5811379 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We produced 8 lines of transgenic (Tg) rats expressing one of two different rhodopsin mutations in albino Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Three lines were generated with a proline to histidine substitution at codon 23 (P23H), the most common autosomal dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa in the United States. Five lines were generated with a termination codon at position 334 (S334ter), resulting in a C-terminal truncated opsin protein lacking the last 15 amino acid residues and containing all of the phosphorylation sites involved in rhodopsin deactivation, as well as the terminal QVAPA residues important for rhodopsin deactivation and trafficking. The rates of photoreceptor (PR) degeneration in these models vary in proportion to the ratio of mutant to wild-type rhodopsin. The models have been widely studied, but many aspects of their phenotypes have not been described. Here we present a comprehensive study of the 8 Tg lines, including the time course of PR degeneration from the onset to one year of age, retinal structure by light and electron microscopy (EM), hemispheric asymmetry and gradients of rod and cone degeneration, rhodopsin content, gene dosage effect, rapid activation and invasion of the outer retina by presumptive microglia, rod outer segment disc shedding and phagocytosis by the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), and retinal function by the electroretinogram (ERG). The biphasic nature of PR cell death was noted, as was the lack of an injury-induced protective response in the rat models. EM analysis revealed the accumulation of submicron vesicular structures in the interphotoreceptor space during the peak period of PR outer segment degeneration in the S334ter lines. This is likely due to the elimination of the trafficking consensus domain as seen before as with other rhodopsin mutants lacking the C-terminal QVAPA. The 8 rhodopsin Tg lines have been, and will continue to be, extremely useful models for the experimental study of inherited retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M LaVail
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Shimpei Nishikawa
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Roy H Steinberg
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA
| | - Muna I Naash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd., Room 2011, Houston, TX 77204-5060, USA.
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Nikolaus Trautmann
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Michael T Matthes
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Douglas Yasumura
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA
| | - Cathy Lau-Villacorta
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Jeannie Chen
- Zilka Neurogenetic Institute, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2821, USA.
| | - Ward M Peterson
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Haidong Yang
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - John G Flannery
- School of Optometry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA.
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Levin LA, Miller JW, Zack DJ, Friedlander M, Smith LEH. Special Commentary: Early Clinical Development of Cell Replacement Therapy: Considerations for the National Eye Institute Audacious Goals Initiative. Ophthalmology 2017; 124:926-934. [PMID: 28365209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Eye Institute launched the Audacious Goals Initiative (AGI) in 2013 with the aim "to restore vision through the regeneration of neurons and neural connections in the eye and visual system." An AGI Town Hall held at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting in 2016 brought together basic, translational, and clinical scientists to address the clinical implications of the AGI, with a particular emphasis on diseases amenable to regenerative medicine and strategies to deal with barriers to progess. An example of such a barrier is that replacement of lost neurons may be insufficient because damage to other neurons and non-neuronal cells is common in retinal and optic nerve disease. Reparative processes such as gliosis and fibrosis also can make it difficult to replenish and regenerate neurons. Other issues include choice of animal models, selecting appropriate endpoints, ethics of informed consent, and regulatory issues. Another area critical to next steps in the AGI is the choice of target diseases and the stage at which early development studies should be focused. For example, an advantage of doing clinical trials in patients with early disease is that supporting cellular and structural constituents are still likely to be present. However, regenerative studies in patients with late disease make it easier to detect the effects of replacement therapy against the background of severe visual loss, whereas it may be harder to detect incremental improvement in visual function in those with early disease and considerable remaining visual function. Achieving the goals of the AGI also requires preclinical advances, new imaging techniques, and optimizing translational issues. The work of the AGI is expected to take at least 10 years but should eventually result in therapies to restore some degree of vision to the blind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | - Joan W Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donald J Zack
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin Friedlander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California; The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Liu H, Zhao M, Wang J, Pang M, Wu Z, Zhao L, Yin Z, Hong Z. Photodynamic therapy of tumors with pyropheophorbide- a-loaded polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4905-4918. [PMID: 27729788 PMCID: PMC5045903 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s112541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has many advantages in treating cancers, but the lack of ideal photosensitizers continues to be a major limitation restricting the clinical utility of PDT. This study aimed to overcome this obstacle by generating pyropheophorbide-a-loaded polyethylene glycol–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs) for efficient tumor-targeted PDT. The fabricated NPs were efficiently internalized in the mitochondrion by cancer cells, and they efficiently killed cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner when activated with light. Systemically delivered NPs were highly enriched in tumor sites, and completely ablated the tumors in a xenograft KB tumor mouse model when illuminated with 680 nm light (156 mW/cm2, 10 minutes). The results suggested that this tumor-specific NP-delivery system for pyropheophorbide-a has the potential to be used in tumor-targeted PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin
| | - Mei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin
| | - Mingpei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin
| | - Zhenzhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin
| | - Liqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin
| | - Zhinan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin; Biomedical Translational Research Institute, International Immunology Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin
