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Temerdashev AZ, Dmitrieva EV. Methods for the Determination of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820070187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gleeson BT. Masculinity and the Mechanisms of Human Self-Domestication. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-019-00126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang F, Wang Y, Han W, Wang J, Zhang H, Sheng X, Yuan Z, Weng Q, Han Y. Seasonal changes of androgen receptor, estrogen receptors and aromatase expression in the hippocampus of the wild male ground squirrels (Citellus dauricus Brandt). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 249:93-100. [PMID: 28502742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The wild ground squirrel is a typical seasonal breeder whose annual life cycle can be roughly divided into the breeding season, the post-breeding season and hibernation. Our previous study has reported the seasonal changes in the expressions of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ), and aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) in the hypothalamus of male wild ground squirrels. To further seek evidence of seasonal expression of steroid hormone receptors and steroid hormone synthases in other brain regions, we investigated the protein and mRNA expressions of AR, ERα, ERβ and P450arom in the hippocampus of the male wild ground squirrels during these different reproductive periods. Histological observation showed that the number of pyramidal cells in Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) increased in the breeding season. Both protein and mRNA of AR, ERα, ERβ and P450arom were present in CA1 and CA3 of all seasons. There was significant increment in the immune-signal intensity and mRNA level of AR and ERα during the pre-hibernation, whereas those of ERβ and P450arom were higher during the post-breeding season. In addition, the profile of plasma testosterone concentration showed the nadir in the post-breeding season, a marked elevation in the pre-hibernation, and the summit in the breeding season. These findings suggested that the hippocampus may be a direct target of androgen and estrogen; androgen may play important regulatory roles through its receptor and/or the aromatized estrogen in the hippocampus of the wild male ground squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wentao Han
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xia Sheng
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Zhengrong Yuan
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiang Weng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingying Han
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Zhang T, Peng D, Qi L, Li W, Fan M, Shen J, Yang L, Wang Y, Wang W, Hu X, Cai R, Zhou R, Wei Y, Zhou J, Yang S, Hu D, Liu S. Musk gland seasonal development and musk secretion are regulated by the testis in muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus). Biol Res 2017; 50:10. [PMID: 28259185 PMCID: PMC5337303 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The muskrat is a seasonal breeder. Males secrete musk to attract females during the breeding season. The testosterone binding to the androgen receptor (AR) in musk glands of muskrat may play an important role conducting the musk secretion process. METHODS The musk gland, testis and blood samples of musk rats are collected in both breeding and non-breeding seasons. Some part of the samples are kept in liquid nitrogen for transcriptome analysis and Western blotting test. Some part of the samples are kept in 70% alcohol for histology experiment, blood samples are kept at -20 °C for the serum testosterone measurement experiment. RESULTS This study demonstrates that the quantity of secreted musk, the volume of the musk glands, the diameter of the gland cells and AR expression are all higher during the breeding season than at other times (p < 0.01). StAR, P450scc and 3β-HSD expression in the Leydig cells of the testis were also higher during this season, as was serum testosterone. AR was also observed in the gland cells of two other musk-secreting animals, the musk deer and small Indian civet, in their musk glands. These results suggest that the testes and musk glands co-develop seasonally. CONCLUSION The musk glands' seasonal development and musk secretion are regulated by the testes, and testosterone plays an important role in the seasonal development of musk glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zhang
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Peng
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Qi
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixuan Li
- Zhonshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Fan
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachen Shen
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Yang
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Wang
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruibo Cai
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Zhou
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Wei
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntong Zhou
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Defu Hu
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuqiang Liu
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Global analysis of transcription in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells uncovers active enhancers and direct androgen receptor targets. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33510. [PMID: 27641228 PMCID: PMC5027586 DOI: 10.1038/srep33510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a male sex steroid-activated transcription factor (TF) that plays a critical role in prostate cancers, including castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC) that typically express amplified levels of the AR. CRPC-derived VCaP cells display an excessive number of chromatin AR-binding sites (ARBs) most of which localize to distal inter- or intragenic regions. Here, we analyzed direct transcription programs of the AR in VCaP cells using global nuclear run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) and integrated the GRO-seq data with the ARB and VCaP cell-specific TF-binding data. Androgen immediately activated transcription of hundreds of protein-coding genes, including IGF-1 receptor and EGF receptor. Androgen also simultaneously repressed transcription of a large number of genes, including MYC. As functional enhancers have been postulated to produce enhancer-templated non-coding RNAs (eRNAs), we also analyzed the eRNAs, which revealed that only a fraction of the ARBs reside at functional enhancers. Activation of these enhancers was most pronounced at the sites that also bound PIAS1, ERG and HDAC3, whereas binding of HDAC3 and PIAS1 decreased at androgen-repressed enhancers. In summary, our genome-wide data of androgen-regulated enhancers and primary target genes provide new insights how the AR can directly regulate cellular growth and control signaling pathways in CPRC cells.
