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Liao W, Sui X, Hou G, Yang M, Lin Y, Lu J, Yang Q. Trends in estrogen and progesterone receptors in prostate cancer: a bibliometric analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1111296. [PMID: 37361598 PMCID: PMC10288854 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The bibliometric analysis aims to identify research trends in estrogen receptor (ERs) and progesterone receptor (PRs) in prostate cancer (PCa), and also discuss the hotspots and directions of this field. Methods 835 publications were sourced from the Web of Science database (WOS) from 2003 to 2022. Citespace, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix were used for the bibliometric analysis. Results The number of published publications increased in early years, but declined in the last 5 years. The United States was the leading country in citations, publications, and top institutions. Prostate and Karolinska Institutet were the most publications of journal and institution, respectively. Jan-Ake Gustafsson was the most influential author based on the number of citations/publications. The most cited paper was "Estrogen receptors and human disease" by Deroo BJ, published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation. The most frequently used keywords were PCa (n = 499), gene-expression (n = 291), androgen receptor (AR) (n = 263), and ER (n = 341), while ERb (n = 219) and ERa (n = 215) further emphasized the importance of ER. Conclusions This study provides useful guidance that ERa antagonists, ERb agonists, and the combination of estrogen with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) will potentially serve as a new treatment strategy for PCa. Another interesting topic is relationships between PCa and the function and mechanism of action of PRs subtypes. The outcome will assist scholars in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the current status and trends in the field, and provide inspiration for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Liao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xuxia Sui
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gaoming Hou
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuxue Lin
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Junjie Lu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qingtao Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Souza DS, Macheroni C, Pereira GJS, Vicente CM, Porto CS. Molecular regulation of prostate cancer by Galectin-3 and estrogen receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1124111. [PMID: 36936148 PMCID: PMC10020622 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1124111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the most prevalent cancer among men worldwide. This cancer is hormone-dependent; therefore, androgen, estrogen, and their receptors play an important role in development and progression of this disease, and in emergence of the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins which are frequently altered (upregulated or downregulated) in a wide range of tumors, participating in different stages of tumor development and progression, but the molecular mechanisms which regulate its expression are still poorly understood. This review provides an overview of the current and emerging knowledge on Galectin-3 in cancer biology with focus on prostate cancer and the interplay with estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathways, present in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. We suggest a molecular mechanism where ER, Galectin-3 and β-catenin can modulate nuclear transcriptional events, such as, proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Despite a number of achievements in targeted therapy for prostate cancer, CRPC may eventually develop, therefore new effective drug targets need urgently to be found. Further understanding of the role of Galectin-3 and ER in prostate cancer will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer development and the future treatment of this disease.
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3
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Costa AJ, Oliveira RB, Wachilewski P, Nishino MS, Bassani TB, Stilhano RS, Cerutti JM, Nozima B, Porto CS, Pereira GJDS, Ramirez AL, Smaili SS, Ureshino RP. Membrane estrogen receptor ERα activation improves tau clearance via autophagy induction in a tauopathy cell model. Brain Res 2022; 1795:148079. [PMID: 36088959 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent aging-associated neurodegenerative disease, with a higher incidence in women than men. There is evidence that sex hormone replacement therapy, particularly estrogen, reduces memory loss in menopausal women. Neurofibrillary tangles are associated with tau protein aggregation, a characteristic of AD and other tauopathies. In this sense, autophagy is a promising cellular process to remove these protein aggregates. This study evaluated the autophagy mechanisms involved in neuroprotection induced by 17β-estradiol (E2) in a Tet-On inducible expression tauopathy cell model (EGFP-tau WT or with the P301L mutation, 0N4R isoform). The results indicated that 17β-estradiol induces autophagy by activating AMPK in a concentration-dependent manner, independent of mTOR signals. The estrogen receptor α (ERα) agonist, PPT, also induced autophagy, while the ERα antagonist, MPP, substantially attenuated the 17β-estradiol-mediated autophagy induction. Notably, 17β-estradiol increased LC3-II levels and phosphorylated and total tau protein clearance in the EGFP-tau WT cell line but not in EGPF-tau P301L. Similar results were observed with E2-BSA, a plasma membrane-impermeable estrogen, suggesting membrane ERα involvement in non-genomic estrogenic pathway activation. Furthermore, 17β-estradiol-induced autophagy led to EGFP-tau protein clearance. These results demonstrate that modulating autophagy via the estrogenic pathway may represent a new therapeutic target for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Jardim Costa
