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Duffel MW. Cytosolic sulfotransferases in endocrine disruption. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230101. [PMID: 38699885 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfation of endocrine hormones as well as a broad array of drugs, environmental chemicals, and other xenobiotics. Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interact with these SULTs as substrates and inhibitors, and thereby alter sulfation reactions responsible for metabolism and regulation of endocrine hormones such as estrogens and thyroid hormones. EDCs or their metabolites may also regulate expression of SULTs through direct interaction with nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. Moreover, some sulfate esters derived from EDCs (EDC-sulfates) may serve as ligands for endocrine hormone receptors. While the sulfation of an EDC can lead to its excretion in the urine or bile, it may also result in retention of the EDC-sulfate through its reversible binding to serum proteins and thereby enable transport to other tissues for intracellular hydrolysis and subsequent endocrine disruption. This mini-review outlines the potential roles of SULTs and sulfation in the effects of EDCs and our evolving understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
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2
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Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
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3
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Foster PA, Mueller JW. New structural insights provide a different angle on steroid sulfatase action. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 232:106353. [PMID: 37331434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
A central part of human sulfation pathways is the spatially and temporally controlled desulfation of biologically highly potent steroid hormones. The responsible enzyme - steroid sulfatase (STS) - is highly expressed in placenta and peripheral tissues, such as fat, colon, and the brain. The shape of this enzyme and its mechanism are probably unique in biochemistry. STS was believed to be a transmembrane protein, spanning the Golgi double-membrane by stem region formed by two extended internal alpha-helices. New crystallographic data however challenge this view. STS now is portraited as a trimeric membrane-associated complex. We discuss the impact of these results on STS function and sulfation pathways in general and we hypothesis that this new STS structural understanding suggests product inhibition to be a regulator of STS enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - J W Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Falany CN, Garcia PL, Hossain MI, van Waardenburg RCAM. Human cytosolic steroid sulfotransferases: Versatile and rapid activity assays. Methods Enzymol 2023; 689:332-352. [PMID: 37802577 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Conjugation of steroids and sterol compounds with a sulfonate group is a major pathway in the regulation of their activity, synthesis and excretion. Three human cytosolic sulfotransferases are highly involved in the sulfonation of sterol compounds. SULT1E1 has a low nM affinity for estrogen sulfonation and also conjugates non-aromatic steroids with a significantly lower affinity. SULT2A1 is responsible for the high levels of fetal and adult dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate synthesis in the adrenal gland as well as many 3α and 3ß-hydroxysteroids and bile acids. SULT2B1b is responsible for the majority of cholesterol sulfation in tissues as well as conjugating 3ß-hydroxysteroids. Although there are multiple methods for assaying cytosolic SULT activity, two relatively simple, rapid and versatile assays for steroid sulfonation are described. The first method utilizes radiolabeled substrates and organic solvent extraction to isolate the radiolabeled product from the aqueous phase. The second assay utilizes 35S-3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to generate 35S-conjugated products that are resolved by thin layer chromatography. Both assays useful in situations requiring measurement of SULT activity in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Falany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Patrick L Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - M Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert C A M van Waardenburg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States
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5
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Mueller JW, Collier AC, Gesteira TF. Editorial: Sulfation Pathways—There and Back Again. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:912700. [PMID: 35651817 PMCID: PMC9150092 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.912700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abby C Collier
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tarsis F Gesteira
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Fitzgerald CCJ, McLeod MD. Synthesis of stable isotope labelled steroid bis(sulfate) conjugates and their behaviour in collision induced dissociation experiments. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3311-3322. [PMID: 35354200 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Steroid bis(sulfate) metabolites derived from the two-fold sulfation of unconjugated precursors represent an important yet understudied portion of the steroid profile. The investigation of these compounds in fields such as medicine or anti-doping science relies on mass spectrometry (MS) as the principal tool to identify and quantify biomarkers of interest and depends in turn on access to steroid reference materials and their stable isotope labelled (SIL) derivatives. A new [18O] stable isotope label for sulfate metabolites is reported, which allows for the selective, late-stage and 'one-pot' synthesis of a variety of SIL-steroid conjugates suitable as MS probes and internal standards. The method is applied to more comprehensively study the MS behaviour of steroid bis(sulfate) compounds through collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Mlynarska-Cieslak A, Chrominski M, Spiewla T, Baranowski MR, Bednarczyk M, Jemielity J, Kowalska J. Fluorinated Phosphoadenosine 5'-Phosphosulfate Analogues for Continuous Sulfotransferase Activity Monitoring and Inhibitor Screening by 19F NMR Spectroscopy. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:661-669. [PMID: 35196009 PMCID: PMC8938925 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Sulfotransferases