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Zhang F, Wang J, Jiao Y, Zhang L, Zhang H, Sheng X, Han Y, Yuan Z, Weng Q. Seasonal changes of androgen receptor, estrogen receptors and aromatase expression in the medial preoptic area of the wild male ground squirrels (Citellus dauricus Brandt). Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2621. [PMID: 27349316 PMCID: PMC4933827 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The wild ground squirrel is a typical seasonal breeder. In this study, using RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry, we investigated the mRNA and protein expressions of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptors a and β (ERα and ERβ) and aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of hypothalamus of the wild male ground squirrel during the breeding season (April), the non-breeding season (June) and pre-hibernation (September). AR, ERα, ERβ and P450arom protein/mRNA were present in the MPOA of all seasons detected. The immunostaining of AR and ERα showed no significant changes in different periods, whereas ERβ and P450arom had higher immunoreactivities during the breeding season and pre-hibernation when compared to those of the non-breeding season. Consistently, both the protein and mRNA levels of P450arom and ERβ were higher in the MPOA of pre-hibernation and the breeding season than in the non-breeding season, whereas no significant difference amongst the three periods was observed for AR and ERα levels. These findings suggested that the MPOA of hypothalamus may be a direct target of androgen and estrogen. Androgen may play important regulatory roles through its receptor and/or the aromatized estrogen in the MPOA of hypothalamus of the wild male ground squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- Beijing Forestry University.
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Toropainen S, Malinen M, Kaikkonen S, Rytinki M, Jääskeläinen T, Sahu B, Jänne OA, Palvimo JJ. SUMO ligase PIAS1 functions as a target gene selective androgen receptor coregulator on prostate cancer cell chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:848-61. [PMID: 25552417 PMCID: PMC4333416 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a central role in the development and growth of prostate carcinoma. PIAS1 is an AR- and SUMO-interacting protein and a putative transcriptional coregulator overexpressed in prostate cancer. To study the importance of PIAS1 for the androgen-regulated transcriptome of VCaP prostate cancer cells, we silenced its expression by RNAi. Transcriptome analyses revealed that a subset of the AR-regulated genes is significantly influenced, either activated or repressed, by PIAS1 depletion. Interestingly, PIAS1 depletion also exposed a new set of genes to androgen regulation, suggesting that PIAS1 can mask distinct genomic loci from AR access. In keeping with gene expression data, silencing of PIAS1 attenuated VCaP cell proliferation. ChIP-seq analyses showed that PIAS1 interacts with AR at chromatin sites harboring also SUMO2/3 and surrounded by H3K4me2; androgen exposure increased the number of PIAS1-occupying sites, resulting in nearly complete overlap with AR chromatin binding events. PIAS1 interacted also with the pioneer factor FOXA1. Of note, PIAS1 depletion affected AR chromatin occupancy at binding sites enriched for HOXD13 and GATA motifs. Taken together, PIAS1 is a genuine chromatin-bound AR coregulator that functions in a target gene selective fashion to regulate prostate cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Toropainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Malinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Kaikkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miia Rytinki
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Biswajyoti Sahu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli A Jänne
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Ullrich T, Sasmal S, Boorgu V, Pasagadi S, Cheera S, Rajagopalan S, Bhumireddy A, Shashikumar D, Chelur S, Belliappa C, Pandit C, Krishnamurthy N, Mukherjee S, Ramanathan A, Ghadiyaram C, Ramachandra M, Santos PG, Lagu B, Bock MG, Perrone MH, Weiler S, Keller H. 3-Alkoxy-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazolines as Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators with Ideal Physicochemical Properties for Transdermal Administration. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7396-411. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5009049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjita Sasmal
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Venkatesham Boorgu
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Srinivasu Pasagadi
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Srisailam Cheera
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Sujatha Rajagopalan
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Archana Bhumireddy
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Dhanya Shashikumar
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Shekar Chelur
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Charamanna Belliappa
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Chetan Pandit
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Narasimharao Krishnamurthy
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Subhendu Mukherjee
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Anuradha Ramanathan
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Chakshusmathi Ghadiyaram
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Murali Ramachandra
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Paulo G. Santos
- Technical
Research
and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bharat Lagu
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark G. Bock
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark H. Perrone
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Lu L, Liu S, Li Q, Huang S, Bao L, Sheng X, Han Y, Watanabe G, Taya K, Weng Q. Seasonal expression of androgen receptor in scented gland of muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 204:1-7. [PMID: 24818970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Muskrat is a seasonal breeder, males of which secret musk from paired perineal scented glands found beneath the skin at the ventral base of the tail for attracting female during the breeding season. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes of expression of androgen receptor (AR) in the scented gland of muskrat during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Histologically, glandular cells, interstitial cells and excretory tubules were identified in scented glands in both seasons, whereas epithelial cells were sparse in the nonbreeding season. AR was observed in glandular cells of scented glands during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons with stronger immunostaining during the breeding season compared to the nonbreeding season. Consistent with the immunohistochemical results, AR protein level was higher in the scented glands of the breeding season, and then decreased to a relatively low level in the nonbreeding season. The mean mRNA level of Ar was significantly higher in the breeding season than in the nonbreeding season. In addition, plasma gonadotropins and testosterone concentrations were remarkably higher in the breeding season than those in the nonbreeding season. These results suggested that muskrat scented gland was the direct target organ of androgen, and stronger expression of AR in scented glands during the breeding season suggested that androgens may directly influence scented glandular function of the muskrats and also courtship behavior as we inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shuqiang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qinglin Li
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shiyang Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lihong Bao
- Institute of Public Health, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, PR China
| | - Xia Sheng
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yingying Han
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Taya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Qiang Weng
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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