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Li ZM, Fan ZL, Wang XY, Wang TY. Factors Affecting the Expression of Recombinant Protein and Improvement Strategies in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:880155. [PMID: 35860329 PMCID: PMC9289362 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.880155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) are important parts of biopharmaceuticals. Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) have become the main cell hosts for the production of most RTPs approved for marketing because of their high-density suspension growth characteristics, and similar human post-translational modification patterns et al. In recent years, many studies have been performed on CHO cell expression systems, and the yields and quality of recombinant protein expression have been greatly improved. However, the expression levels of some proteins are still low or even difficult-to express in CHO cells. It is urgent further to increase the yields and to express successfully the “difficult-to express” protein in CHO cells. The process of recombinant protein expression of is a complex, involving multiple steps such as transcription, translation, folding processing and secretion. In addition, the inherent characteristics of molecular will also affect the production of protein. Here, we reviewed the factors affecting the expression of recombinant protein and improvement strategies in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Mei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Fan
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Tian-Yun Wang,
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2
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Dalgaard LT, Sørensen AE, Hardikar AA, Joglekar MV. The microRNA-29 family - role in metabolism and metabolic disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C367-C377. [PMID: 35704699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00051.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microRNA-29a family members miR-29a-3p, miR-29b-3p and miR-29c-3p are ubiquitously expressed and consistently increased in various tissues and cell types in conditions of metabolic disease; obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In pancreatic beta cells, miR-29a is required for normal exocytosis, but increased levels are associated with impaired beta cell function. Similarly, in liver miR-29 species are higher in models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and either knock-out or depletion using a microRNA inhibitor improves hepatic insulin resistance. In skeletal muscle, miR-29 upregulation is associated with insulin resistance and altered substrate oxidation, and similarly, in adipocytes over-expression of miR-29a leads to insulin resistance. Blocking miR-29a using nucleic acid antisense therapeutics show promising results in preclinical animal models of obesity and type 2 diabetes, although the widespread expression pattern of miR-29 family members complicates the exploration of single target tissues. However, in fibrotic diseases, such as in late complications of diabetes and metabolic disease (diabetic kidney disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), miR-29 expression is suppressed by TGFβ allowing increased extracellular matrix collagen to form. In the clinical setting circulating levels of miR-29a and miR-29b are consistently increased in type 2 diabetes and in gestational diabetes, and are also possible prognostic markers for deterioration of glucose tolerance. In conclusion, miR-29 plays an essential role in various organs relevant to intermediary metabolism and its upregulation contribute to impaired glucose metabolism, while it suppresses fibrosis development. Thus, a correct balance of miR-29a levels seems important for cellular and organ homeostasis in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise T Dalgaard
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anja E Sørensen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anandwardhan A Hardikar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mugdha V Joglekar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Recent developments in miRNA based recombinant protein expression in CHO. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:671-681. [PMID: 35507207 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the growing demand for recombinant therapeutic proteins has led to the expansion of the biopharmaceutical industry and the development of strategies to increase recombinant protein production in mammalian cell lines such as SP2/0 HEK and particularly Chinese hamster ovary cells. For a long time now, most investigations have been focused on increasing host cell productivity using genetic manipulating of cellular processes like cell cycle, apoptosis, cell growth, protein secretory and other pathways. In recent decades MicroRNAs beside different genetic engineering tools (e.g., TALEN, ZFN, and Crisper/Cas) have attracted further attention as a tool in the genetic engineering of host cells to increase protein expression levels. Their ability to simultaneously target multiple mRNAs involved in one or more cellular processes made them a favorable tool in this field. Accordingly, this study aimed to review the methods of selecting target miRNA for cell line engineering, miRNA gain- or loss-of-function strategies, examples of laboratory and pilot studies in this field and discussed advantages and disadvantages of this technology.
