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Yao H, Liang X, Dou Z, Zhao Z, Ma W, Hao Z, Yan H, Wang Y, Wu Z, Chen G, Yang J. Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel ( Camelus bactrianus). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1196950. [PMID: 37342620 PMCID: PMC10277799 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1196950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The demand for camel milk, which has unique therapeutic properties, is increasing. The mammary gland is the organ in mammals responsible for the production and quality of milk. However, few studies have investigated the genes or pathways related to mammary gland growth and development in Bactrian camels. This study aimed to compare the morphological changes in mammary gland tissue and transcriptome expression profiles between young and adult female Bactrian camels and to explore the potential candidate genes and signaling pathways related to mammary gland development. Methods Three 2 years-old female camels and three 5 years-old adult female camels were maintained in the same environment. The parenchyma of the mammary gland tissue was sampled from the camels using percutaneous needle biopsy. Morphological changes were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed using the Illumina HiSeq platform to analyze changes in the transcriptome between young and adult camels. Functional enrichment, pathway enrichment, and protein-protein interaction networks were also analyzed. Gene expression was verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results Histomorphological analysis showed that the mammary ducts and mammary epithelial cells in adult female camels were greatly developed and differentiated from those in young camels. Transcriptome analysis showed that 2,851 differentially expressed genes were obtained in the adult camel group compared to the young camel group, of which 1,420 were upregulated, 1,431 were downregulated, and 2,419 encoded proteins. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the upregulated genes were significantly enriched for 24 pathways, including the Hedgehog signaling pathway which is closely related to mammary gland development. The downregulated genes were significantly enriched for seven pathways, among these the Wnt signaling pathway was significantly related to mammary gland development. The protein-protein interaction network sorted the nodes according to the degree of gene interaction and identified nine candidate genes: PRKAB2, PRKAG3, PLCB4, BTRC, GLI1, WIF1, DKK2, FZD3, and WNT4. The expression of fifteen genes randomly detected by qRT-PCR showed results consistent with those of the transcriptome analysis. Discussion Preliminary findings indicate that the Hedgehog, Wnt, oxytocin, insulin, and steroid biosynthesis signaling pathways have important effects on mammary gland development in dairy camels. Given the importance of these pathways and the interconnections of the involved genes, the genes in these pathways should be considered potential candidate genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with mammary gland development and milk production in Bactrian camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xiaorui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, China
| | - Zhihua Dou
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, China
| | - Wanpeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Zelin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Xinjiang Altai Regional Animal Husbandry Veterinary Station, Altay, China
| | - Zhuangyuan Wu
- Xinjiang Altai Regional Animal Husbandry Veterinary Station, Altay, China
| | - Gangliang Chen
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, China
- Bactrian Camel Academy of Xinjiang, Wangyuan Camel Milk Limited Company, Altay, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, China
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Chemotherapy of Capecitabine plus Temozolomide for Refractory Pituitary Adenoma after Tumor Resection and Its Impact on Serum Prolactin, IGF-1, and Growth Hormone. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:8361775. [PMID: 35356252 PMCID: PMC8959954 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8361775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the efficiency of capecitabine (CAP) plus temozolomide (TEM) in refractory pituitary adenoma after tumor resection and its impact on serum prolactin (PRL), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone (GH) levels. Methods From January 2017 to January 2020, 80 patients assessed for eligibility receiving transsphenoidal tumor resection for refractory pituitary adenoma in the Department of Neurosurgery of our hospital were recruited. They were randomly distributed at a ratio of 1 : 1 via the random number table method to receive either bromocriptine and TEM (control group) or bromocriptine plus combination chemotherapy of TEM and CAP (study group). The two groups were compared in terms of clinical efficacy and serum levels of PRL, IGF-1, and GH. Results The objective response rate (ORR) was 87.50% and 67.50% in the study group and the control group, respectively (P=0.032). Before treatment, two groups had similar levels of PRL, IGF-1, and GH. After treatment, PRL levels in the study group were lower than that in the control group (278.35 ± 39.25 versus 326.35 ± 42.45, P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, IGF-1 levels in the study group were also lower (311.78 ± 28.82 versus 364.35 ± 31.35, P < 0.001). The study group presented markedly lower levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and higher serum levels of free thyroxine-4 (FT-4) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) versus the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse events was comparable between the study group (30.0%) and the control group (22.5%) (P > 0.05). All eligible patients had similar progression-free survival (PFS) after chemotherapy. Conclusion For patients with refractory pituitary adenoma, the combination chemotherapy of CAP and TEM significantly improves clinical outcomes and corrects hormonal disturbances, with a good safety profile, but its long-term efficacy requires further investigation.
