1
|
Wang Y, Wang J, Yan K, Lin J, Zheng Z, Bi J. Identification of core genes associated with prostate cancer progression and outcome via bioinformatics analysis in multiple databases. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8786. [PMID: 32266115 PMCID: PMC7120053 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The morbidity and mortality of prostate carcinoma has increased in recent years and has become the second most common ale malignant carcinoma worldwide. The interaction mechanisms between different genes and signaling pathways, however, are still unclear. Methods Variation analysis of GSE38241, GSE69223, GSE46602 and GSE104749 were realized by GEO2R in Gene Expression Omnibus database. Function enrichment was analyzed by DAVID.6.8. Furthermore, the PPI network and the significant module were analyzed by Cytoscape, STRING and MCODE.GO. Pathway analysis showed that the 20 candidate genes were closely related to mitosis, cell division, cell cycle phases and the p53 signaling pathway. A total of six independent prognostic factors were identified in GSE21032 and TCGA PRAD. Oncomine database and The Human Protein Atlas were applied to explicit that six core genes were over expression in prostate cancer compared to normal prostate tissue in the process of transcriptional and translational. Finally, gene set enrichment were performed to identified the related pathway of core genes involved in prostate cancer. Result Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that these 20 core genes were mostly related to carcinogenesis and development. CKS2, TK1, MKI67, TOP2A, CCNB1 and RRM2 directly related to the recurrence and prognosis of prostate cancer. This result was verified by TCGA database and GSE21032. Conclusion These core genes play a crucial role in tumor carcinogenesis, development, recurrence, metastasis and progression. Identifying these genes could help us to understand the molecular mechanisms and provide potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kexin Yan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaxing Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianbin Bi
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Benzina S, Harquail J, Guerrette R, O'Brien P, Jean S, Crapoulet N, Robichaud GA. Breast Cancer Malignant Processes are Regulated by Pax-5 Through the Disruption of FAK Signaling Pathways. J Cancer 2016; 7:2035-2044. [PMID: 28070224 PMCID: PMC5219892 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of genetic factors regulating breast cancer malignancy is a top priority to mitigate the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. One of these factors, Pax-5, modulates cancer aggressiveness through the regulation of various components of the epithelial to mesenchymal transitioning (EMT) process. We have previously reported that Pax-5 expression profiles in cancer tissues inversely correlate with those of the Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), a potent activator of breast cancer malignancy. In this study, we set out to elucidate the molecular and regulatory relationship between Pax-5 and FAK in breast cancer processes. Interestingly, we found that Pax-5 mediated suppression of breast cancer cell migration is dependent of FAK activity. Our mechanistic examination revealed that Pax-5 inhibits FAK expression and activation. We also demonstrate that Pax-5 is a potent modulator of FAK repressors (p53 and miR-135b) and activator (NFκB) which results in the overall suppression of FAK-mediated signaling cascades. Altogether, our findings bring more insight to the molecular triggers regulating phenotypic transitioning process and signaling cascades leading to breast cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Benzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Jason Harquail
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Roxann Guerrette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Pierre O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Stéphanie Jean
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Nicolas Crapoulet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9
| | - Gilles A Robichaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
ZENG CHUNYAN, ZHAN YISHAN, HUANG JUN, CHEN YOUXIANG. MicroRNA-7 suppresses human colon cancer invasion and proliferation by targeting the expression of focal adhesion kinase. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1297-303. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
4
|
Chen Y, Xin X, Li J, Xu J, Yu X, Li T, Mo Z, Hu Y. RTK/ERK pathway under natural selection associated with prostate cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78254. [PMID: 24223781 PMCID: PMC3817240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a global disease causing large numbers of deaths every year. Recent studies have indicated the RTK/ERK pathway might be a key pathway in the development of PCa. However, the exact association and evolution-based mechanism remain unclear. This study was conducted by combining genotypic and phenotypic data from the Chinese Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ChinaPCa) with related databases such as the HapMap Project and Genevar. In this analysis, expression of quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) analysis, natural selection and