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Liu HN, Dong WH, Lin Y, Zhang ZH, Wang TY. The Effect of microRNA on the Production of Recombinant Protein in CHO Cells and its Mechanism. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:832065. [PMID: 35387297 PMCID: PMC8977551 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.832065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein production by mammalian cells is the initial step in the manufacture of many therapeutic proteins. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most common host system to produce recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs). However, it is still challenging to maintain high productivity ensuring the good quality of RTPs produced by CHO cells. MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are short regulatory non-coding RNAs that can regulate cellular behavior and complex phenotypes. It has been found that miRNAs can enhance the expression level of recombinant proteins in CHO cells by promoting proliferation, resisting apoptosis, and regulating metabolism. miRNAs also can affect the quality of RTPs. In this review, we will discuss the effect and mechanism of miRNA on the expression level and quality of recombinant proteins in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ning Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei-Hua Dong
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical School, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan Lin
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical School, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Keysberg C, Hertel O, Schelletter L, Busche T, Sochart C, Kalinowski J, Hoffrogge R, Otte K, Noll T. Exploring the molecular content of CHO exosomes during bioprocessing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3673-3689. [PMID: 33937930 PMCID: PMC8102462 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract In biopharmaceutical production, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells derived from Cricetulus griseus remain the most commonly used host cell for recombinant protein production, especially antibodies. Over the last decade, in-depth multi-omics characterization of these CHO cells provided data for extensive cell line engineering and corresponding increases in productivity. However, exosomes, extracellular vesicles containing proteins and nucleic acids, are barely researched at all in CHO cells. Exosomes have been proven to be a ubiquitous mediator of intercellular communication and are proposed as new biopharmaceutical format for drug delivery, indicator reflecting host cell condition and anti-apoptotic factor in spent media. Here we provide a brief overview of different separation techniques and subsequently perform a proteome and regulatory, non-coding RNA analysis of exosomes, derived from lab-scale bioreactor cultivations of a CHO-K1 cell line, to lay out reference data for further research in the field. Applying bottom-up orbitrap shotgun proteomics and next-generation small RNA sequencing, we detected 1395 proteins, 144 micro RNA (miRNA), and 914 PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) species differentially across the phases of a batch cultivation process. The exosomal proteome and RNA data are compared with other extracellular fractions and cell lysate, yielding several significantly exosome-enriched species. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Key points • First-time comprehensive protein and miRNA characterization of CHO exosomes. • Isolation protocol and time point of bioprocess strongly affect quality of extracellular vesicles. • CHO-derived exosomes also contain numerous piRNA species of yet unknown function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11309-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Keysberg
- Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany. .,University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Oliver Hertel
- Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Louise Schelletter
- Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Raimund Hoffrogge
- Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Thomas Noll
- Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Klanert G, Bydlinski N, Agu P, Diendorfer AB, Hackl M, Hanscho M, Melcher M, Baumann M, Grillari J, Borth N. Transient manipulation of the expression level of selected growth rate correlating microRNAs does not increase growth rate in CHO-K1 cells. J Biotechnol 2019; 295:63-70. [PMID: 30853633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells by manipulating microRNA (miRNA) expression levels has been shown to induce advantageous, desired phenotypes. Most of these studies so far were concerned with increasing productivity or reducing growth rate (with the implied intention of thus freeing cellular resources to also increase productivity). Here we evaluated the ability of growth correlating miRNAs to increase the growth rate of CHO-K1 cells by transient overexpression or knock down, respectively. Candidates were selected based on the correlation between growth rate and miRNA expression levels as observed in previous studies. These candidates were then up- or downregulated initially by transfection of mimics or inhibitors and subsequently by transfection of plasmids bearing the corresponding miRNAs or sponges. None of the 40 selected candidates was able to induce a better growth phenotype under these conditions. Overlap between miRNAs identified to correlate to growth in published miRNA expression studies and those identified to actively increase growth rate in a functional screen is minimal, indicating that the here selected approach of traditional overexpression/knock down engineering of miRNAs may not be a suitable strategy for the purpose of increasing growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Klanert
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Bydlinski
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrice Agu
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Michael Melcher
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Grillari
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; TAmiRNA Gmbh, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Kim YJ, Kim YY, Shin JH, Kim H, Ku SY, Suh CS. Variation in MicroRNA Expression Profile of Uterine Leiomyoma with Endometrial Cavity Distortion and Endometrial Cavity Non-Distortion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2524. [PMID: 30149651 PMCID: PMC6165274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression profile of microRNA (miRNA) in uterine leiomyoma (UL) cells is different from that in normal uterine myometrial (UM) cells. The effect of UL cells on uterine receptivity might vary according to their ability to distort the uterine endometrial cavity. However, the variation in miRNA expression profiles between endometrial cavity-distorting leiomyoma (ECDL) and endometrial cavity non-distorting leiomyoma (ECNDL) cells remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate whether the expression profile of miRNAs in ECDL cells is dissimilar to that of ECNDL cells in uterus. Pelviscopic myomectomy was performed to obtain tissue samples of UL and their corresponding normal UM tissues (matched) from patients with UL (n = 26), among whom women with ECNDL and ECDL numbered 15 and 11, respectively. The relative expression of hsa-miR-15b, -29a, -29b, -29c, -197, and -200c as well as the candidate target genes in UL cells was compared to those in the matched UM cells using qRT-PCR to assess their ability to cause ECD. The spatial expression of miRNAs and target genes in the UL tissues was analyzed using in situ hybridization. Target gene expression was analyzed using qPCR after transfection with the mimics and inhibitors of miRNAs in UL cells. The relative expression level of miR-15b was upregulated, and the relative expression levels of miR-29a, -29b, -29c, -197, and -200c were downregulated in UL cells compared to those in UM cells. The relative expression levels of progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were upregulated in UL cells compared to those in UM cells. The relative expression levels of miR-29c and -200c were downregulated, and the relative expression levels of estrogen receptor, MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were upregulated in ECDL cells compared to those in ECNDL cells. The expression profile of miRNAs in UL cells varied with respect to the occurrence or absence of endometrial cavity distortion. The biochemical properties of UL might be regulated by miRNAs in order to alter their effect on structural homeostasis of the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| | - Yoon Young Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yonkeun-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| | - Jung Ho Shin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yonkeun-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yonkeun-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| | - Chang Suk Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yonkeun-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
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