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Brito Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Department of Biological Sciences, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Wachilewski
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Department of Biological Sciences, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michelle Sayuri Nishino
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Department of Biological Sciences, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Taysa Bervian Bassani
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Department of Biological Sciences, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Sessa Stilhano
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Janete Maria Cerutti
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Department of Morphology and Genetics, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Nozima
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Department of Morphology and Genetics, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Catarina Segreti Porto
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Soraya Soubhi Smaili
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Portes Ureshino
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Department of Biological Sciences, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Macheroni C, Gameiro Lucas TF, Souza DS, Vicente CM, Pereira GJDS, Junior IDSV, Juliano MA, Porto CS. Activation of estrogen receptor ESR1 and ESR2 induces proliferation of the human testicular embryonal carcinoma NT2/D1 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 554:111708. [PMID: 35792284 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to investigate the expression of the classic estrogen receptors ESR1 and ESR2, the splicing variant ESR1-36 and GPER in human testicular embryonal carcinoma NT2/D1 cells, and the effects of the activation of the ESR1 and ESR2 on cell proliferation. Immunostaining of ESR1, ESR2, and GPER were predominantly found in the nuclei, and less abundant in the cytoplasm. ESR1-36 isoform was predominantly expressed in the perinuclear region and cytoplasm, and some weakly immunostained in the nuclei. In nonstimulated NT2/D1 cells (control), proteins of the cell cycle CCND1, CCND2, CCNE1 and CDKN1B are present. Activation of ESR1 and ESR2 increases, respectively, CCND2 and CCNE1 expression, but not CCND1. Activation of ESR2 also mediates upregulation of the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1B. This protein co-immunoprecipitated with CCND2. Also, E2 induces an increase in the number and viability of the NT2/D1 cells. These effects are blocked by simultaneous pretreatment with ESR1-and ESR2-selective antagonists, confirming that both estrogen receptors regulate NT2/D1 cell proliferation. In addition, E2 increases SRC phosphorylation, and SRC mediates cell proliferation. Our study provides novel insights into the signatures and molecular mechanisms of estrogen receptor in NT2/D1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Macheroni
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Thaís Fabiana Gameiro Lucas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Deborah Simão Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Carolina Meloni Vicente
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Gustavo José da Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Catarina Segreti Porto
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.
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5
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Xie B, Meng Q, Yu H, Shen K, Cheng Y, Dong C, Zhou HB. Estrogen receptor β-targeted hypoxia-responsive near-infrared fluorescence probes for prostate cancer study. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Stoen MJ, Andersen S, Rakaee M, Pedersen MI, Ingebriktsen LM, Bremnes RM, Donnem T, Lombardi APG, Kilvaer TK, Busund LT, Richardsen E. High expression of miR-17-5p in tumor epithelium is a predictor for poor prognosis for prostate cancer patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13864. [PMID: 34226620 PMCID: PMC8257715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNA molecules, which are involved in the development of various malignancies, including prostate cancer (PCa). miR-17-5p is considered the most prominent member of the miR-17-92 cluster, with an essential regulatory function of fundamental cellular processes. In many malignancies, up-regulation of miR-17-5p is associated with worse outcome. In PCa, miR-17-5p has been reported to increase cell proliferation and the risk of metastasis. In this study, prostatectomy specimens from 535 patients were collected. Tissue microarrays were constructed and in situ hybridization was performed, followed by scoring of miR-17-5p expression on different tumor compartments. High expression of miR-17-5p in tumor epithelium was associated with biochemical failure (BF, p < 0.001) and clinical failure (CF, p = 0.019). In multivariate analyses, high miR-17-5p expression in tumor epithelial cells was an independent negative prognostic factor for BF (HR 1.87, 95% CI 1.32-2.67, p < 0.001). In vitro analyses confirmed association between overexpression of miR-17-5p and proliferation, migration and invasion in prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and DU145). In conclusion, our study suggests that a high cancer cell expression of miR-17-5p was an independent negative prognostic factor in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jenvin Stoen
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromso, Norway.