gene-based pathway analysis were involved. The pathway analysis confirmed the positive relationship between PCa risk and several key genes. In addition, combined with the natural selection, it seems that 4 genes (EGFR, ERBB2, PTK2, and RAF1) with five SNPs (rs11238349, rs17172438, rs984654, rs11773818, and rs17172432) especially rs17172432, might be pivotal factors in the development of PCa. The results indicate that the RTK/ERK pathway under natural selection is a key link in PCa risk. The joint effect of the genes and loci with positive selection might be one reason for the development of PCa. Dealing with all the factors simultaneously might give insight into prevention and aid in predicting the success of potential therapies for PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xianxiang Xin
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Medical Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Research Center for Guangxi Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxiang Yu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Urology, the 303rd Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanling Hu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Medical Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee S, Qiao J, Paul P, O'Connor KL, Evers MB, Chung DH. FAK is a critical regulator of neuroblastoma liver metastasis. Oncotarget 2013; 3:1576-87. [PMID: 23211542 PMCID: PMC3681496 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastomas express increased levels of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R). However, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in GRP-R-mediated cell signaling in neuroblastoma growth and metastasis are unknown. Here, we report that focal adhesion kinase (FAK), as a critical downstream target of GRP-R, is an important regulator of neuroblastoma tumorigenicity. We found that FAK expression correlates with GRP-R expression in human neuroblastoma sections and cell lines. GRP-R overexpression in SK-N-SH cells increased FAK, integrin α3 and β1 expressions and cell migration. These cells demonstrated flatter cell morphology with broad lamellae, in which intense FAK expression was localized to the leading edges of lamellipodia. Interestingly, FAK activation was, in part, dependent on integrin α3 and β1 expression. Conversely, GRP-R silencing decreased FAK as well as Mycn levels in BE(2)-C cells, which displayed a denser cellular morphology. Importantly, rescue experiments in GRP-R silenced BE(2)-C cells showed FAK overexpression significantly enhanced cell viability and soft agar colony formation; similarly, FAK overexpression in SK-N-SH cells also resulted in increased cell growth. These effects were reversed in FAK silenced BE(2)-C cells in vitro as well as in vivo. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of FAK inhibition in vivo. FAK inhibitor (Y15) suppressed GRP-induced neuroblastoma growth and metastasis. Our results indicate that FAK is a critical downstream regulator of GRP-R, which mediates tumorigenesis and metastasis in neuroblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sora Lee
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center1, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park JJ, Rubio MV, Zhang Z, Um T, Xie Y, Knoepp SM, Snider AJ, Gibbs TC, Meier KE. Effects of lysophosphatidic acid on calpain-mediated proteolysis of focal adhesion kinase in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2012; 72:1595-610. [PMID: 22473839 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium-mediated proteolysis plays an important role in cell migration. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a lipid mediator present in serum, enhances migration of carcinoma cells. The effects of LPA on calpain-mediated proteolysis were, therefore, examined in PC-3, a human prostate cancer cell line. METHODS Cultured PC-3 cells were used in studies utilizing pharmacologic interventions, immunoblotting, and confocal immunolocalization. RESULTS Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a tyrosine kinase involved in cell adhesion, is rapidly proteolyzed in serum-starved PC-3 cells exposed to the calcium ionophore, ionomycin; Nck, p130CAS, PKCα, and Ras-GAP are also degraded. Thapsigargin, which causes more moderate increases in intracellular calcium, induces partial proteolysis of these proteins. Calpain inhibitors block the proteolytic responses to ionomycin and thapsigargin. Ionomycin does not induce proteolysis in cells maintained in serum, suggesting a protective role for growth factors contained in serum. LPA causes minor FAK proteolysis when added alone, but protects against ionomycin-induced proteolysis in a time-dependent manner. LPA also protects against the cell detachment that eventually follows ionomycin treatment. The response to LPA is blocked by an LPA receptor antagonist. A similar effect of LPA is observed in ionomycin-treated Rat-1 fibroblasts. In PC-3 cells, the protective effects of LPA and serum are correlated with phosphorylation and redistribution of paxillin, suggesting roles for phosphorylation-mediated protein-protein interactions. CONCLUSIONS The complex effects of LPA on calpain-mediated proteolysis of FAK and other adhesion proteins are likely to play a role in the ability of LPA to promote attachment, migration, and