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Jäkel L, De Kort AM, Stellingwerf A, Hernández Utrilla C, Kersten I, Vervuurt M, Vermeiren Y, Küsters B, Schreuder FHBM, Klijn CJM, Kuiperij HB, Verbeek MM. Altered brain expression and cerebrospinal fluid levels of TIMP4 in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:103. [PMID: 38915119 PMCID: PMC11194996 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a highly prevalent and progressive pathology, involving amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the cerebral blood vessel walls. CAA is associated with an increased risk for intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). Insight into the molecular mechanisms associated with CAA pathology is urgently needed, to develop additional diagnostic tools to allow for reliable and early diagnosis of CAA and to obtain novel leads for the development of targeted therapies. Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 4 (TIMP4) is associated with cardiovascular functioning and disease and has been linked to vascular dementia. Using immunohistochemistry, we studied occipital brain tissue samples of 57 patients with CAA (39 without ICH and 18 with ICH) and 42 controls, and semi-quantitatively assessed expression levels of TIMP4. Patients with CAA had increased vascular expression of TIMP4 compared to controls (p < 0.001), and in these patients, TIMP4 expression correlated with CAA severity (τb = 0.38; p = 0.001). Moreover, TIMP4 expression was higher in CAA-ICH compared to CAA-non-ICH cases (p = 0.024). In a prospective cross-sectional study of 38 patients with CAA and 37 age- and sex-matched controls, we measured TIMP4 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum using ELISA. Mean CSF levels of TIMP4 were decreased in patients with CAA compared to controls (3.36 ± 0.20 vs. 3.96 ± 0.22 ng/ml, p = 0.033), whereas median serum levels were increased in patients with CAA (4.51 ng/ml [IQR 3.75-5.29] vs 3.60 ng/ml [IQR 3.11-4.85], p-9.013). Moreover, mean CSF TIMP4 levels were lower in CAA patients who had experienced a symptomatic hemorrhage compared to CAA patients who did not (2.13 ± 0.24 vs. 3.57 ± 0.24 ng/ml, p = 0.007). CSF TIMP4 levels were associated with CSF levels of Aβ40 (spearman r (rs) = 0.321, p = 0.009). In summary, we show that TIMP4 is highly associated with CAA and CAA-related ICH, which is reflected by higher levels in the cerebral vasculature and lower levels in CSF. With these findings we provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of CAA, and more specifically in CAA-associated ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Jäkel
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M De Kort
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno Stellingwerf
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Hernández Utrilla
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Kersten
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Vervuurt
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yannick Vermeiren
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Chair Group Nutritional Biology, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benno Küsters
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris H B M Schreuder
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina J M Klijn
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Bea Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Coates-Park S, Rich JA, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Peeney D. The TIMP protein family: diverse roles in pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C917-C934. [PMID: 38284123 PMCID: PMC11193487 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00699.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are a family of four matrisome proteins classically defined by their roles as the primary endogenous inhibitors of metalloproteinases (MPs). Their functions however are not limited to MP inhibition, with each family member harboring numerous MP-independent biological functions that play key roles in processes such as inflammation and apoptosis. Because of these multifaceted functions, TIMPs have been cited in diverse pathophysiological contexts. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the MP-dependent and -independent roles of TIMPs across a range of pathological conditions. The potential therapeutic and biomarker applications of TIMPs in these disease contexts are also considered, highlighting the biomedical promise of this complex and often misunderstood protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Coates-Park
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Joshua A Rich
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - William G Stetler-Stevenson
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - David Peeney
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Peeney D, Gurung S, Rich JA, Coates-Park S, Liu Y, Toor J, Jones J, Richie CT, Jenkins LM, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Extracellular Proximity Labeling Reveals an Expanded Interactome for the Matrisome Protein TIMP2. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3857263. [PMID: 38313275 PMCID: PMC10836090 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3857263/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Classical methods of investigating protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are generally performed in non-living systems, yet in recent years new technologies utilizing proximity labeling (PL) have given researchers the tools to explore proximal PPIs in living systems. PL has distinct advantages over traditional protein interactome studies, such as the ability to identify weak and transient interactions in vitro and in vivo. Most PL studies are performed on targets within the cell or on the cell membrane. We have adapted the original PL method to investigate PPIs within the extracellular compartment, using both BioID2 and TurboID, that we term extracellular PL (ePL). To demonstrate the utility of this modified technique, we investigate the interactome of the widely expressed matrisome protein tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP2). Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are a family of multi-functional proteins that were initially defined by their ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity of metalloproteinases (MPs), the major mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown and turnover. TIMP2 exhibits a broad expression profile and is often abundant in both normal and diseased tissues. Understanding the functional transformation of matrisome regulators, like TIMP2, during the evolution of tissue microenvironments associated with disease progression is essential for the development of ECM-targeted therapeutics. Using carboxyl- and amino-terminal fusion proteins of TIMP2 with BioID2 and TurboID, we describe the TIMP2 proximal interactome. We also illustrate how the TIMP2 interactome changes in the presence of different stimuli, in different cell types, in unique culture conditions (2D vs 3D), and with different reaction kinetics (BioID2 vs. TurboID); demonstrating the power of this technique versus classical PPI methods. We propose that the screening of matrisome targets in disease models using ePL will reveal new therapeutic targets for further comprehensive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peeney
