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Hibernation with Rhythmicity in the Retina, Brain, and Plasma but Not in the Liver of Hibernating Giant Spiny Frogs (Quasipaa spinosa). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050722. [PMID: 35625450 PMCID: PMC9138901 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Aquatic ectotherms experience hypoxia under water during hibernation, which enables them to move denoting some level of consciousness, unlike terrestrial hibernators. However, how aquatic ectotherms modulate their clocks and clock-controlled genes in different tissues and plasma melatonin and corticosterone in light-dark cycles under natural environments before and during hibernation, remains to be largely unexplored. To achieve these, in this study, we investigated circadian clock genes, circadian clock-controlled genes, antioxidant enzyme genes, and related hormones in giant spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa). Our results demonstrated that, despite the hypometabolic state of hibernation, the retina and the brain displayed some circadian rhythms of clock and antioxidant genes, as well as melatonin, while the liver was inactive. These novel findings may contribute to an understanding of how aquatic ectotherms use their circadian system differentially to modulate their physiology in escaping hypoxia during hibernation and preparing for arousal. Abstract Hibernation in ectotherms is well known, however, it is unclear how the circadian clock regulates endocrine and antioxidative defense systems of aquatic hibernators. Using the giant spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa), we studied mRNA expression levels of (1) circadian core clock (Bmal1, Clock, Cry1 and Per2), clock-controlled (Ror-α, Mel-1c and AANAT), and antioxidant enzyme (AOE) (SOD1, SOD2, CAT and GPx) genes in retina, brain, and liver; and (2) plasma melatonin (MT) and corticosterone (CORT) levels, over a 24-hour period at six intervals pre-hibernation and during hibernation. Our results showed that brain Bmal1, Cry1, Per2 and Mel-1c were rhythmic pre-hibernation and Clock and Ror-α during hibernation. However, the retina Bmal1, Clock and Mel-1c, and plasma MT became rhythmic during hibernation. All brain AOEs (SOD1, SOD2, CAT and GPx) were rhythmic pre-hibernation and became non-rhythmic but upregulated, except SOD1, during hibernation. However, plasma CORT and liver clocks and AOEs were non-rhythmic in both periods. The mRNA expression levels of AOEs closely resembled those of Ror-α but not plasma MT oscillations. In the hibernating aquatic frogs, these modulations of melatonin, as well as clock and clock-controlled genes and AOEs might be fundamental for them to remain relatively inactive, increase tolerance, and escape hypoxia, and to prepare for arousal.
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Bertolesi GE, Debnath N, Malik HR, Man LLH, McFarlane S. Type II Opsins in the Eye, the Pineal Complex and the Skin of Xenopus laevis: Using Changes in Skin Pigmentation as a Readout of Visual and Circadian Activity. Front Neuroanat 2022; 15:784478. [PMID: 35126061 PMCID: PMC8814574 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.784478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye, the pineal complex and the skin are important photosensitive organs. The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, senses light from the environment and adjusts skin color accordingly. For example, light reflected from the surface induces camouflage through background adaptation while light from above produces circadian variation in skin pigmentation. During embryogenesis, background adaptation, and circadian skin variation are segregated responses regulated by the secretion of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and melatonin through the photosensitivity of the eye and pineal complex, respectively. Changes in the color of skin pigmentation have been used as a readout of biochemical and physiological processes since the initial purification of pineal melatonin from pigs, and more recently have been employed to better understand the neuroendocrine circuit that regulates background adaptation. The identification of 37 type II opsin genes in the genome of the allotetraploid X. laevis, combined with analysis of their expression in the eye, pineal complex and skin, is contributing to the elucidation of the role of opsins in the different photosensitive organs, but also brings new questions and challenges. In this review, we analyze new findings regarding the anatomical localization and functions of type II opsins in sensing light. The contribution of X. laevis in revealing the neuroendocrine circuits that regulate background adaptation and circadian light variation through changes in skin pigmentation is discussed. Finally, the presence of opsins in X. laevis skin melanophores is presented and compared with the secretory melanocytes of birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E. Bertolesi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Xie Z, Ahmad IM, Zuo L, Xiao F, Wang Y, Li D. Hibernation with rhythmicity: the circadian clock and hormonal adaptations of the hibernating Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans). Integr Zool 2021; 17:656-669. [PMID: 34791783 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation is one of the fundamental strategies