survival of prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu G, Wang X, Yang Z, Cao H, Meng Z, Wang Y, Chen D. Effects of TRPM8 on the proliferation and angiogenesis of prostate cancer PC-3 cells in vivo. Oncol Lett 2011; 2:1213-1217. [PMID: 22848290 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a significant health concern. In the early stages, prostate cancer cells depend on androgens for growth and survival, hence androgen-ablation therapy at this time may be effective in causing tumor regression. However, treatment options for advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancers are still relatively inefficient. This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of TRPM8 on the proliferation and angiogenesis of androgen-independent cancer PC-3 cells in vivo. Thirty male nude mice were divided into three groups: the PC-3, PC-3-vector and PC-3-TRPM8 groups. PC-3, PC-3-vector and PC-3-TRPM8 cells were respectively inoculated in the right flank to establish a transplanted tumor model. The mice were treated daily for four weeks and each group was examined by histology and immunohistochemical staining for CD34, FAK and PCNA. A CD34 marked microvascular density (MVD) test was performed. Western blot analysis was used to detect the VEGF protein expression level. Compared to the PC-3 and PC-3-vector groups, the PC-3-TRPM8 group revealed a decrease in tumor volume (P=0.000 and P=0.000, respectively), MVD (P=0.045 and P=0.041, respectively), VEGF (P=0.000 and P=0.000, respectively), FAK and PCNA. The correlation between MVD and VEGF was positive (r=0.419; P=0.021). These data show that the overexpression of TRPM8 had a negative effect on the proliferation and angiogenesis progression of PC-3 cells in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wen X, Chao C, Ives K, Hellmich MR. Regulation of bombesin-stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in prostate cancer cells. BMC Mol Biol 2011; 12:29. [PMID: 21745389 PMCID: PMC3142223 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the bombesin (BBS)-like peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), have been implicated in the progression of hormone-refractory prostate cancer; however, a mechanistic link between the bioactive peptide and COX-2 expression in prostate cells has not been made. Results We report that BBS stimulates COX-2 mRNA and protein expression, and the release of prostaglandin E2 from the GRP receptor (GRPR)-positive, androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell line, PC-3. BBS-stimulated COX-2 expression is mediated, in part, by p38MAPK and PI3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways, and blocked by a GRPR antagonist. The PI3K/Akt pathway couples GRPR to the transcription factor, activator protein-1 (AP-1), and enhanced COX-2 promoter activity. Although BBS stimulates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) in PC-3, NF-κB does not regulate GRPR-mediated COX-2 expression. The p38MAPK pathway increases BBS-stimulated COX-2 expression by slowing the degradation of COX-2 mRNA. Expression of recombinant GRPR in the androgen-sensitive cell line LNCaP is sufficient to confer BBS-stimulated COX-2 expression via the p38MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Conclusions Our study establishes a mechanistic link between GRPR activation and enhanced COX-2 expression in prostate cancer cell lines, and suggests that inhibiting GRPR may, in the future, provide an effective therapeutic alternative to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for inhibiting COX-2 in patients with recurrent prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wen
- Department of Surgery, Univ. of Texas Medical Branch, 301 Univ. Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cai YD, Huang T, Feng KY, Hu L, Xie L. A unified 35-gene signature for both subtype classification and survival prediction in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12726. [PMID: 20856936 PMCID: PMC2938343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer subtype classification and survival prediction both relate directly to patients' specific treatment plans, making them fundamental medical issues. Although the two factors are interrelated learning problems, most studies tackle each separately. In this paper, expression levels of genes are used for both cancer subtype classification and survival prediction. We considered 350 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) subjects, taken from four groups of patients (activated B-cell-like subtype dead, activated B-cell-like subtype alive, germinal center B-cell-like subtype dead, and germinal center B-cell-like subtype alive). As classification features, we used 11,271 gene expression levels of each subject. The features were first ranked by mRMR (Maximum Relevance Minimum Redundancy) principle and further selected by IFS (Incremental Feature Selection) procedure. Thirty-five gene signatures were selected after the IFS procedure, and the patients were divided into the above mentioned four groups. These four groups were combined in different ways for subtype prediction and survival prediction, specifically, the activated versus the germinal center and the alive versus the dead. Subtype prediction accuracy of the 35-gene signature was 98.6%. We calculated cumulative survival time of high-risk group and low-risk groups by the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test p-value was 5.98e-08. Our methodology provides a way to study subtype classification and survival prediction simultaneously. Our results suggest that for some diseases, especially cancer, subtype classification may be used to predict survival, and, conversely, survival prediction features may shed light on subtype features.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/classification
