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Jones JG, White KAJ, Delgado-Charro MB. A mechanistic approach to modelling the formation of a drug reservoir in the skin. Math Biosci 2016; 281:36-45. [PMID: 27592115 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that prolonged systemic presence of a drug can cause a build-up of that drug in the skin. This drug 'reservoir', if properly understood, could provide useful information about recent drug-taking history of the patient. We create a pair of coupled mathematical models which combine to explore the potential for a drug reservoir to establish based on the kinetic properties of the drug. The first compartmental model is used to characterise time-dependent drug concentrations in plasma and tissue following a customisable drug regimen. Outputs from this model provide boundary conditions for the second, spatio-temporal model of drug build-up in the skin. We focus on drugs that are highly bound as this will restrict their potential to move freely into the skin but which are lipophilic so that, in the unbound form, they would demonstrate an affinity to the outer layers of the skin. Buprenorphine, a drug used to treat opiate addiction, is one example of a drug satisfying these properties. In the discussion we highlight how our study might be used to inform future experimental design and data collection to provide relevant parameter estimates for reservoir formation and its potential to contribute to enhanced drug monitoring techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Jones
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - K A J White
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - M B Delgado-Charro
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Couto A, Fernandes R, Cordeiro MNS, Reis SS, Ribeiro RT, Pessoa AM. Dermic diffusion and stratum corneum: a state of the art review of mathematical models. J Control Release 2013; 177:74-83. [PMID: 24362041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal biotechnologies are an ever increasing field of interest, due to the medical and pharmaceutical applications that they underlie. There are several mathematical models at use that permit a more inclusive vision of pure experimental data and even allow practical extrapolation for new dermal diffusion methodologies. However, they grasp a complex variety of theories and assumptions that allocate their use for specific situations. Models based on Fick's First Law found better use in contexts where scaled particle theory Models would be extensive in time-span but the reciprocal is also true, as context of transdermal diffusion of particular active compounds changes. This article reviews extensively the various theoretical methodologies for studying dermic diffusion in the rate limiting dermic barrier, the stratum corneum, and systematizes its characteristics, their proper context of application, advantages and limitations, as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Couto
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto (ESTSP), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (IPP), 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto (ESTSP), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (IPP), 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; Escola Superior de Estudos Industriais e de Gestão (ESEIG), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (IPP), 4480-876 Vila do Conde, Portugal; Centre of Pharmacology and Chemical Biopathology, (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - M Natália S Cordeiro
- REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara S Reis
- Escola Superior de Estudos Industriais e de Gestão (ESEIG), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (IPP), 4480-876 Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Rogério T Ribeiro
- APDP-Diabetes Portugal (Departamento: ERC-Education and Research Center), Rua do Salitre, 118-120, 1250-203 Lisboa, Portugal; CEDOC (Chronic Diseases Research Center-FCM-NOVA), Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Pessoa
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto (ESTSP), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (IPP), 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; Escola Superior de Estudos Industriais e de Gestão (ESEIG), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (IPP), 4480-876 Vila do Conde, Portugal; REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Pegoraro C, MacNeil S, Battaglia G. Transdermal drug delivery: from micro to nano. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1881-1894. [PMID: 22334401 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11606e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Delivery across skin offers many advantages compared to oral or intravenous routes of drug administration. Skin however is highly impermeable to most molecules on the basis of size, hydrophilicity, lipophilicity and charge. For this reason it is often necessary to temporarily alter the barrier properties of skin for effective administration. This can be done by applying chemical enhancers, which alter the lipid structure of the top layer of skin (the stratum corneum, SC), by applying external forces such as electric currents and ultrasounds, by bypassing the stratum corneum via minimally invasive microneedles or by using nano-delivery vehicles that can cross and deliver their payload to the deeper layers of skin. Here we present a critical summary of the latest technologies used to increase transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pegoraro
- The Krebs Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK.
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