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sadeechya Gurung
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Josh A. Rich
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sasha Coates-Park
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jack Toor
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jane Jones
- Center for Cancer Research Protein Expression Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T. Richie
- Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Office of the Scientific Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M. Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Peeney D, Kumar S, Singh TP, Liu Y, Jensen SM, Chowdhury A, Coates-Park S, Rich J, Gurung S, Fan Y, Meerzaman D, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Timp2 loss-of-function mutation and TIMP2 treatment in murine model of NSCLC: modulation of immunosuppression and oncogenic signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.29.573636. [PMID: 38234759 PMCID: PMC10793420 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.29.573636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP2) can reduce tumor burden and metastasis. However, the demonstration of such anti-tumor activity and associated mechanisms using in vivo tumor models is lacking. The effects of a Timp2 functional mutation and administration of recombinant TIMP2 were examined in both orthotopic and heterotopic murine models of lung cancer using C57Bl/6 syngeneic Lewis Lung 2-luciferase 2 cells (LL2-luc2) cells. Mice harboring a functional mutation of TIMP2 (mT2) display markedly increased primary lung tumor growth, increased mortality, enriched vasculature, and enhanced infiltration of pro-tumorigenic, immunosuppressive myeloid cells. Treatment with recombinant TIMP2 reduced primary tumor growth in both mutant and wild-type (wt) mice. Comparison of transcriptional profiles of lung tissues from tumor-free, wt versus mT2 mice reveals only minor changes. However, lung tumor-bearing mice of both genotypes demonstrate significant genotype-dependent changes in gene expression following treatment with TIMP. In tumor-bearing wt mice, TIMP2 treatment reduced the expression of upstream oncogenic mediators, whereas treatment of mT2 mice resulted in an immunomodulatory phenotype. A heterotopic subcutaneous model generating metastatic pulmonary tumors demonstrated that daily administration of recombinant TIMP2 significantly downregulates the expression of heat shock proteins, suggesting a reduction of cell-stress responses. In summary, we describe how TIMP2 exerts novel, anti-tumor effects in a murine model of lung cancer and that rTIMP2 treatment supports a normalizing effect on the tumor microenvironment. Our findings show that TIMP2 treatment demonstrates significant potential as an adjuvant in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peeney
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Sarvesh Kumar
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Tej Pratap Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Allergy, and Infectious Disease (NIAID); Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Sandra M. Jensen
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Ananda Chowdhury
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Sasha Coates-Park
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Joshua Rich
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Sadeechya Gurung
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Yu Fan
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, National Cancer Institute; Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Daoud Meerzaman
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, National Cancer Institute; Rockville, MD 20850
| | - William G. Stetler-Stevenson
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); Bethesda, MD, 20892
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Coates-Park S, Lazaroff C, Gurung S, Rich J, Colladay A, O’Neill M, Butler GS, Overall CM, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Peeney D. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases are proteolytic targets of matrix metalloproteinase 9. Matrix Biol 2023; 123:59-70. [PMID: 37804930 PMCID: PMC10843048 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular proteolysis and turnover are core processes of tissue homeostasis. The predominant matrix-degrading enzymes are members of the Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) family. MMPs extensively degrade core matrix components in addition to processing a range of other factors in the extracellular, plasma membrane, and intracellular compartments. The proteolytic activity of MMPs is modulated by the Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs), a family of four multi-functional matrisome proteins with extensively characterized MMP inhibitory functions. Thus, a well-regulated balance between MMP activity and TIMP levels has been described as critical for healthy tissue homeostasis, and this balance can be chronically disturbed in pathological processes. The relationship between MMPs and TIMPs is complex and lacks the constraints of a typical enzyme-inhibitor relationship due to secondary interactions between various MMPs (specifically gelatinases) and TIMP family members. We illustrate a new complexity in this system by describing how MMP9 can cleave members of the TIMP family when in molar excess. Proteolytic processing of TIMPs can generate functionally altered peptides with potentially novel attributes. We demonstrate here that all TIMPs are cleaved at their C-terminal tails by a molar excess of MMP9. This processing removes the N-glycosylation site for TIMP3 and prevents the TIMP2 interaction with latent proMMP2, a prerequisite for cell surface MMP14-mediated activation of proMMP2. TIMP2/4 are further cleaved producing ∼14 kDa N-terminal proteins linked to a smaller C-terminal domain through residual disulfide bridges. These cleaved TIMP2/4 complexes show perturbed MMP inhibitory activity, illustrating that MMP9 may bear a particularly prominent influence upon the TIMP:MMP balance in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Coates-Park
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carolyn Lazaroff
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics
| | - Sadeechya Gurung
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Josh Rich
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexandra Colladay
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maura O’Neill
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Georgina S. Butler
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - William G. Stetler-Stevenson
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Peeney
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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