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Liu MM, Dai JM, Liu WY, Zhao CJ, Lin B, Yin ZQ. Human melanopsin-AAV2/8 transfection to retina transiently restores visual function in rd1 mice. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:655-61. [PMID: 27275417 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.05.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore whether ectopic expression of human melanopsin can effectively and safely restore visual function in rd1 mice. METHODS Hematoxylin-eosin staining of retinal sections from rd1 mice was used to detect the thickness of the outer nuclear layer to determine the timing of surgery. We constructed a human melanopsin-AAV2/8 viral vector and injected it into the subretinal space of rd1 mice. The Phoenix Micron IV system was used to exclude the aborted injections, and immunohistochemistry was used to validate the ectopic expression of human melanopsin. Furthermore, visual electrophysiology and behavioral tests were used to detect visual function 30 and 45d after the injection. The structure of the retina was compared between the human melanopsin-injected group and phosphate buffer saline (PBS)-injected group. RESULTS Retinas of rd1 mice lost almost all of their photoreceptors on postnatal day 28 (P28). We therefore injected the human melanopsin-adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/8 viral vector into P30 rd1 mice. After excluding aborted injections, we used immunohistochemistry of the whole mount retina to confirm the ectopic expression of human melanopsin by co-expression of human melanopsin and YFP that was carried by a viral vector. At 30d post-injection, visual electrophysiology and the behavioral test significantly improved. However, restoration of vision disappeared 45d after human melanopsin injection. Notably, human melanopsin-injected mice did not show any structural differences in their retinas compared with PBS-injected mice. CONCLUSION Ectopic expression of human melanopsin effectively and safely restores visual function in rd1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Liu
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jia-Man Dai
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wen-Yi Liu
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Cong-Jian Zhao
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bin Lin
- Departments of Anatomy and Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 200131, China
| | - Zheng-Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
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Liu M, Dai J, Liu W, Zhao C, Yin ZQ. Overexpression of melanopsin in the retina restores visual function in Royal College of Surgeons rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:321-6. [PMID: 26572076 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a pathological condition leading to progressive visual decline resulting from continual loss of photoreceptor cells and outer nuclear layers of the retina. The aim of the present study was to explore whether melanopsin was able to restore retinal function and inhibit its degeneration by acting in a similar manner to channel rhodopsins. Royal College of Surgeons rats, which were used as an animal model of inherited retinal degeneration, were subjected to sub-retinal injection with melanopsin overexpression vector (AV‑OPN4‑GFP). Immunohistochemical and western blot analyses were used to detect the distribution and protein expression of melanopsin in the retina, revealing that melanopsin was gradually reduced with increasing age of the rats, which was due to loss of dendritic axons of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Animals injected into both eyes were subjected to a behavioral open-field test, revealing that melanopsin overexpression reduced the loss of light sensitivity of the rats. In a flash electroretinography experiment, the b‑wave and response to light flash stimuli at three and five weeks following injection with AV‑OPN4‑GFP were higher compared to those in eyes injected with AV‑GFP (P<0.05). In conclusion, the present study showed that during retinal degeneration, the expression of melanopsin was significantly decreased, while vector-mediated overexpression of melanopsin delayed the loss of visual function in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jiaman Dai
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Wenyi Liu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Chongjian Zhao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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Cetinel S, Montemagno C. Nanotechnology for the Prevention and Treatment of Cataract. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2015; 4:381-7. [PMID: 26716434 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article was to review recent advances in the applications of nanotechnology in cataract treatment and prevention strategies. DESIGN A literature review on the use of nanotechnology for the prevention and treatment of cataract was done. METHODS Research articles about nanotechnology-based treatments and prevention technologies for cataract were searched on Web of Science, and the most recent advances were reported. RESULTS Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, natural antioxidants, biologic and chemical chaperones, and chaperones such as molecules have found great application in preventing and treating cataracts. Current scientific research on new treatment strategies, which focuses on the biochemical basis of the disease, will likely result in new anticataract agents. However, none of the drug formulations will be approved for use unless efficient delivery is promised. Nanoparticle engineering together with biomimetic strategies enable the development of next-generation, more efficient, less complex, and personalized treatments. CONCLUSIONS The only currently available treatment for cataracts, surgical replacement of the opacified lens, is not an easily accessible option in developing countries. New treatment strategies based on topical drugs would enable treatment to reach massive populations facing the threat of blindness and more effectively deal with the postsurgical complications. Nanotechnology plays a key role in improving drug delivery systems with enhanced controlled release, targeted delivery, and bioavailability to overcome diffusion limitations in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Cetinel
- From the *Chemical and Materials Engineering and †Ingenuity Lab, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Raykova K, Jones MV, Huang H, Hoffman PF, Levy M. Minimally-invasive Technique for Injection into Rat Optic Nerve. J Vis Exp 2015:e52249. [PMID: 26068024 DOI: 10.3791/52249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat optic nerve is a useful model for stem cell regeneration research. Direct injection into the rat optic nerve allows delivery into the central nervous system in a minimally-invasive surgery without bone removal. This technique describes an approach to visualization and direct injection of the optic nerve following minor fascial dissection from the orbital ridge, using a conjunctival traction suture to gently pull the eye down and out. Representative examples of an injected optic nerve show successful injection of dyed beads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hwa Huang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University
| | | | - Michael Levy
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University;
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12
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Nanomedicine approaches for corneal diseases. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:277-98. [PMID: 25941990 PMCID: PMC4493512 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal diseases are the third leading cause of blindness globally. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, antibiotics and tissue transplantation are currently used to treat corneal pathological conditions. However, barrier properties of the ocular surface necessitate high concentration of the drugs applied in the eye repeatedly. This often results in poor efficacy and several side-effects. Nanoparticle-based molecular medicine seeks to overcome these limitations by enhancing the permeability and pharmacological properties of the drugs. The promise of nanomedicine approaches for treating corneal defects and restoring vision without side effects in preclinical animal studies has been demonstrated. Numerous polymeric, metallic and hybrid nanoparticles capable of transporting genes into desired corneal cells to intercept pathologic pathways and processes leading to blindness have been identified. This review provides an overview of corneal diseases, nanovector properties and their applications in drug-delivery and corneal disease management.