in response to cold environmental temperatures. During hibernation, the endocrine and circadian systems ensure minimal expenditure of energy for survival. The circadian rhythms of key hormones, melatonin (MT), corticosterone (CORT), triiodothyronine (T3 ), and thyroxine (T4 ), and the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms of hibernation have been well determined in mammals but not in ectotherms. Here, a terrestrial hibernating species, Asiatic toad (Bufo gargarizans), was employed to investigate the plasma CORT, MT, T3 , and T4 ; and the retina, brain, and liver mRNA expression of the core clock genes, including circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock), brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (Bmal1), cryptochrome (Cry) 1 and 2, and period (Per) 1 and 2, at 7-time points over a 24-h period under acute cold (1 day at 4°C), and hibernation (45 days at 4°C). Our results showed that the circadian rhythms of the core clock genes were rather unaffected by acute cold exposure in the retina, unlike the brain and liver. In contrast, during hibernation, the liver clock genes displayed significant circadian oscillations, while those in the retina and brain stopped ticking. Furthermore, plasma CORT expressed circadian oscillations in both groups, and T3 in acute cold exposure group, whereas T4 and MT did not. Our results reveal that the plasma CORT and the liver sustain rhythmicity when the brain was not, indicating that the liver clock along with the adrenal clock synergistically maintains the metabolic requirements to ensure basic survival in hibernating Asiatic toads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Xie
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ibrahim M Ahmad
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lirong Zuo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yongpeng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Dongming Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Saha S, Singh KM, Gupta BBP. Melatonin synthesis and clock gene regulation in the pineal organ of teleost fish compared to mammals: Similarities and differences. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 279:27-34. [PMID: 30026020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pineal organ of all vertebrates synthesizes and secretes melatonin in a rhythmic manner due to the circadian rhythm in the activity of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) - the rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis pathway. Nighttime increase in AANAT activity and melatonin synthesis depends on increased expression of aanat gene (a clock-controlled gene) and/or post-translation modification of AANAT protein. In mammalian and avian species, only one aanat gene is expressed. However, three aanat genes (aanat1a, aanat1b, and aanat2) are reported in fish species. While aanat1a and aanat1b genes are expressed in the fish retina, the nervous system and other peripheral tissues, aanat2 gene is expressed exclusively in the fish pineal organ. Clock genes form molecular components of the clockwork, which regulates clock-controlled genes like aanat gene. All core clock genes (i.e., clock, bmal1, per1, per2, per3, cry1 and cry2) and aanat2 gene (a clock-controlled gene) are expressed in the pineal organ of several fish species. There is a large body of information on regulation of clock genes, aanat gene and melatonin synthesis in the mammalian pineal gland. However, the information available on clock genes, aanat genes and melatonin synthesis in photoreceptive pineal organ of teleosts is fragmentary and not well documented. Therefore, we have reviewed published information on rhythmic expression of clock genes, aanat genes as well as synthesis of melatonin, and their regulation by photoperiod and temperature in teleostean pineal organ as compared to mammalian pineal gland. A critical analysis of the literature suggests that in contrast to the mammalian pineal gland, the pineal organ of teleosts (except salmonids) possesses a well developed indigenous clock composed of clock genes for regulation of rhythmic expression of aanat2 gene and melatonin synthesis. Further, the fish pineal organ also possesses essential molecular components for responding to light and temperature directly. The fish pineal organ seems to act as a potential master biological clock in most of the teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Saha
- Environmental Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Kshetrimayum Manisana Singh
- Environmental Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Braj Bansh Prasad Gupta
- Environmental Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
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Choi CY, Kim TH, Oh YH, Min TS, Choi JY, Song JA. Effects of various LED light spectra on circadian rhythm during starvation in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1447331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tae-Sun Min
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yong Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ah Song