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Cai
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YDC); (LX)
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Yan Feng
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Hu
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Xie
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YDC); (LX)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu M, Bower KA, Chen G, Shi X, Dong Z, Ke Z, Luo J. Ethanol enhances the interaction of breast cancer cells over-expressing ErbB2 with fibronectin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:751-60. [PMID: 20201928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol is a tumor promoter and may enhance the metastasis of breast cancer. However, the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Amplification of ErbB2 or HER2, a receptor tyrosine kinase of the ErbB family, is found in 20 to 30% of patients with breast cancer. We have previously demonstrated that the effect of ethanol on the migration/invasion of breast cancer cells positively correlated with the expression levels of ErbB2. Adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important initial step for cancer cell invasion and metastasis. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol on the adhesion of MCF7 breast cancer cells over-expressing ErbB2 (MCF7(ErbB2)) to human plasma fibronectin. METHODS To test the hypothesis that ethanol may enhance the attachment of human breast cancer cells to fibronectin, an important component of the ECM, we evaluated the effect of ethanol on the expression of focal adhesions, cell attachment, and ErbB2 signaling in cultured MCF7(ErbB2) cells. RESULTS Exposure to ethanol drastically enhanced the adhesion of MCF(ErbB2) cells to fibronectin and increased the expression of focal adhesions. Ethanol induced phosphorylation of ErbB2 at Tyr1248, FAK at Tyr861, and cSrc at Try216. Ethanol promoted the interaction among ErbB2, FAK, and cSrc, and the formation of a focal complex. AG825, a selective ErbB2 inhibitor, attenuated the ethanol-induced phosphorylation of ErbB2 and its association with FAK. Furthermore, AG825 blocked ethanol-promoted cell/fibronectin adhesion as well as the expression of focal adhesions. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that ethanol enhances the adhesion of breast cancer cells to fibronectin in an ErbB2-dependent manner, and the FAK pathway plays an important role in ethanol-induced formation of a focal complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, 40536, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tumor-associated macrophages in clear cell renal cell carcinoma express both gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor: a possible modulatory role of immune effectors cells. World J Urol 2009; 28:335-41. [PMID: 20012906 PMCID: PMC2874056 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-009-0492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) frequently express the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R). Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) stimulates tumor cell proliferation and neoangiogenesis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) comprise an important cellular component of these tumors. We analyzed the GRP/GRP-R network in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and non-clear cell RCC (non-ccRCC) with special regard to its expression by macrophages, tumor cells and microvessels. Methods Gastrin-releasing peptide and GRP-R expression in 17 ccRCC and 9 non-ccRCC were analyzed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining. Results Tumor-associated macrophages expressed GRP and GRP receptor in ccRCC. Tumor cells and microvessels showed low to intermediate GRP-R expression in nearly all cases. In 12 ccRCC tumor epithelia also expressed low levels of GRP. Microvascular GRP expression was found in nine cases of ccRCC. For non-RCC, the expression of GRP and GRP receptor expression pattern was similar. Conclusions Tumor-associated macrophages are the main source of GRP in RCC. GRP receptor on TAM, tumor epithelia and microvessels might be a molecular base of a GRP/GRP receptor network, potentially acting as a paracrine/autocrine modulator of TAM recruitment, tumor growth and neoangiogenesis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression in normal and neoplastic lymphoid tissues. Pathol Res Pract 2009; 205:781-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
13
|