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Mallory GW, Grahn PJ, Hachmann JT, Lujan JL, Lee KH. Optical stimulation for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90:300-7. [PMID: 25659246 PMCID: PMC4339262 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury can be defined as a loss of communication between the brain and the body due to disrupted pathways within the spinal cord. Although many promising molecular strategies have emerged to reduce secondary injury and promote axonal regrowth, there is still no effective cure, and recovery of function remains limited. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) represents a strategy developed to restore motor function without the need for regenerating severed spinal pathways. Despite its technological success, however, FES has not been widely integrated into the lives of spinal cord injury survivors. In this review, we briefly discuss the limitations of existing FES technologies. Additionally, we discuss how optogenetics, a rapidly evolving technique used primarily to investigate select neuronal populations within the brain, may eventually be used to replace FES as a form of therapy for functional restoration after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Mallory
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Peter J Grahn
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jan T Hachmann
- School of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer Feld, Bergheim, Germany
| | - J Luis Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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Chaudhury K, Kumar V, Kandasamy J, RoyChoudhury S. Regenerative nanomedicine: current perspectives and future directions. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4153-67. [PMID: 25214780 PMCID: PMC4159316 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s45332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has considerably accelerated the growth of regenerative medicine in recent years. Application of nanotechnology in regenerative medicine has revolutionized the designing of grafts and scaffolds which has resulted in new grafts/scaffold systems having significantly enhanced cellular and tissue regenerative properties. Since the cell–cell and cell-matrix interaction in biological systems takes place at the nanoscale level, the application of nanotechnology gives an edge in modifying the cellular function and/or matrix function in a more desired way to mimic the native tissue/organ. In this review, we focus on the nanotechnology-based recent advances and trends in regenerative medicine and discussed under individual organ systems including bone, cartilage, nerve, skin, teeth, myocardium, liver and eye. Recent studies that are related to the design of various types of nanostructured scaffolds and incorporation of nanomaterials into the matrices are reported. We have also documented reports where these materials and matrices have been compared for their better biocompatibility and efficacy in supporting the damaged tissue. In addition to the recent developments, future directions and possible challenges in translating the findings from bench to bedside are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Vishu Kumar
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayaprakash Kandasamy
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav RoyChoudhury
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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15
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Sharaf MG, Cetinel S, Heckler L, Damji K, Unsworth L, Montemagno C. Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Ophthalmology Applications: Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2014; 3:172-80. [PMID: 26107588 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article was to review recent advances in applications of nanotechnology in ophthalmology. DESIGN Literature review. METHODS Research articles about nanotechnology-based treatments for particular eye diseases and diagnostic technologies were searched through Web of Science, and the most recent advances were reported. RESULTS Nanotechnology enabled to improve drug and gene delivery systems, medicine solubility and short half-life in biological systems, controlled release, targeted delivery, bioavailability, diffusion limitations, and biocompatibility so far. These promising achievements are the assurance of next-generation treatment technologies. As well as treatment, nanofabrications systems such as microelectromechanical manufacturing systems removed the limitations of nanodevice generations and led the development of diagnostic tools such as intraocular pressure monitors and biosensors. CONCLUSIONS The pursuit of personalized medicine approaches for combating ocular diseases may be possible only through the development of nanotechnology platforms that include molecular-level engineering. Nanoparticle engineering is a common thread; herein, we attempt to show unmodified nanoparticles as well as interesting and representative biomimetic strategies can be used for specific diseases. Finally, through combining microelectromechanical and nanoelectromechanical manufacturing system strategies, interesting manufacturing and sensor development can be accomplished for early detection and, in some cases, treatment of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghaffari Sharaf
- From the *Chemical & Materials Engineering, †Ingenuity Lab, and ‡Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta; and §National Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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