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Argikar UA, Dumouchel JL, Dunne CE, Bushee AJ. Ocular non-P450 oxidative, reductive, hydrolytic, and conjugative drug metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:372-394. [PMID: 28438049 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1322609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism in the eye for any species, laboratory animals or human, is gaining rapid interest as pharmaceutical scientists aim to treat a wide range of so-called incurable ocular diseases. Over a period of decades, reports of metabolic activity toward various drugs and biochemical markers have emerged in select ocular tissues of animals and humans. Ocular cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and transporters have been recently reviewed. However, there is a dearth of collated information on non-P450 drug metabolizing enzymes in eyes of various preclinical species and humans in health and disease. In an effort to complement ocular P450s and transporters, which have been well reviewed in the literature, this review is aimed at presenting collective information on non-P450 oxidative, hydrolytic, and conjugative ocular drug metabolizing enzymes. Herein, we also present a list of xenobiotics or drugs that have been reported to be metabolized in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra A Argikar
- a Analytical Sciences and Imaging , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Jennifer L Dumouchel
- a Analytical Sciences and Imaging , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Christine E Dunne
- b Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
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Sanjita Devi H, Rajiv C, Mondal G, Khan ZA, Dharmajyoti Devi S, Yumnamcha T, Bharali R, Chattoraj A. Melatonin bio-synthesizing enzyme genes (Tph1, Aanat1, Aanat2, and Hiomt) and their temporal pattern of expression in brain and gut of a tropical carp in natural environmental conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2016.1230337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haobijam Sanjita Devi
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Government of India, Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, Manipur, India
| | - Chongtham Rajiv
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Government of India, Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, Manipur, India
| | - Gopinath Mondal
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Government of India, Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, Manipur, India
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Khan
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Government of India, Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, Manipur, India
| | - Sijagurumayum Dharmajyoti Devi
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Government of India, Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, Manipur, India
| | - Thangal Yumnamcha
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Government of India, Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, Manipur, India
| | - Rupjyoti Bharali
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781 014, Assam, India
| | - Asamanja Chattoraj
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Government of India, Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, Manipur, India
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Paulin CH, Cazaméa-Catalan D, Zilberman-Peled B, Herrera-Perez P, Sauzet S, Magnanou E, Fuentès M, Gothilf Y, Muñoz-Cueto JA, Falcón J, Besseau L. Subfunctionalization of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases in the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax: two-ones for one two. J Pineal Res 2015; 59:354-64. [PMID: 26267754 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an important component of the vertebrates circadian system, synthetized from serotonin by the successive action of the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (Aanat: serotonin→N-acetylserotonin) and acetylserotonin-O-methyltransferase (Asmt: N-acetylserotonin→melatonin). Aanat is responsible for the daily rhythm in melatonin production. Teleost fish are unique because they express two Aanat genes, aanat1 and aanat2, mainly expressed in the retina and pineal gland, respectively. In silico analysis indicated that the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication generated Aanat1 duplicates (aanat1a and aanat1b); some fish express both of them, while others express either one of the isoforms. Here, we bring the first information on the structure, function, and distribution of Aanat1a and Aanat1b in a teleost, the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Aanat1a and Aanat1b displayed a wide and distinct distribution in the nervous system and peripheral tissues, while Aanat2 appeared as a pineal enzyme. Co-expression of Aanats with asmt was found in the pineal gland and the three retinal nuclear layers. Enzyme kinetics indicated subtle differences in the affinity and catalytic efficiency of Aanat1a and Aanat1b for indolethylamines and phenylethylamines, respectively. Our data are consistent with the idea that Aanat2 is a pineal enzyme involved in melatonin production, while Aanat1 enzymes have a broader range of functions including melatonin synthesis in the retina, and catabolism of serotonin and dopamine in the retina and other tissues. The data are discussed in light of the recently uncovered roles of N-acetylserotonin and N-acetyldopamine as antioxidants, neuroprotectants, and modulators of cell proliferation and enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Hubert Paulin