(STs) are ubiquitous enzymes that participate
in a vast number of biological processes involving sulfuryl group
(SO3) transfer. 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate
(PAPS) is the universal ST cofactor, serving as the “active
sulfate” source in cells. Herein, we report the synthesis of
three fluorinated PAPS analogues that bear fluorine or trifluoromethyl
substituents at the C2 or C8 positions of adenine and their evaluation
as substitute cofactors that enable ST activity to be quantified and
real-time-monitored by fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance (19F NMR) spectroscopy. Using plant AtSOT18 and human SULT1A3
as two model enzymes, we reveal that the fluorinated PAPS analogues
show complementary properties with regard to recognition by enzymes
and the working 19F NMR pH range and are attractive versatile
tools for studying STs. Finally, we developed an 19F NMR
assay for screening potential inhibitors against SULT1A3, thereby
highlighting the possible use of fluorinated PAPS analogues for the
discovery of drugs for ST-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Mlynarska-Cieslak
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Chrominski
- Centre of New Technologies University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Spiewla
- Centre of New Technologies University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek R. Baranowski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcelina Bednarczyk
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre of New Technologies University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Alshehri JA, Gill DM, Jones AM. A Sulfuryl Group Transfer Strategy to Selectively Prepare Sulfated Steroids and Isotopically Labelled Derivatives. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:776900. [PMID: 35004848 PMCID: PMC8740147 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.776900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of common steroids: estrone, estradiol, cortisol, and pregnenolone with tributylsulfoammonium betaine (TBSAB) provides a convenient chemoselective conversion of the steroids alcohol/phenol moiety to the corresponding steroidal organosulfate. An important feature of the disclosed methodology is the millimolar scale of the reaction, and the isolation of the corresponding steroid sulfates as their biologically relevant sodium salts without the need for ion-exchange chromatography. The scope of the method was further explored in the estradiol and pregnanediol steroid systems with the bis-sulfated derivatives. Ultimately, a method to install an isotopic label, deuterium (2H) combined with estrone sulfation is a valuable tool for its mass-spectrometric quantification in biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber A Alshehri
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Gill
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M Jones
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
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Mueller JW, Vogg N, Lightning TA, Weigand I, Ronchi CL, Foster PA, Kroiss M. Steroid Sulfation in Adrenal Tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3385-3397. [PMID: 33739426 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The adrenal cortex produces specific steroid hormones including steroid sulfates such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), the most abundant steroid hormone in the human circulation. Steroid sulfation involves a multistep enzyme machinery that may be impaired by inborn errors of steroid metabolism. Emerging data suggest a role of steroid sulfates in the pathophysiology of adrenal tumors and as potential biomarkers. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Selective literature search using "steroid," "sulfat*," "adrenal," "transport," "mass spectrometry" and related terms in different combinations. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A recent study highlighted the tissue abundance of estrogen sulfates to be of prognostic impact in adrenocortical carcinoma tissue samples using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging. General mechanisms of sulfate uptake, activation, and transfer to substrate steroids are reasonably well understood. Key aspects of this pathway, however, have not been investigated in detail in the adrenal; these include the regulation of substrate specificity and the secretion of sulfated steroids. Both for the adrenal and targeted peripheral tissues, steroid sulfates may have relevant biological actions beyond their cognate nuclear receptors after desulfation. Impaired steroid sulfation such as low DHEAS in Cushing adenomas is of diagnostic utility, but more comprehensive studies are lacking. In bioanalytics, the requirement of deconjugation for gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry has precluded the study of steroid sulfates for a long time. This limitation may be overcome by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS A role of steroid sulfation in the pathophysiology of adrenal tumors has been suggested and a diagnostic utility of steroid sulfates as biomarkers is likely. Recent analytical developments may target sulfated steroids specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nora Vogg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
| | - Thomas Alec Lightning
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Isabel Weigand
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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