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González-Pereyra D, Acosta I, Zermeño B, Aguilar J, Leyva E, Moctezuma E. Photocatalytic Degradation of Naproxen: Intermediates and Total Reaction Mechanism. Molecules 2024; 29:2583. [PMID: 38893458 PMCID: PMC11174131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Photochemical and photocatalytic oxidation of naproxen (NPX) with UV-A light and commercial TiO2 under constant flow of oxygen have been investigated. Adsorption experiments indicated that 90% of the solute remained in the solution. Combined chemical analysis of samples on the photochemical degradation indicated that NPX in an aqueous solution (20 ppm) is efficiently transformed into other species but only 18% of the reactant is mineralized into CO2 and water after three hours of reaction. Performing the photocatalytic oxidation in the presence of TiO2, more than 80% of the organic compounds are mineralized by reactive oxidation species (ROS) within four hours of reaction. Analysis of reaction mixtures by a combination of analytical techniques indicated that naproxen is transformed into several aromatic naphthalene derivatives. These latter compounds are eventually transformed into polyhydroxylated aromatic compounds that are strongly adsorbed onto the TiO2 surface and are quickly oxidized into low-molecular-weight acids by an electron transfer mechanism. Based on this and previous studies on NPX photocatalytic oxidation, a unified and complete degradation mechanism is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elisa Leyva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava # 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (D.G.-P.); (I.A.); (B.Z.); (J.A.)
| | - Edgar Moctezuma
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava # 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (D.G.-P.); (I.A.); (B.Z.); (J.A.)
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Abstract
The indiscriminate use of naproxen as an anti-inflammatory has been the leading cause of pollution in sewage effluents. Conversely, titanium dioxide is one of the most promising photocatalyst for the degradation of pollutants. Ti-La mixed oxides containing 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt.% of lanthanum were synthetized by sol-gel and tested as photocatalysts in the degradation of naproxen (NPX). The materials were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen physisorption (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XRD patterns resembled that of anatase titania. The Eg values, determined from the UV-Vis spectra, vary from 2.07 to 3.2 eV corresponded to pure titania. The photocatalytic activity of these materials showed a degradation of naproxen from 93.6 to 99.8 wt.% after 4 h under UV irradiation.
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Maheskumar V, Lin YM, Jiang Z, Vidhya B, Ghosal A. New insights into the structural, optical, electronic and photocatalytic properties of sulfur doped bulk BiVO4 and surface BiVO4 on {0 1 0} and {1 1 0} via a collective theoretical and experimental investigation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mafa PJ, Malefane ME, Idris AO, Liu D, Gui J, Mamba BB, Kuvarega AT. Multi-elemental doped g-C3N4 with enhanced visible light photocatalytic Activity: Insight into naproxen Degradation, Kinetics, effect of Electrolytes, and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wu Y, Jin X, Liu Y, Huang S, Wang F, Zheng X, Wei D, Liu H, Chen P, Liu G. Facile synthesis of solar light-driven Z-scheme Ag2CO3/TNS-001 photocatalyst for the effective degradation of naproxen: Mechanisms and degradation pathways. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Changanaqui K, Alarcón H, Brillas E, Sirés I. Blue LED light-driven photoelectrocatalytic removal of naproxen from water: Kinetics and primary by-products. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Wu Y, Wang F, Jin X, Zheng X, Wang Y, Wei D, Zhang Q, Feng Y, Xie Z, Chen P, Liu H, Liu G. Highly active metal-free carbon dots/g-C 3N 4 hollow porous nanospheres for solar-light-driven PPCPs remediation: Mechanism insights, kinetics and effects of natural water matrices. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 172:115492. [PMID: 31945649 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are increasingly being scrutinized by the scientific community due to their environmental persistence. Therefore, the development of novel environmentally compatible and energy-efficient technologies for their removal is highly anticipated. In this work, a novel metal-free photocatalytic nanoreactor was successfully synthesized by anchoring carbon dots to hollow carbon nitride nanospheres (HCNS/CDs). The unique structure of these hollow nanospherical HCNS/CDs hybrids endowed them with a high population of reactive sites, while enhancing optical absorption due to internal light reflection. Simultaneously, the CDs served as "artificial antennas" to absorb and convert photons with low energy, due to their superior up-converting properties. Consequently, the HCNS/CDs demonstrated excellent photodegradation activities for the degradation of PPCPs under broad-spectrum irradiation. Remarkedly, 10 mg/L of naproxen (NPX) was completely degraded following 5 min of natural solar irradiation. It was further revealed that the O2•- played a significant role during the photocatalytic process, which could lead to the decomposition of NPX. The effects of natural water matrices and the degradation of trace PPCPs further supported that this photocatalytic system may be efficaciously applied for the remediation of PPCPs contamination in ambient waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fengliang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingfei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dandan Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qianxin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiping Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhijie Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haijin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Regmi C, Kshetri YK, Kim TH, Dhakal D, Lee SW. Mechanistic understanding of enhanced photocatalytic activity of N-doped BiVO4 towards degradation of ibuprofen: An experimental and theoretical approach. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Amini Z, Givianrad MH, Saber-Tehrani M, Azar PA, Husain SW. Synthesis of N-doped TiO 2/SiO 2/Fe 3O 4 magnetic nanocomposites as a novel purple LED illumination-driven photocatalyst for photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of naproxen: optimization and different scavenger agents study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1254-1267. [PMID: 31594452 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1673609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
N-doped TiO2/SiO2/Fe3O4 as a new magnetic photocatalyst that is active in visible light has been prepared by simple sol-gel method. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, FESEM, EDX, TEM, BET, BJH, VSM, XPS, FT-IR, and DRS-UV/Vis analysis. The photocatalytic effect of synthesized samples on naproxen degradation was studied. The operational parameters were optimized through central composite design to achieve maximum efficiency. The optimum values for maximum efficiency were obtained at pH of 4.29, catalyst mass of 0.06 g, naproxen concentration of 9.33 mg L-1, and irradiation time of 217.06 min. At these optimum conditions, the maximum photocatalytic degradation percentages of naproxen were found to be 96.32% at desirability function value of 1.0. Coupling the electrical current with the photocatalytic process proved that the electrical current was considerably efficient in decreasing the degradation time of removing the naproxen from aqueous solutions. The photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles was also studied under sunlight. Considering the results provided by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and total organic carbon, it was found that the prepared samples are extraordinarily efficient to degrade naproxen under both purple LED and solar lights. Furthermore, the effect of different scavenger agents on naproxen degradation has been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Amini
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Givianrad
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Saber-Tehrani
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Parviz Aberoomand Azar
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyd Waqif Husain
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
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