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Damien Cazaméa-Catalan
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Bina Zilberman-Peled
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neurosciences, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Patricia Herrera-Perez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sandrine Sauzet
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Elodie Magnanou
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Michael Fuentès
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Yoav Gothilf
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neurosciences, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jose Antonio Muñoz-Cueto
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jack Falcón
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Laurence Besseau
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, Banyuls/Mer, France
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Cazaméa-Catalan D, Besseau L, Falcón J, Magnanou E. The timing of Timezyme diversification in vertebrates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112380. [PMID: 25486407 PMCID: PMC4259306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
All biological functions in vertebrates are synchronized with daily and seasonal changes in the environment by the time keeping hormone melatonin. Its nocturnal surge is primarily due to the rhythmic activity of the arylalkylamine N-acetyl transferase AANAT, which thus became the focus of many investigations regarding its evolution and function. Various vertebrate isoforms have been reported from cartilaginous fish to mammals but their origin has not been clearly established. Using phylogeny and synteny, we took advantage of the increasing number of available genomes in order to test whether the various rounds of vertebrate whole genome duplications were responsible for the diversification of AANAT. We highlight a gene secondary loss of the AANAT2 in the Sarcopterygii, revealing for the first time that the AAANAT1/2 duplication occurred before the divergence between Actinopterygii (bony fish) and Sarcopterygii (tetrapods, lobe-finned fish, and lungfish). We hypothesize the teleost-specific whole genome duplication (WDG) generated the appearance of the AANAT1a/1b and the AANAT2/2′paralogs, the 2′ isoform being rapidly lost in the teleost common ancestor (ray-finned fish). We also demonstrate the secondary loss of the AANAT1a in a Paracantopterygii (Atlantic cod) and of the 1b in some Ostariophysi (zebrafish and cave fish). Salmonids present an even more diverse set of AANATs that may be due to their specific WGD followed by secondary losses. We propose that vertebrate AANAT diversity resulted from 3 rounds of WGD followed by previously uncharacterized secondary losses. Extant isoforms show subfunctionalized localizations, enzyme activities and affinities that have increased with time since their emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Cazaméa-Catalan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, BIOM Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7232, BIOM Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Laurence Besseau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, BIOM Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7232, BIOM Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Jack Falcón
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, BIOM Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7232, BIOM Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Elodie Magnanou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, BIOM Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7232, BIOM Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
- * E-mail:
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Tan DX, Zheng X, Kong J, Manchester LC, Hardeland R, Kim SJ, Xu X, Reiter RJ. Fundamental issues related to the origin of melatonin and melatonin isomers during evolution: relation to their biological functions. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15858-90. [PMID: 25207599 PMCID: PMC4200856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin and melatonin isomers exist and/or coexist in living organisms including yeasts, bacteria and plants. The levels of melatonin isomers are significantly higher than that of melatonin in some plants and in several fermented products such as in wine and bread. Currently, there are no reports documenting the presence of melatonin isomers in vertebrates. From an evolutionary point of view, it is unlikely that melatonin isomers do not exist in vertebrates. On the other hand, large quantities of the microbial flora exist in the gut of the vertebrates. These microorganisms frequently exchange materials with the host. Melatonin isomers, which are produced by these organisms inevitably enter the host's system. The origins of melatonin and its isomers can be traced back to photosynthetic bacteria and other primitive unicellular organisms. Since some of these bacteria are believed to be the precursors of mitochondria and chloroplasts these cellular organelles may be the primary sites of melatonin production in animals or in plants, respectively. Phylogenic analysis based on its rate-limiting synthetic enzyme, serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), indicates its multiple origins during evolution. Therefore, it is likely that melatonin and its isomer are also present in the domain of archaea, which perhaps require these molecules to protect them against hostile environments including extremely high or low temperature. Evidence indicates that the initial and primary function of melatonin and its isomers was to serve as the first-line of defence against oxidative stress and all other functions were acquired during evolution either by the process of adoption or by the extension of its antioxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, the University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jin Kong
