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Ma L, Liu H, He D. Recent Progress in Catalyst Development of the Hydrogenolysis of Biomass-Based Glycerol into Propanediols-A Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1264. [PMID: 38002388 PMCID: PMC10669600 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomass-based glycerol to produce chemicals with high added value is of great significance for solving the problem of glycerol surplus and thus reducing the production cost of biodiesel. The production of 1,2-propanediol (abbreviated as 1,2-PDO) and 1,3-propanediol (abbreviated as 1,3-PDO) via the hydrogenolysis of glycerol is one of the most representative and highest-potential processes for the comprehensive utilization of biomass-based glycerol. Glycerol hydrogenolysis may include several parallel and serial reactions (involving broken C-O and C-C bonds), and therefore, the catalyst is a key factor in improving the rate of glycerol hydrogenolysis and the selectivities of the target products. Over the past 20 years, glycerol hydrogenolysis has been extensively investigated, and until now, the developments of catalysts for glycerol hydrogenolysis have been active research topics. Non-precious metals, including Cu, Ni, and Co, and some precious metals (Ru, Pd, etc.) have been used as the active components of the catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-PDO, while precious metals such as Pt, Rh, Ru, Pd, and Ir have been used for the catalytic conversion of glycerol to 1,3-PDO. In this article, we focus on reviewing the research progress of the catalyst systems, including Cu-based catalysts and Pt-, Ru-, and Pd-based catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-PDO, as well as Pt-WOx-based and Ir-ReOx-based catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-PDO. The influence of the properties of active components and supports, the effects of promoters and additives, and the interaction and synergic effects between active component metals and supports are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 102205, China;
| | - Huimin Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Dehua He
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Ma T, Yin M, Su C, Guo N, Huang X, Han Z, Wang Y, Chen G, Yun Z. Recent developments in the field of dehydration of bio-renewable glycerol to acrolein over molecular sieve catalysts. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Insights into active tungsten species on Pt/W/SBA-15 catalysts for selective hydrodeoxygenation of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Humanity’s growing dependence on non-renewable resources and the ensuing environmental impact thus generated have spurred the search for alternatives to replace chemicals and energy obtained from petroleum derivatives. Within the group of biofuels, biodiesel has managed to expand worldwide at considerable levels, going from 20 million tn/year in 2010 to 47 million tn/year in 2022, boosting the supply of glycerol, a by-product of its synthesis that can be easily used as a renewable, clean, low-cost raw material for the manufacture of products for the chemical industry. The hydrogenolysis of glycerol leads to the production of glycols, 1,2-propylene glycol (1,2-PG) and 1,3-propylene glycol (1,3-PG). In particular, 1,3-PG has the highest added value and has multiple uses including its application as an additive in the polymer industry, the manufacture of cosmetics, cleaning products, cooling liquids, etc. This review focuses on the study of the hydrogenolysis of glycerol for the production of 1,3-PG, presenting the main reaction mechanisms and the catalysts employed, both in liquid and vapor phase. Engineering aspects and the effect of the operating variables to achieve maximum yields are discussed. Finally, studies related to the stability and the main deactivation mechanisms of catalytic systems are presented.
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Chen C, Liang Y, Tang Q, Li D, Liu L, Dong J. In Situ Growth of Tungsten Oxide on Alumina to Boost the Catalytic Performance of Platinum for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yingze West Street 79, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu Liang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yingze West Street 79, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiong Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yingze West Street 79, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yingze West Street 79, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yingze West Street 79, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinxiang Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yingze West Street 79, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
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Supported Ru nanocatalyst over phosphotungstate intercalated Zn-Al layered double hydroxide derived mixed metal oxides for efficient hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Selective oxidation of glycerol over different shaped WO3 supported Pt NPs. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Xia G, Zhou Z, Qin J, He B, Liu Y, Sun P, Wu W. Synergistic effect of Ni-NbW with binuclear acidity for the hydrogenolysis of Glycerol. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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da Silva Ruy AD, de Brito Alves RM, Reis Hewer TL, de Aguiar Pontes D, Gomes Teixeira LS, Magalhães Pontes LA. Catalysts for glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1,3-propanediol: A review of chemical routes and market. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol into Hydrogen and Value-Added Chemicals: Recent Research Advances. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of biomass as alternative resources to produce renewable and sustainable biofuels such as biodiesel has gained attention given the situation of the progressive exhaustion of easily accessible fossil fuels, increasing environmental concerns, and a dramatically growing global population. The conventional transesterification of edible, nonedible, or waste cooking oils to produce biodiesel is always accompanied by the formation of glycerol as the by-product. Undeniably, it is essential to economically use this by-product to produce a range of valuable fuels and chemicals to ensure the sustainability of the transesterification process. Therefore, recently, glycerol has been used as a feedstock for the production of value-added H2 and chemicals. In this review, the recent advances in the catalytic conversion of glycerol to H2 and high-value chemicals are thoroughly discussed. Specifically, the activity, stability, and recyclability of the catalysts used in the steam reforming of glycerol for H2 production are covered. In addition, the behavior and performance of heterogeneous catalysts in terms of the roles of active metal and support toward the formation of acrolein, lactic acid, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,2-propanediol from glycerol are reviewed. Recommendations for future research and main conclusions are provided. Overall, this review offers guidance and directions for the sufficient and economical utilization of glycerol to generate fuels and high value chemicals, which will ultimately benefit industry, environment, and economy.