| | - S Andersen
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - M Rakaee
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromso, Norway.,Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - M I Pedersen
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - L M Ingebriktsen
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromso, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - R M Bremnes
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - T Donnem
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - A P G Lombardi
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromso, Norway
| | - T K Kilvaer
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - L T Busund
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - E Richardsen
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
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7
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Estrogen Receptor Signaling Pathways Involved in Invasion and Colony Formation of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells PC-3. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031153. [PMID: 33503805 PMCID: PMC7865506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an advanced and androgen-independent form of prostate cancer. Recent studies of rapid actions mediated by estrogen in the prostate and its relationship with CRPC are emerging. We have previously shown that estrogen receptor (ER) promotes migration and invasion of the androgen-independent prostate cancer cells PC-3, but the signaling pathways involved in these events remain to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the role of ERα and ERβ in the activation of SRC, and the involvement of SRC and PI3K/AKT on invasion and colony formation of the PC-3 cells. Our results showed that the activation of ERα (using ERα-selective agonist PPT) and ERβ (using ERβ-selective agonist DPN) increased phosphorylation of SRC in PC-3 cells. In the presence of the selective inhibitor for SRC-family kinases PP2, the effects of DPN and PPT on transmigration and soft agar colony formation assays were decreased. Furthermore, SRC is involved in the expression of the non-phosphorylated β-catenin. Finally, using PI3K specific inhibitor Wortmannin and AKT inhibitor MK2206, we showed that PI3K/AKT are also required for invasion and colony formation of PC-3 cells simulated by ER. This study provides novel insights into molecular mechanisms of ER in PC-3 cells by demonstrating that ER, located outside the cell nucleus, activates rapid responses molecules, including SRC and PI3K/AKT, which enhance the tumorigenic potential of prostate cancer cells, increasing cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor formation.
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Ramírez-de-Arellano A, Pereira-Suárez AL, Rico-Fuentes C, López-Pulido EI, Villegas-Pineda JC, Sierra-Diaz E. Distribution and Effects of Estrogen Receptors in Prostate Cancer: Associated Molecular Mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:811578. [PMID: 35087479 PMCID: PMC8786725 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.811578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are hormones that have been extensively presented in many types of cancer such as breast, uterus, colorectal, prostate, and others, due to dynamically integrated signaling cascades that coordinate cellular growth, differentiation, and death which can be potentially new therapeutic targets. Despite the historical use of estrogens in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa), their biological effect is not well known, nor their role in carcinogenesis or the mechanisms used to carry their therapeutic effects of neoplastic in prostate transformation. The expression and regulation of the estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα, ERβ, and GPER stimulated by agonists and antagonists, and related to prostate cancer cells are herein reviewed. Subsequently, the structures of the ERs and their splice variants, the binding of ligands to ERs, and the effect on PCa are provided. Finally, we also assessed the contribution of molecular simulation which can help us to search and predict potential estrogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ramírez-de-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Rico-Fuentes
- Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico
| | - Edgar Iván López-Pulido
- Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico
| | - Julio César Villegas-Pineda
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Erick Sierra-Diaz
- Departamentos de Clínicas Quirúrgicas y Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Guadalajara, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Erick Sierra-Diaz,
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Lombardi APG, Vicente CM, Porto CS. Estrogen Receptors Promote Migration, Invasion and Colony Formation of the Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells PC-3 Through β-Catenin Pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:184. [PMID: 32328032 PMCID: PMC7160699 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is initially dependent on the androgen, gradually evolves into an androgen-independent form of the disease, also known as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). At this stage, current therapies scantily improve survival of the patient. Androgens and estrogens are involved in normal prostate and prostate cancer development. The mechanisms by which estrogens/estrogen receptors (ERs) induce prostate cancer and promote prostate cancer progression have not yet been fully identified. Our laboratory has shown that androgen-independent prostate cancer cells PC-3 express both ERα and ERβ. The activation of ERβ increases the expression of β-catenin and proliferation of PC-3 cells. We now report that the activation of ERβ promotes the increase of migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth of PC-3 cells. Furthermore, the activation of ERα also plays a role in invasion and anchorage-independent growth of PC-3 cells. These effects are blocked by pretreatment with PKF 118-310, compound that disrupts the complex β-catenin/TCF/LEF, suggesting that ERs/β-catenin are involved in all cellular characteristics of tumor development in vitro. Furthermore, PKF 118-310 also inhibited the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) induced by activation of ERs. VEGF also is involved on invasion of PC-3 cells. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the signatures and molecular mechanisms of ERβ in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells PC-3. ERα also plays a role on invasion and colony formation of PC-3 cells.
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Estrogen Receptors in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101418. [PMID: 31548498 PMCID: PMC6826537 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) remains a widespread malignancy in men. Since the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) axis is associated with the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, suppression of AR-dependent signaling by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) still represents the primary intervention for this disease. Despite the initial response, prostate cancer frequently develops resistance to ADT and progresses. As such, the disease becomes metastatic and few therapeutic options are available at this stage. Although the majority of studies are focused on the role of AR signaling, compelling evidence has shown that estrogens and their receptors control prostate cancer initiation and progression through a still debated mechanism. Epithelial versus mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in metastatic spread as well as drug-resistance of human cancers, and many studies on the role of this process in prostate cancer progression have been reported. We discuss here the findings on the role of estrogen/estrogen receptor (ER) axis in epithelial versus mesenchymal transition of prostate cancer cells. The pending questions concerning this issue are presented, together with the impact of the available data in clinical management of prostate cancer patients.
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