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lucien C Manchester
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, the University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Ruediger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
| | - Seok Joong Kim
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, the University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, the University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, the University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Isorna E, Aliaga-Guerrero M, M'Rabet AE, Servili A, Falcón J, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Identification of two arylalkylamine N-acetyltranferase 1 genes with different developmental expression profiles in the flatfish Solea senegalensis. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:434-44. [PMID: 21718359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The existence of two arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (Aanat1) genes in the genome of some teleosts has been reported recently by in silico analysis. However, there are no data concerning the similarities and/or differences between them and many questions remain to be answered, such as their expression sites, development, or kinetics. Here, we report the cloning of Aanat1a and Aanat1b cDNAs from the sole retina and show for the first time that at least three Aanat genes are expressed in a vertebrate species. Because melatonin is involved in fish ontogeny, we analyzed the developmental transcript levels of Aanat1a and Aanat1b by quantitative real-time PCR, showing their inverse and stage-specific expression patterns. Aanat1a was more abundant during early than late larval stages. Before metamorphosis, nocturnal expression was higher. At metamorphosis, Aanat1a expression decreased and lost these day-night variations. In contrast, the abundance of Aanat1b transcripts, low during early developing stages, rose significantly throughout metamorphosis. This situation seemed to apply to the adult because Aanat1a expression was lower than Aanat1b expression in the retina of adults, where the former did not exhibit day-night variations, while the latter did so with much higher nocturnal transcript levels. In situ hybridization analysis detected Aanat1a and Aanat1b messengers in the outer and inner nuclear layers of retina. The differences in abundance and distinct day-night expression patterns between Aanat1a and Aanat1b during sole development suggest different functions for these two enzymes as well as the existence of interactions between the melatoninergic and thyroid hormone systems during flatfish metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Isorna
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
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Velarde E, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Alonso-Gómez AL, Sánchez E, Isorna E, Delgado MJ. Melatonin-synthesizing enzymes in pineal, retina, liver, and gut of the goldfish (Carassius): mRNA expression pattern and regulation of daily rhythms by lighting conditions. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:1178-201. [PMID: 20653449 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2010.496911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that melatonin is synthesized in nonphotosensitive organs of vertebrates in addition to the well-known sites of the pineal gland and retina. However, very few studies have demonstrated the gene expression of melatonin-synthesizing enzymes in extrapineal and extraretinal locations. This study focuses on the circadian expression of the two key enzymes of the melatoninergic pathway, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), in central and peripheral locations of a teleost fish, the goldfish (Carassius auratus). First, the full-length cDNA sequences corresponding to the goldfish AANAT-2 (gAanat-2) and HIOMT-2 (gHiomt-2) were cloned, showing high similarity with other teleost sequences. Two forms of AANAT exist in teleosts. Here, for the first time, two isoforms of HIOMT are deduced from phylogenetic analysis. Moreover, both HIOMT and AANAT were detected in several peripheral locations, including liver and gut, the present results being the first to find HIOMT in nonphotosensitive structures of a fish species. Second, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies were performed to investigate regulation of gAanat-2 in pineal and peripheral locations of goldfish maintained under different lighting conditions. The current results show circadian rhythms in Aanat-2 and Hiomt-2 transcripts in liver and hindgut, suggesting a local melatonin synthesis in goldfish. Moreover, the analysis of daily expression of gAanat-2 under different lighting conditions, including continuous light (24L) and darkness (24D) revealed light-dependent rhythms in the pineal and retina, as expected, but also in liver and hindgut. The persistence in hindgut of these gAanat-2 rhythms under both constant conditions, 24L and 24D, suggests expression of this transcript is governed by a circadian clock and entrained by nonphotic cues. Finally, the current results support the existence of melatonin synthesis in gut and liver of the goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Velarde