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Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhou Z, Li Z, Meng K, Fang T, You Z, Zhang G, Yin B, Shen J, Yang C, Yan W, Jin X. Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,3‐Propanediol: Are Spatial and Electronic Configuration of “Metal‐Solid Acid” Interface Key for Active and Durable Catalysts? ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongpei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Quanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Kexin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Zhenchao You
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Sinopec Research Institute of Safety Engineering Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Bin Yin
- College of Fisheries Southwest University Chongqing 400700 P. R. China
| | - Jian Shen
- College of Environment and Resources Xiangtan University Xiangtan Hunan Province 411105 P. R. China
| | - Chaohe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
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Wang H, Li W, Xu S, Liu M, Hao J, Ning P, Zhang Q. Insights into the impact of lanthanum on hydrothermal-induced migration and transformation of copper species in Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst for NH3-SCR. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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In-situ hydrogenolysis of glycerol using hydrogen produced via aqueous phase reforming of glycerol over sonochemically synthesized nickel-based nano-catalyst. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wu F, Jiang H, Zhu X, Lu R, Shi L, Lu F. Effect of Tungsten Species on Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:569-581. [PMID: 33219614 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol, as the major byproduct of biodiesel industry, is a cheap and green chemical feedstock. Following the expanded production of biodiesel, the oversupply of glycerol has led to increasing research of the catalytic conversion of glycerol. The selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol is an economical and sustainable way to produce 1,3-propanediol, which experiences a global growing demand, and valorize glycerol. However, the secondary hydroxy group of glycerol is sterically hindered by two primary hydroxy groups. As a result, 1,2-propanediol is the preferential product rather than 1,3-propanediol during conventional hydrogenolysis of glycerol. Currently, tungsten-containing bifunctional catalysts with metal and Brønsted acid sites are considered as a highly effective and atom-economical catalytic system for the selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. Therefore, this Minireview summarized various tungsten-containing bifunctional catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol in detail and deeply discussed the relationship between tungsten species, metal active sites, and glycerol for selectively producing 1,3-propanediol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengliang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116029, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuhai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Rui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116029, P. R. China
| | - Fang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
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Chen J, Xia Q, Wang Y, Huang Y. Progress in Production of 1, 3-propanediol From Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2020.604624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) is an important bulk chemical widely used in the polyester and polyurethane industry. The selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to value-added 1,3-PDO is extremely attractive. However, the formation of 1,3-PDO is less thermodynamically stable than 1,2-PDO, and the steric hindrance effect in the reaction process makes the highly selective production of 1,3-PDO a great challenge. In this mini review, the recent research progress on the selective catalytic hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-PDO is overviewed and the catalytic mechanism of the reaction is summarized. We mainly focus on the different performances of each type of catalyst (Pt-W-based catalysts, Ir-Re based-catalysts, and other types) as well as the interactions between metals and supports. Finally, several personal perspectives on the opportunities and challenges within this promising field are discussed.
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16
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Wen Y, Shen W, Li Y, Fang Y. Promoting effect of Ru in the Pt-Ru/WOx/Al2O3 catalyst for the selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-020-01908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol over Pt-W based catalysts. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Bhowmik S, Darbha S. Advances in solid catalysts for selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2020.1794737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Bhowmik
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Srinivas Darbha
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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Lei N, Miao Z, Liu F, Wang H, Pan X, Wang A, Zhang T. Understanding the deactivation behavior of Pt/WO3/Al2O3 catalyst in the glycerol hydrogenolysis reaction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Niu Y, Zhao B, Liang Y, Liu L, Dong J. Promoting Role of Oxygen Deficiency on a WO3-Supported Pt Catalyst for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to 1,3-Propanediol. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b07067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Niu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yu Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jinxiang Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Liang Y, Shi G, Jin K. Promotion Effect of Al2O3 on Pt–WOx/SiO2 Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenolysis of Bioglycerol to 1,3-Propanediol in Liquid Phase. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Wang T, Xing JY, Jia AP, Tang C, Wang YJ, Luo MF, Lu JQ. CO oxidation over Pt/Cr1.3Fe0.7O3 catalysts: Enhanced activity on single Pt atom by H2O promotion. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cao H, Qian R, Yu L. Selenium-catalyzed oxidation of alkenes: insight into the mechanisms and developing trend. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent progresses of the selenium-catalyzed oxidation of alkenes are summarized at the mechanism level. It may be beneficial for designing novel selenium-containing catalysts and alkene oxidation protocols for the next phase of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongen Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- P. R. China
| | | | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- P. R. China
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Efficient and stable platinum nanocatalysts supported over Ca-doped ZnAl2O4 spinels for base-free selective oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Wang C, Chen C. Stabilized hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol over Mg modified Pt/WOx–ZrO2 catalysts. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-019-01650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Lei N, Zhao X, Hou B, Yang M, Zhou M, Liu F, Wang A, Zhang T. Effective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,3‐Propanediol over Metal‐Acid Concerted Pt/WO
x
/Al
2
O
3
Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nian Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Baolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Man Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Maoxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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