Slack-Davis JK, Hershey ED, Theodorescu D, Frierson HF, Parsons JT. Differential requirement for focal adhesion kinase signaling in cancer progression in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate model. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2470-7. [PMID: 19671741 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that adhesion signaling plays an important role in the tumor microenvironment, contributing to cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase that regulates adhesion-dependent cell signaling and has been implicated in mediating steps in cancer progression and metastasis in many human cancers, including prostate. We have investigated the role of FAK in the appearance of adenocarcinoma (atypical epithelial hyperplasia of T antigen) and neuroendocrine carcinomas in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model using either Cre-mediated recombination to genetically ablate FAK expression or pharmacologic inhibition of FAK activity with the small-molecule inhibitor, PF-562,271. We provide evidence that loss of FAK or its inhibition with PF-562,271 does not alter the progression to adenocarcinoma. However, continued FAK expression (and activity) is essential for the androgen-independent formation of neuroendocrine carcinoma. These data indicate that integrin signaling through FAK is an important component of cancer progression in the TRAMP model and suggest that treatment modalities targeting FAK may be an appropriate strategy for patients with castrate-resistant cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill K Slack-Davis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Specific antibodies elicited by a novel DNA vaccine targeting gastrin-releasing peptide inhibit murine melanoma growth in vivo. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1033-9. [PMID: 19458203 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00046-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The elevated expression and receptor binding of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) in various types of cancer, especially in malignant melanoma of the skin, suggest that GRP might be a putative target for immunotherapy in neoplastic diseases. We have therefore constructed a novel DNA vaccine coding for six tandem repeats of a fragment of GRP from amino acids 18 to 27 (GRP6) flanked by helper T-cell epitopes for increased immunogenicity, including HSP65, a tetanus toxoid fragment from amino acids 830 to 844 (T), pan-HLA-DR-binding epitope (PADRE) (P), and two repeats of a mycobacterial HSP70 fragment from amino acids 407 to 426 (M). The anti-GRP DNA vaccine (pCR3.1-VS-HSP65-TP-GRP6-M2) was constructed on a backbone of a pCR3.1 plasmid vector with eight 5'-GACGTT-3' CpG motifs and the VEGF183 signal peptide (VS). Intramuscular (IM) injections of anti-GRP vaccine in mice stimulated the production of high titers of specific antibodies against GRP and suppressed the growth of subcutaneous tumors of B16-F10 melanoma cells. Parallel results were obtained in vitro, showing inhibition of B16-F10 cell proliferation by GRP antisera. IM injections of the DNA vaccine also significantly attenuated tumor-induced angiogenesis associated with intradermal tumors of B16-F10 cells. In addition, lung invasion of intravenously injected cells was highly diminished, suggesting potent antimetastatic activity of the DNA vaccine. These findings support the highly immunogenic and potent antitumorigenic activity of specific anti-GRP antibodies elicited by the anti-GRP DNA vaccine.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chatzizacharias NA, Kouraklis GP, Theocharis SE. Focal adhesion kinase: a promising target for anticancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:1315-28. [PMID: 17907961 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.10.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a protein tyrosine kinase acting as an early modulator of the integrin signalling cascade, thus regulating various basic cellular functions. In transformed cells, upregulation of FAK protein expression and uncontroled signalling were held responsible for the promotion of malignant phenotypic characteristics, as well as resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Direct FAK targeting resulted in the inhibition of the malignant phenotype of cancer cells, whereas increased apoptotic rates of cancer cells, either used alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, radiotherapy or hormonal therapy. Furthermore, drugs used in cancer chemotherapy, besides their basic mode of action, were also shown to act through altering FAK signalling. Finally, positive results were noted by the transfection of cancer cells with fak mutants or genes that suppress FAK expression or activity, such as phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome Ten (PTEN), ribonucleotide reductase M1 polypeptide (RRM1) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 (mda-7). The purpose of this article is a comprehensive review of the existing data on the possible use of FAK targeting in anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos A Chatzizacharias