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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Falcón J, Besseau L, Fuentès M, Sauzet S, Magnanou E, Boeuf G. Structural and Functional Evolution of the Pineal Melatonin System in Vertebrates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:101-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Isorna E, El M'rabet A, Confente F, Falcón J, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Cloning and expression of arylalkylamine N-acetyltranferase-2 during early development and metamorphosis in the sole Solea senegalensis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 161:97-102. [PMID: 18955059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) is a key enzyme in the rhythmic production of melatonin. Two Aanats are expressed in teleost fish, one retinal specific, Aanat1, and the other one pineal specific, Aanat2, being the latter the main enzyme responsible of the plasma nocturnal melatonin increase in fish. In anurans melatonin has been involved in metamorphosis through antagonizing thyroid hormone function; however, no available data reports a relationship between melatonin system and metamorphosis in fish. In this study, we have cloned the AANAT2 (SsAanat2) in a flatfish, Solea senegalensis, and studied its sites of expression and developmental expression pattern by in situ hybridization and Real Time PCR. These studies allowed us to demonstrate a specific signal in the pineal gland of sole larvae from 2 days post-fertilization (dpf), which was evident until post-metamorphosis. Immunohistochemical analysis on the hybridized slides showed that the sole pineal Aanat2 expressing cells corresponded to pineal photoreceptor cells. Real Time PCR was performed in animals kept under natural photoperiod and sampled at different stages from 0 to 21 dpf (including pre-, early-, middle- and late-metamorphic stages) and at midlight (ML) and middark (MD) daytimes. Sole Aanat2 expression was higher at MD than at ML from 2 dpf and at most developmental stages analyzed. The highest AANAT2 mRNA abundance was observed at 2 and 4 dpf. A significant 60-fold reduction in Aanat2 expression was seen just before metamorphosis demonstrating, for the first time in a vertebrate species, that the expression of pineal AANAT and thyroid hormones levels exhibit an inverse pattern during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Isorna
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, E-11510, Puerto Real, España, Spain.
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Fernández-Durán B, Ruibal C, Polakof S, Ceinos RM, Soengas JL, Míguez JM. Evidence for arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT2) expression in rainbow trout peripheral tissues with emphasis in the gastrointestinal tract. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 152:289-94. [PMID: 17292900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In fish, melatonin is reported to be produced mainly in the pineal organ, but there is also evidence for the presence of melatonin in a number of extrapineal sites where it could act as an intracellular mediator or paracrine signal. The present study use the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to evaluate the expression of the enzyme arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT2), which catalyzes the limiting step for melatonin synthesis, in different peripheral tissues of rainbow trout, with emphasis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The results show AANAT2 gene expression in almost all peripheral tissues tested, including gills, kidney, muscle, skin, liver, Brockmann bodies, gall bladder, spleen and GIT, but not in adipose tissue. Furthermore, in trout GIT we observed that AANAT2 is expressed only in the muscular layer of all segments tested (esophagus, stomach, pyloric ceca, foregut, midgut and hindgut), but not in the mucosal layer. No significant differences were obtained among the different GIT segments evaluated. These results support an almost ubiquitous synthesis of melatonin in peripheral organs of rainbow trout, which can be related with a local role of the hormone as autocrine or paracrine factor. In addition, our data support the existence of a local synthesis of melatonin in trout GIT, which is discussed and could be involved in some sort of endocrine regulation of feeding and digestive activity, acting as an antioxidant or contributing to maintain melatonin levels in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Fernández-Durán
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departmento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saude, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio de Ciencias Experimentais, Campus Universitario, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
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