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Second-Generation Jak2 Inhibitors for Advanced Prostate Cancer: Are We Ready for Clinical Development? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205204. [PMID: 34680353 PMCID: PMC8533841 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate Cancer (PC) is currently estimated to affect 1 in 9 men and is the second leading cause of cancer in men in the US. While androgen deprivation therapy, which targets the androgen receptor, is one of the front-line therapies for advanced PC and for recurrence of organ-confined PC treated with surgery, lethal castrate-resistant PC develops consistently in patients. PC is a multi-focal cancer with different grade carcinoma areas presenting simultaneously. Jak2-Stat5 signaling pathway has emerged as a potentially highly effective molecular target in PCs with positive areas for activated Stat5 protein. Activated Jak2-Stat5 signaling can be readily targeted by the second-generation Jak2-inhibitors that have been developed for myeloproliferative and autoimmune disorders and hematological malignancies. In this review, we analyze and summarize the Jak2 inhibitors that are currently in preclinical and clinical development. Abstract Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for metastatic and high-risk prostate cancer (PC) inhibits growth pathways driven by the androgen receptor (AR). Over time, ADT leads to the emergence of lethal castrate-resistant PC (CRPC), which is consistently caused by an acquired ability of tumors to re-activate AR. This has led to the development of second-generation anti-androgens that more effectively antagonize AR, such as enzalutamide (ENZ). However, the resistance of CRPC to ENZ develops rapidly. Studies utilizing preclinical models of PC have established that inhibition of the Jak2-Stat5 signaling leads to extensive PC cell apoptosis and decreased tumor growth. In large clinical cohorts, Jak2-Stat5 activity predicts PC progression and recurrence. Recently, Jak2-Stat5 signaling was demonstrated to induce ENZ-resistant PC growth in preclinical PC models, further emphasizing the importance of Jak2-Stat5 for therapeutic targeting for advanced PC. The discovery of the Jak2V617F somatic mutation in myeloproliferative disorders triggered the rapid development of Jak1/2-specific inhibitors for a variety of myeloproliferative and auto-immune disorders as well as hematological malignancies. Here, we review Jak2 inhibitors targeting the mutated Jak2V617F vs. wild type (WT)-Jak2 that are currently in the development pipeline. Among these 35 compounds with documented Jak2 inhibitory activity, those with potency against WT-Jak2 hold strong potential for advanced PC therapy.
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Cheng Y, Li W, Gui R, Wang C, Song J, Wang Z, Wang X, Shen Y, Wang Z, Hao L. Dual Characters of GH-IGF1 Signaling Pathways in Radiotherapy and Post-radiotherapy Repair of Cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671247. [PMID: 34178997 PMCID: PMC8220142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains one of the most important cancer treatment modalities. In the course of radiotherapy for tumor treatment, the incidental irradiation of adjacent tissues could not be completely avoided. DNA damage is one of the main factors of cell death caused by ionizing radiation, including single-strand (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs). The growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH-IGF1) axis plays numerous roles in various systems by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, supporting its effects in inducing the development of multiple cancers. Meanwhile, the GH-IGF1 signaling involved in DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA damage repair determines the radio-resistance of cancer cells subjected to radiotherapy and repair of adjacent tissues damaged by radiotherapy. In the present review, we firstly summarized the studies on GH-IGF1 signaling in the development of cancers. Then we discussed the adverse effect of GH-IGF1 signaling in radiotherapy to cancer cells and the favorable impact of GH-IGF1 signaling on radiation damage repair to adjacent tissues after irradiation. This review further summarized recent advances on research into the molecular mechanism of GH-IGF1 signaling pathway in these effects, expecting to specify the dual characters of GH-IGF1 signaling pathways in radiotherapy and post-radiotherapy repair of cancers, subsequently providing theoretical basis of their roles in increasing radiation sensitivity during cancer radiotherapy and repairing damage after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanqiao Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruirui Gui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yannan Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Frank SJ. Classical and novel GH receptor signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110999. [PMID: 32835785 PMCID: PMC7799394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I summarize historical and recent features of the classical pathways activated by growth hormone (GH) through the cell surface GH receptor (GHR). GHR is a cytokine receptor superfamily member that signals by activating the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, JAK2, and members of the Src family kinases. Activation of the GHR engages STATs, PI3K, and ERK pathways, among others, and details of these now-classical pathways are presented. Modulating elements, including the SOCS proteins, phosphatases, and regulated GHR metalloproteolysis, are discussed. In addition, a novel physical and functional interaction of GHR with IGF-1R is summarized and discussed in terms of its mechanisms, consequences, and physiological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, BDB 485, AL, 35294-0012, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Zhu X, Li Y, Xu G, Fu C. Growth hormone receptor promotes breast cancer progression via the BRAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1013-1020. [PMID: 32069380 PMCID: PMC7262926 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone receptor (GHR), a member of the class I cytokine receptor family, plays key roles in cancer progression. Recently, GHR has been reported to be associated with breast cancer development, but the molecular mechanism of GHR in this malignancy is not fully understood. To investigate this issue, we stably inhibited GHR in breast cancer cell lines, which were observed to reduce cell proliferation, tumor growth and induction of apoptosis, and arrest the cell‐cycle arrest at the G1–S phase transition. In addition, GHR silencing suppressed the protein levels of B‐Raf proto‐oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF), Mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and Extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK). These findings suggest that GHR may mediate breast cell progression and apoptosis through control of the cell cycle via the BRAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojue Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yonghao Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoxin Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - ChangQing Fu
- Zhangjiagang Fifth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
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