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, 75, Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, Athens, GR11527, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Evelyn CR, Wade SM, Wang Q, Wu M, Iñiguez-Lluhí JA, Merajver SD, Neubig RR. CCG-1423: a small-molecule inhibitor of RhoA transcriptional signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:2249-60. [PMID: 17699722 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptors stimulate a Galpha(12/13)/RhoA-dependent gene transcription program involving the serum response factor (SRF) and its coactivator and oncogene, megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1). Inhibitors of this pathway could serve as useful biological probes and potential cancer therapeutic agents. Through a transcription-based high-throughput serum response element-luciferase screening assay, we identified two small-molecule inhibitors of this pathway. Mechanistic studies on the more potent CCG-1423 show that it acts downstream of Rho because it blocks SRE.L-driven transcription stimulated by Galpha(12)Q231L, Galpha(13)Q226L, RhoA-G14V, and RhoC-G14V. The ability of CCG-1423 to block transcription activated by MKL1, but not that induced by SRF-VP16 or GAL4-VP16, suggests a mechanism targeting MKL/SRF-dependent transcriptional activation that does not involve alterations in DNA binding. Consistent with its role as a Rho/SRF pathway inhibitor, CCG-1423 displays activity in several in vitro cancer cell functional assays. CCG-1423 potently (<1 mumol/L) inhibits lysophosphatidic acid-induced DNA synthesis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells, and whereas it inhibits the growth of RhoC-overexpressing melanoma lines (A375M2 and SK-Mel-147) at nanomolar concentrations, it is less active on related lines (A375 and SK-Mel-28) that express lower levels of Rho. Similarly, CCG-1423 selectively stimulates apoptosis of the metastasis-prone, RhoC-overexpressing melanoma cell line (A375M2) compared with the parental cell line (A375). CCG-1423 inhibited Rho-dependent invasion by PC-3 prostate cancer cells, whereas it did not affect the Galpha(i)-dependent invasion by the SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell line. Thus, based on its profile, CCG-1423 is a promising lead compound for the development of novel pharmacologic tools to disrupt transcriptional responses of the Rho pathway in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Evelyn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1301 MSRB III, Room 2220D, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thomas S, Chiriva-Internati M, Shah GV. Calcitonin receptor-stimulated migration of prostate cancer cells is mediated by urokinase receptor-integrin signaling. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:363-77. [PMID: 17487556 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abundance of calcitonin (CT) and calcitonin receptor (CTR) mRNA in primary prostate tumors positively correlates with tumor grade, and exogenously added CT increases the invasion of prostate cancer cell lines. We examined acute and chronic actions of CT on migration of highly metastatic PC-3M cells and poorly invasive LNCaP cells on several extracellular matrices in a spheroid disaggregation/migration assay. While PC-3M spheroids displayed maximum disaggregation/migration on vitronectin (VN), LNCaP spheroids preferred collagen but also migrated significantly on VN. Up-regulation of CT significantly enhanced disaggregation/migration of PC-3M spheroids on VN, but not on fibronectin. In contrast, down-regulation of CT, CTR, protein kinase A or urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) led to amelioration of PC-3M spheroid disaggregation/migration. CT selectively increased surface activity of alpha v beta 3 or alpha 6 beta 5 integrins in PC-3M and LNCaP cell lines, respectively, and uPAR-integrin association. Finally, either CT or urokinase could completely restore migration of CT-knock-down PC-3M spheroids. But, only forced expression of urokinase receptor coupled with exogenous addition of urokinase restored migration of CTR-knock-down spheroids. These results support our hypothesis that up-regulation of CT biosynthesis and activation of CT-CTR axis in primary prostate tumors may have direct relevance in their progression to the metastatic phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shibu Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the United States. Signal transduction molecules such as tyrosine kinases play important roles in CaP. Src, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) and the first proto-oncogene discovered is shown to participate in processes such as cell proliferation and migration in CaP. Underscoring NRTK's and, specifically, Src's importance in cancer is the recent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of dasatinib, the first commercial Src inhibitor for clinical use in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In this review we will focus on NRTKs and their roles in the biology of CaP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Publicly available literature from PubMed regarding the topic of members of NRTKs in CaP was searched and reviewed. RESULTS Src, FAK, JaK1/2, and ETK are involved in processes indispensable to the biology of CaP: cell growth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Src emerges as a common signaling and regulatory molecule in multiple biological processes in CaP. Src's relative importance in particular stages of CaP, however, required further definition. Continued investigation of NRTKs will increase our understanding of their biological function and potential role as new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Chang
- Department of Urology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|